Pesticide Combinations Research Articles

Engineering of Peglayted Camptothecin Into Nanomicelles and Supramolecular Hydrogels for Pesticide Combination Control.

As a famous quinoline alkaloid, camptothecin (CPT) presented the significant anti-tumor activity, as well as the interesting insecticidal activities, but the low solubility, poor hydrophobicity and cuticular penetration of CPT have been severely limited the field application. In this study, we conjugated the camptothecin with polyethylene glycol, forming amphiphilic copolymer, mPEG-CPT, which could be self-assembled into micelles, or formed a hydrogel with α-CD by super-cross-linking to combine delivery with acetamiprid or nitenpyram. Results showed that the nitenpyram or acetamiprid loaded hydrogels showed dual phase release behavior, while the micelles displayed a synchronous and fast release profile. Moreover, these four nanopesticides showed potent or superior insecticidal activities and a synergetic effect against Brevicoryne brassicae, Tetranychus cinnabarinus, and Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. This finding indicated that micelles and hydrogels could be used as effective carriers for pesticide combination control.

Experimental study on spraying performance of biological pesticides in aerial rotary cage nozzle

Aviation spraying is one of the most important methods for the treatment of forestry pests and diseases, which has a high operation efficiency and effectiveness. The combination of aviation spray and biological pesticides to reduce the impact of pesticide spray on environment has become an important development in the direction of agricultural aviation. In order to explore the effects of aviation spray parameters on particle size distribution and activity retention of biological pesticide droplets, a system of droplets size test and an activity retention rate test system of biological pesticides were constructed. The related experiments were conducted by changing the structural parameters of the rotary cage nozzle (the diameter of nozzle) and the technical parameters of the operation (rotary speed and flow). The results showed that the average relative width S of the droplets of the rotary cage nozzle was close to 1, and the droplet distribution was uniform. The influence factors on the particle size distribution of biological pesticide droplets were rotary speed, nozzle diameter, medium and flow in descending order. The rotary speed, nozzle diameter, and medium had a significant influence on droplet size distribution. The average activity retention rate of Bacillus thuringiensis was 88.83%, and the germination rate of Beauveria bassiana was 89.80%. The rotary speed had a significant effect on the activity retention rate of bacterial and fungal biological pesticides, and it was negatively correlated. The rotary speed was between 3000-5000 r/min, and the activity retention rate was higher. The research results can provide guidance for spraying biological pesticides in aerial plant protection operations with rotary cage nozzle. Keywords: forestry disease and pest control, biological pesticide, activity retention rate, aerial rotary cage nozzle, droplet distribution DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20201306.5511 Citation: Ru Y, Liu Y Y, Qu R J, Patel M K. Experimental study on spraying performance of biological pesticides in aerial rotary cage nozzle. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2020; 13(6): 1–6.

Effect of imidacloprid-hexaconazole seed treatment mixture on germination, seedling growth and termite damage in wheat

Field efficacy of seed treatment (ST) with pre-mixed combination of imidacloprid 18.5 per cent + hexaconazole 1.5 per cent at different dosages and time intervals before sowing is reported for the management termites in wheat. Germination and seedling growth decreased significantly in seeds treated 31 d before sowing. Effect of pesticide treatments on germination and shoot length were non-significant; however, root length and vigour index reduced significantly with an increase in dosage of the combination pesticide. Root length (14.66 cm) and vigour index (1420.41) were the highest in untreated seed and were statistically similar to imidaclopridhexaconazole ST @ 2 mLkg⁻¹ of seed (13.90 cm and 1304.06). Interaction effects of time interval × pesticides were non-significant for germination, seedling length and vigour index. Field trials confirmed that imidacloprid-hexaconazole ST did not adversely affect germination and could be used to effectively reduce termite infestation and increase seed yield. Imidacloprid-hexaconazole mixture is a ready to use alternative for farmers which saves time and labour over separate ST for termites and smuts.

Synergistic toxicity and physiological impact of thiamethoxam alone or in binary mixtures with three commonly used insecticides on honeybee

As one of the most widely used insecticides, thiamethoxam (Th) plays an important role in agriculture pest control but is hazardous to the health of honeybees (Apis mellifera ligustica). In agricultural practice, several types of insecticides are often applied simultaneously, but their synergistic effects on honeybees remain elusive. Here, we treated honeybees with various binary mixtures of insecticides in which a sublethal dose of Th was mixed with three other common insecticides: λ-cyhalothrin (λ-cy), β-cypermethrin (β-cy), and abamectin (Ab). The mortality rates of the groups treated with the insecticide mixtures were higher than that obtained with the pesticides alone. Specifically, the Th + λ-cy and Th + Ab combinations exerted a synergistic effect (P 0.05) on bees, and the mortality rate of this group was almost identical to those of the groups administered these pesticides alone. Furthermore, the Th + λ-cy and Th + Ab mixtures significantly suppressed the activity and expression of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), which are key detoxification enzymes in insects. This result suggests that the Th + λ-cy and Th + Ab combinations at a given concentration adversely affect the survival of honeybees. Our study provides novel information for the selection of pesticide combinations based on protecting honeybee populations.

Pesticides in the real world: The consequences of GMO-based intensive agriculture on native amphibians

Pesticide use has been suggested as one of the major drivers of the global amphibian decline. Laboratory and mesocosm studies have addressed several questions to understand the mechanism by which pesticides cause detrimental effects on amphibians. However, the extrapolation of those results to natural populations may not be adequate to predict environmental impacts or to understand the role of pesticides in the amphibian decline. By using in situ enclosures, we evaluated the effects (survival and mobility) of common pesticides applied by farmers (cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, glyphosate, and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) on tadpoles. We assessed these effects in four common amphibian species from South America across 91 ponds located in the Pampas of central Argentina. We found that survival decreased in 13 out of 20 pesticides applications concomitantly with detection of pesticides in water ponds. 48 h after applications, mixtures containing endosulfan or chlorpyrifos reduced tadpole survival to <1% while the cypermethrin mixtures reduced survival to 10%. In addition, we found impairment of mobility in all combination of pesticides, including glyphosate. The ecological context involved in our study represents the common exposure scenarios related to GMO-based agriculture practices in South America, with relevance at regional levels. We emphasize that multifaceted approaches developed to understand the role of pesticides in the amphibian decline need a conservation perspective. This will be achieved by work focusing on the integrated use of state-of-the-art techniques and resources for documenting pesticide effects over wild amphibians' populations, allowing conservation scientists to generate better management recommendations.

Application of pesticide combinations on watermelon affects pollen viability, germination, and storage

Application of pesticide combinations on watermelon affects pollen viability, germination, and storage

Development and validation of two robust simple chromatographic methods for estimation of tomatoes specific pesticides’ residues for safety monitoring prior to food processing line and evaluation of local samples

Combination of pesticides; acetamiprid, flutolanil and etofenprox are usually used for tomato fruits for protecting them against pest infection. Generally, pesticides, residues could be one of the health hazard sources. Two specific simple sensitive chromatographic methods are developed for simultaneous estimation of the concerning pesticides’ residues using simple economic steps of field sample preparation. The first method is HP- TLC method. Hexane: methanol: acetone: glacial acetic acid (8:2:0.5:0.1, by volume) is proposed as a developing system. The second one is RP- HPLC. Acetonitrile: water (75:25, v/v) is proposed as a mobile phase. The recommended methods are completely validated regarding ICH guidelines. Their means percentages and standard deviations of accuracy range 100.32 ± 0.89 to 99.27 ± 0.9. The methods’ repeatability and intermediate precision relative standard deviation percentages range 0.395–0.894. They are successfully applied for estimating the pesticides in pure and commercial forms and field samples.

Environmental Stress Increases Synergistic Effects of Pesticide Mixtures on Daphnia magna.

Some widely used pesticide mixtures produce more than additive effects according to conventional combined effect models. However, synergistic effects have been so far generally observed at unrealistically high pesticide concentrations. Here, we used Daphnia magna as a test organism and investigated how food limitation-a common ecological stressor-affects the mixture toxicity of a pyrethroid insecticide and azole fungicide. We also compared three models regarding the prediction of mixture effects, including concentration addition (CA), effect addition (EA), and stress addition model (SAM). We revealed that especially under low food, the strength of synergism between esfenvalerate and prochloraz increased with an increasing concentration of prochloraz independent of the null model. Under high food conditions and at concentrations of prochloraz ≥32 μg/L, we observed a marginal synergistic effect with a model deviation ratio (MDR) = 2.1 at 32 μg/L prochloraz and 2.2 at 100 μg/L prochloraz when using CA as the null model. In contrast, the combination of both pesticides and food stress caused synergistic effects shown by an MDR = 10.9 even at 1 μg/L of prochloraz that is frequently detected in the environment. The combined effects of pesticides and food stress could be predicted best with the SAM that showed the lowest mean deviation between effect observation and prediction (mean deviation SAM = 16 [SD = 28], EA = 1072 [2105], CA = 1345 [2644]). We conclude that common environmental stressors can strongly increase the synergistic effects of toxicants. This knowledge is especially relevant considering current efforts to include the additional risk of pesticide mixtures and environmental stressors into the environmental risk assessment of pesticides.

Chronic oral exposure to field-realistic pesticide combinations via pollen and nectar: effects on feeding and thermal performance in a solitary bee

Pesticide use is one of the main causes of pollinator declines in agricultural ecosystems. Traditionally, most laboratory studies on bee ecotoxicology test acute exposure to single compounds. However, under field conditions, bees are often chronically exposed to a variety of chemicals, with potential synergistic effects. We studied the effects of field-realistic concentrations of three pesticides measured in pollen and nectar of commercial melon fields on the solitary bee Osmia bicornis L. We orally exposed females of this species throughout their life span to 8 treatments combining two neonicotinoid insecticides (acetamiprid, imidacloprid) and a triazole fungicide (myclobutanil) via pollen and sugar syrup. We measured pollen and syrup consumption, longevity, ovary maturation and thermogenesis. Although bees consumed larger amounts of syrup than pollen, pesticide intake via syrup and pollen were similar. At the tested concentrations, no synergistic effects emerged, and we found no effects on longevity and ovary maturation. However, all treatments containing imidacloprid resulted in suppressed syrup consumption and drastic decreases in thoracic temperature and bee activity. Our results have important implications for pesticide regulation. If we had measured only lethal effects we would have wrongly concluded that the pesticide combinations containing imidacloprid were safe to O. bicornis. The incorporation of tests specifically intended to detect sublethal effects in bee risk assessment schemes should be an urgent priority. In this way, the effects of pesticide exposure on the dynamics of bee populations in agroecosystems will be better assessed.

Individual and combined effects of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides on the cricket frog Fejervarya limnocharis.

Many amphibians use water bodies associated with agro-ecosystem for breeding and thus are exposed to multiple chemicals. Fejervarya limnocharis is a common frog occurring in rice paddy fields. The timings of pesticide application generally coincide with the tenure of the occurrence of tadpoles in shallow waters of paddy fields. Malathion and carbaryl are frequently used in rice paddy fields to control leafhoppers and rice bugs, respectively. Therefore, effects of mixtures of malathion and carbaryl insecticides on the survival of tadpoles and emergence of froglets of Fejervarya limnocharis were studied in the laboratory using combinations of three concentrations of carbaryl (0, 25, 50µgl-1) with four concentrations of malathion (0, 100, 250, 500µgl-1). Both malathion and carbaryl were found to be toxic to tadpoles. A reduction in tadpole survival and froglet emergence was recorded with increasing concentrations of carbaryl and malathion. We found significant interaction between carbaryl and malathion on tadpole survival and froglet emergence. Tadpoles exposed to combination of pesticides showed early emergence as froglets compared to control. The extent of toxicity and pesticide interactions are varied when mixed in different concentrations. The reduction in survival, froglet emergence and delay in emergence of metamorphs can occur in rice paddy field as both pesticides are used simultaneously. Therefore, combinations of pesticides may have significant negative effects on the frog population of agro-ecosystems, which requires further confirmation through appropriate field experiments.

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Citrus leprosis, caused by Citrus leprosis virus cytoplasmic type (CiLV-C), is one of the major citrus diseases. Such disease is mainly managed by controlling the vector, which is a mite of the genus Brevipalpus (Acari: Tenuipalpidae). To increase pest control spectrum and reduce costs, citrus growers often prefer to tank mix pesticides. However, the effect of pesticide combinations made up of insecticides and acaricides is little known yet. Therefore, our goal was to evaluate the physicochemical compatibility of spray mixtures with acaricides (spirodiclofen, propargite, and cyflumetofen) and the most commonly used insecticides in citrus orchards, as well as to evaluate their biological effect on Brevipalpus yothersi (Baker). Mixing insecticides with the acaricides such as spirodiclofen, propargite, and cyflumetofen had no interfere with the physicochemical stability of tank mixtures. However, the combination of imidacloprid, bifenthrin, cypermethrin, and phosmet with spirodiclofen reduced acaricide control efficiency in 20.9%, 18.9%, 9.7%, and 21.9%, respectively. These mixtures are not recommended for B. yothersi control.

Solarization-based pesticide degradation results in decreased activity and biomass of the soil microbial community

Pesticides are chemical compounds, mostly synthetic, which are used widely in agricultural fields to prevent and to control pests and soil-borne diseases. The synthetic nature of these compounds makes some of them non-biodegradable and they may accumulate in harmful concentrations in soils. Solarization seems to be a non-chemical strategy that could enhance pesticide degradation in soils. Here, we evaluate the combined impact of pesticides and solarization on the microbial community of a Mediterranean soil. For this purpose, enzyme activities, basal respiration, and the biomass and composition of the microbial community (through analysis of phospholipid fatty acids, PLFAs) were evaluated in solarized and non-solarized soils, in a 90-day greenhouse experiment with a combination of different pesticides. The degradation of the pesticides in the solarized soils was 30% greater than in non-solarized samples. However, solarization also affected the soil microbial community. The soil respiration was lowest in solarized samples without pesticides, while the enzyme activities were greater in non-solarized samples (with and without pesticides). Both the bacterial and fungal PLFA contents declined in solarized samples. The G+/G− ratio was highest in the solarized samples without pesticides and in the non-solarized samples with pesticides. Considering such impacts on the soil microbial community and the relationship of soil microbes with soil ecosystem services, the utilization of solarization must be carefully considered when adopting strategies for pesticide degradation in Mediterranean soils.

Single and joint effects of chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos and glyphosate based pesticides on structural biomarkers in Cnesterodon decemmaculatus

Worldwide freshwater bodies that cross agricultural or urban areas are exposed to mixtures of xenobiotics. In particular, pesticides are usually part of these mixtures and could come into direct or indirect contact with biota and therefore, organisms have to cope with this altered scenario and the detrimental effects of these substances. Commercial formulations of chlorpyrifos and glyphosate, and their mixtures were evaluated using a set of biomarkers in the native fish C. decemmaculatus exposed to relevant environmentally pesticides concentrations. The biomarkers measured were: histopathological indices and tissue ultrastructure in liver and nuclear abnormalities and micronuclei in erythrocytes. During 42 days adult females were exposed to the following concentrations of Clorfox and Roundup Max (chlorpyrifos and glyphosate, respectively): 0.84 nl/l and 8.4 nl/l of Clorfox (CF), 0.2 and 2 mg/l of Roundup Max (RM) and all the combinations of these concentrations. Being the low concentrations of both pesticides environmentally relevant. Nuclear abnormalities of erythrocytes were registered under CF, RM and only one mixture. Histological inflammatory alterations increased in individuals exposed to CF and two mixtures. Finally, some pesticide combinations increased the circulatory alterations in liver. Ultrastructural changes in hepatocytes were registered at all the pesticide treatments. The different biomarker responses showed in the mixtures treatments reflected complex interactions, showing the mixture of the low concentrations of both pesticides (the environmentally relevant), potentiated effects. According to our results the presence of these substances in freshwaters could impose important risks for natural populations by causing deleterious effects on the native fish species C. decemmaculatus.

Chronic unpredictable stress influenced the behavioral but not the neurodegenerative impact of paraquat

The impact of psychological stressors on the progression of motor and non-motor disturbances observed in Parkinson's disease (PD) has received little attention. Given that PD likely results from many different environmental “hits”, we were interested in whether a chronic unpredictable stressor regimen would act additively or possibly even synergistically to augment the impact of the toxicant, paraquat, which has previously been linked to PD. Our findings support the contention that paraquat itself acted as a systemic stressor, with the pesticide increasing plasma corticosterone, as well as altering glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in the hippocampus. Furthermore, stressed mice that also received paraquat displayed synergistic motor coordination impairment on a rotarod test and augmented signs of anhedonia (sucrose preference test). The individual stressor and paraquat treatments also caused a range of non-motor (e.g. open field, Y and plus mazes) deficits, but there were no signs of an interaction (neither additive nor synergistic) between the insults. Similarly, paraquat caused the expected loss of substantia nigra dopamine neurons and microglial activation, but this effect was not further influenced by the chronic stressor. Taken together, these results indicate that paraquat has many effects comparable to that of a more traditional stressor and that at least some behavioral measures (i.e. sucrose preference and rotarod) are augmented by the combined pesticide and stress treatments. Thus, although psychological stressors might not necessarily increase the neurodegenerative effects of the toxicant exposure, they may promote co-morbid behaviors pathology.

Low-Dose Pesticide Mixture Induces Accelerated Mesenchymal Stem Cell Aging In Vitro.

The general population is chronically exposed to multiple environmental contaminants such as pesticides. We have previously demonstrated that human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exposed in vitro to low doses of a mixture of seven common pesticides showed a permanent phenotype modification with a specific induction of an oxidative stress‐related senescence. Pesticide mixture also induced a shift in MSC differentiation toward adipogenesis. Thus, we hypothesized that common combination of pesticides may induce a premature cellular aging of adult MSCs. Our goal was to evaluate if the prolonged exposure to pesticide mixture could accelerate aging‐related markers and in particular deteriorate the immunosuppressive properties of MSCs. MSCs exposed to pesticide mixture, under long‐term culture and obtained from aging donor, were compared by bulk RNA sequencing analysis. Aging, senescence, and immunomodulatory markers were compared. The protein expression of cellular aging‐associated metabolic markers and immune function of MSCs were analyzed. Functional analysis of the secretome impacts on immunomodulatory properties of MSCs was realized after 21 days' exposure to pesticide mixture. The RNA sequencing analysis of MSCs exposed to pesticide showed some similarities with cells from prolonged culture, but also with the MSCs of an aged donor. Changes in the metabolic markers MDH1, GOT and SIRT3, as well as an alteration in the modulation of active T cells and modifications in cytokine production are all associated with cellular aging. A modified functional profile was found with similarities to aging process. stem cells 2019;37:1083–1094

Acute toxicity evaluation of triazophos, deltamethrin and their combination on earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae and its impact on AChE activity

ABSTRACTThe acute toxicity of three formula grade pesticides namely, triazophos (an organophosphate, OP), deltamethrin (a pyrethroid) and combined pesticide (triazophos + deltamethrin) was determined in earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae. They were exposed to different concentrations of these pesticides for 48 h by paper contact toxicity method. The LC50 values for triazophos, deltamethrin and of combination were determined as 0.076, 0.031 and 0.065 μg/cm2, respectively. To study the sublethal effect of these pesticides, E. eugeniae were exposed to 5% and 10% of LC50 of pesticides for 48 h. Morphological alterations such as coiling, clitellar swelling, mucus release and bleeding followed by body segmentation were observed in exposed earthworm. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity assayed in different regions of body segment exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in its activity particularly in the pre-clitellar region as compared to other regions. The altered behavioural responses in pesticides exposed earthworms would have been due to decline in AChE activity of the nervous system.

Visualizing Efficacy of Pesticides Against Disease Vector Mosquitoes in the Field.

Efficacy of public health pesticides targeting nuisance and disease-vector insects such as mosquitoes, sand flies, and filth-breeding flies is not uniform across ecological zones. To best protect public and veterinary health from these insects, the environmental limitations of pesticides need to be investigated to inform effective use of the most appropriate pesticide formulations and techniques. We have developed a research program to evaluate combinations of pesticides, pesticide application equipment, and application techniques in hot-arid desert, hot-humid tropical, warm and cool temperate, and urban locations to derive pesticide use guidelines specific to target insect and environment. To these ends we designed a system of protocols to support efficient, cost-effective, portable, and standardized evaluation of a diverse range of pesticides and equipment across multiple environments. At the core of these protocols is the use of an array of small cages with colony-reared sentinel mosquitoes (adults and immatures) and sand flies (adults), strategically arranged in natural habitats and exposed to pesticide spray. Spatial and temporal patterns of pesticide efficacy are derived from percent mortality in sentinel cages, then mapped and visualized in a geographic information system. Maps of sentinel mortality data may be statistically compared to evaluate relative efficacy of a pesticide across multiple environments, or to study multiple pesticides in a single environment. Protocols may be modified to accommodate a variety of scenarios, including, for example, the vertical orientation of sentinels in canopy habitats or simultaneous testing of ground and aerial application methods.

Screening of pesticides and veterinary drugs in small streams in the European Union by liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry

Water samples from 29 small waterways located in 10 different countries in the European Union were screened for the presence of a large number of pesticides (275) and veterinary drugs (101). Solid phase extraction was combined with liquid chromatography coupled to Orbitrap high resolution tandem mass spectrometry to quantify the levels of pesticides in the samples and to detect the presence of veterinary drugs. All the sampled European rivers and canals included in this investigation were contaminated with mixtures of pesticides and, in most of the cases, with several veterinary drugs at the time of sampling, without a clear national or regional pattern. In total, 103 different pesticides, 24 of them banned in the EU, and 21 veterinary drugs were found in the analysed samples.Herbicides were the main contributor to the total amount of pesticides found in the samples, with terbuthylazine present in all the samples. The maximum individual concentration recorded was of dimethenamid at 59.85 μg L−1. The maximum combined pesticide concentration was found in a sample from the Wulfdambeek canal, Belgium, with 94.02 μg L−1 comprised of a mixture of 70 different pesticides. European regulatory standards defining acceptable concentration levels were exceeded for at least one pesticide in 13 of the 29 samples analysed, with the neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid and clothianidin most frequently present above such limits.The majority of the veterinary drugs detected were antimicrobials, most being antibiotics. The β-lactam antibiotic dicloxacillin was present in two thirds of the analysed samples.The application of this consistent research approach across Europe allowed the identification of a significant threat to the aquatic environment associated with pesticide contamination, and in some cases veterinary drugs, at the time of sampling in the water bodies tested.

Fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)] damage in maize: management options for flood-recession cropping smallholder farmers

We determined fall armyworm abundance, infestation and damage on maize in smallholder farmers’ fields in the Zambezi Valley in northern Zimbabwe. Data were collected through field measurements at four sites and interviews with 101 farmers. Fall armyworm abundance ranged from 13.7 to 33.3 larvae per 30 plants, with infestation exceeding 94% and leaf, silk and tassel damage levels ranging between 25 and 50%. Most larvae on maize plants (P < 0.05) were at instar stages 2 to 3. Estimated grain yield decrease was 58%. Echinochloa colona and Amaranthus spp. were also damaged by fall armyworm. Farmers experimented with 28 combinations of pesticides, ash, and washing powders. Sixty five percent of the farmers used restricted to highly restricted pesticides. High fall armyworm abundance, infestation and maize damage levels suggest that the Zambezi Valley could become a fall armyworm hotspot. Sequential damage of plant parts signified the persistence of this pest in the study area. We recommend large-scale interventions that include chemical and biological control methods as well as destroying ratoon hosts, publishing information about locally available pesticides for the control of fall armyworm, and farmer training on fall armyworm biology and correct use of pesticides.

First report on development of sustainable management strategy against Pentalonia nigronervosa coq. vector of banana bunchy top virus disease, its seasonal variation and effect on yield of banana in Jorhat district of Assam– A north eastern state of India

Field experiments were conducted during 2013-15 in experimental plots of Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam to evolve a suitable management strategy against Pentalonia nigronervosa vector of Banana bunchy top virus disease. Virus free planting material cv. Grand Naine (tissue cultured) along with different pesticide combinations were used to reduced vector population and disease incidence in the field. Banana plants treated with foliar spraying of Imidacloprid @ 0.1% at 60, 90, 120 and 150 days after planting showed no disease incidence (0.00%), zero insect vector population count in all the two cropping seasons. Insect vector population was recorded in the range of 0.00 to 10.67, average 3.28 (2013-14), 0.00 to 9.33, average 2.67(2014-15) and 0.00 to 10.75, average 3.39 (pooled data).Whereas in untreated control plots recorded the highest disease incidence 95.84 per cent corresponding with a highest vector population in the range of 0.00 to 110.55, average 24.86 (pooled data).