Pesticide Application Methods Research Articles

Influence of luminous flux parameters on the formation of re-weeding of hemp crops

Light (energy) growing conditions of hemp plants have a direct effect on both crop plants and their habitat, as well as on new seedling plants of weeds that began their vegetation after soil herbicides weakened their protective function. The appearance of such weeds in crops is called re-weeding. Re-weeding is difficult to control. 
 It is fair to say that the density of hemp crops and, consequently, their optical density is a very effective, cheap and environmentally friendly factor influencing weeding processes. The application of such factors of influence on the indicators of re-weeding of crops is especially effective, when the application of any agronomic or chemical methods on new weed seedlings is very difficult or simply impossible.
 Studies conducted during 2014‒2016 in the field experiment of the Institute of Bast Crops of NAAS to determine the influence of light regimes of hemp sowing on the formation of re-weeding crops provided five options with different stocking densities of hemp sowing, which formed different indicators of optical density of crops. The experiment determined such indicators of the light regime as the incident energy flux of the headlights and the transmission of light by sowing to the ground. Weed surveys were performed according to the requirements of the "Pesticide Test and Application Methods". Crop weeds were determined quantitatively and quantitatively by weight.
 As a result of the conducted researches the regularities of weed formation at different density of stems, as well as between weed parameters and light regimes of sowing hemp crops were established. There is a direct linear relationship between the transmission of light to the soil by sowing hemp and the number and weight of weeds. The critical dates for the release of FAR energy into the soil for re-weeding were the third decade of July and the third decade of September. With a standing plant density of 1.65 million units/ha, conditions developed under which most weed plants in repeated weeding could not reach the virgin stage of organogenesis. That is, it can be argued that it is in crops with a stem density of 1.65 million units/ha conditions are achieved for the least development of re-weeding due to the minimum energy input of the headlights required for full generative productivity of weeds.
 Thus, the development of methods for controlling the processes of re-weeding of hemp crops based on phytocenotic factors deserve widespread introduction into agricultural production, as quite effective and environmentally friendly.

Biological variation in kidney injury and kidney function biomarkers among farmers in Lamphun province, Thailand.

Frequent and long-term exposure to pesticides can induce acute kidney injury and subsequent chronic kidney diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between kidney injury, kidney function biomarkers, and pesticide use in farmers from the Pasang district, Lamphun province, Thailand. A cross-sectional study was performed in 59 farmers occupationally exposed to various types of pesticides. The levels of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL), serum creatinine (sCr), urinary microalbumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), serum cystatin C (sCys-C), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and exposure intensity index (EII) were evaluated. Spearman's correlation and a linear regression analysis were carried out to investigate the association between age, pesticide use, EII, kidney injury markers, and kidney function biomarkers. The most common pesticide used in this study area was glyphosate, followed by paraquat and iprodione. Urinary NGAL levels showed a significant correlation with sCys-C levels, EII, and eGFR Cr-Cys. In addition, the sCr levels were associated with glyphosate use (B=0.08) and EII (B=0.01). In conclusion, occupation exposure to pesticides is likely to be linked to kidney injury and dysfunction. Pesticide mix status, pesticide application method, equipment repair status, and personal protective equipment (PPE) use are all involved in changes in kidney markers.

Effects of pesticides on farmers’ health in Tu Ky district, Hai Duong province, Vietnam

Abstract The survey on 300 farming households in Tu Ky district, Hai Duong province, Vietnam show that their knowledge about plant protection drugs is still very limited. Farmers do not understand the meaning of the colors and the contours on the packaging. The treatment of excess drugs and hygiene activities after pesticide application show that farmers' awareness is not high, thereby leading to environmental pollution and reduction in the physical health of farmers. The results about the effects of pesticides and herbicides on the health of farmers in Tu Ky district show that farmers often suffer from diseases such as eyes, ears, nose, and throat diseases, skin diseases, and gastrointestinal disorders. The proportion of farmers suffering from common diseases in communes specializing in vegetable production is higher than that of communes specializing in rice production. In particular, the proportions of deaths from cancer in Hung Dao and Ngoc Ky communes were 48.5% and 43.6%, respectively, much higher than that of An Thanh Commune (7.9%). In addition to the number of farmers and the high incidence of cancer deaths in the vegetable production area is compared to those in rice production area. COI of households at Hung Dao is 7,493 thousand VND (318 USD) and 5,996 thousand VND (255 USD) as compared to 1,742 thousand VND (74 USD) of An Thanh; The relative number is an increase of 340% - 430% compared to the pure rice production commune. This study aims to analyze and evaluate the types of pesticides, dosage, preparation method, timing, spraying time and behaviors after spraying of rice producers (An Thanh) and vegetable producers in Ngoc Ky and Hung Dao; The study results point out and confirm the special role of management, usage instructions, enhancement of production knowledge, types of drugs used, and non-used drugs and spraying tools, especially for vegetable production areas. For vegetable production areas, it is necessary to plan separate production areas for each type of vegetables, not intercropping vegetables, to provide detailed guidance on the specific type of drugs, the dosage, the time, timing, frequency, and pesticide application method for each type of vegetables. It is also of importance for farmers not to use pesticides leftover of this type of vegetable to other types of vegetables or spray the field borders. Vegetables are usually processed and consumed immediately, which means the time of delivery to consumers is very short, so it is important to help farmers fully understand the degree of negative impact on not only themselves, producers, but also on consumers, on society in the short run and in the long run. Producers and consumers even pay for their lives when using plant protection drugs, using agricultural products, especially vegetables. Health insurance is an important method of sharing disease risks of farmers in general and vegetable producers in particular.

Spatial evaluation of the pesticide application method by farmers in a paddy field in the northern part of Vietnam

The pesticide application method is important for controlling a target pest effectively. The current status of pesticide application techniques for small-scale rice farmers in Red River Delta, Vietnam aims to be clarified to control serious rice pest insects, such as Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), which live on the bottom of rice plants. Interviews with farmers revealed their preferences and practices towards pesticide application. The farmers’ application technique was evaluated by investigating the droplet deposition level at different heights of rice plants (bottom, middle, and top) and the distance from the spray walking path (near, middle, and far) in a rice paddy field using water-sensitive paper (WSP). Droplet deposition on WSPs was categorized into eight ranks. Ordered logistic model analysis revealed that the droplet did not reach to the bottom of plant, while no significant differences were found among the distances from the walking path. The droplet deposition rank and the mortality of N. lugens were positively correlated. The low efficiency of the pesticide applied by farmers to control N. lugens could be one of the factors that contribute to the insecticide-resistance development of N. lugens in Vietnam.

Tracking Pesticide Residues to a Plant Genus Using Palynology in Pollen Trapped from Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) at Ornamental Plant Nurseries.

Worldwide studies have used the technique of pollen trapping, collecting pollen loads from returning honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) foragers, to evaluate the exposure of honey bees to pesticides through pollen and as a biomonitoring tool. Typically, these surveys have found frequent contamination of pollen with multiple pesticides, with most of the estimated risk of acute oral toxicity to honey bees coming from insecticides. In our survey of pesticides in trapped pollen from three commercial ornamental plant nurseries in Connecticut, we found most samples within the range of acute toxicity in a previous state pollen survey, but a few samples at one nursery with unusually high acute oral toxicity. Using visual sorting by color of the pollen pellets collected in two samples from this nursery, followed by pesticide analysis of the sorted pollen and palynology to identify the plant sources of the pollen with the greatest acute toxicity of pesticide residues, we were able to associate pollen from the plant genus Spiraea L. (Rosales: Rosaceae) with extraordinarily high concentrations of thiamethoxam and clothianidin, and also with high concentrations of acephate and its metabolite methamidophos. This study is the first to trace highly toxic pollen collected by honey bees to a single plant genus. This method of tracking high toxicity pollen samples back to potential source plants could identify additional high-risk combinations of pesticide application methods and timing, movement into pollen, and attractiveness to bees that would be difficult to identify through modeling each of the contributing factors.

Freshwater ecotoxicity assessment of pesticide use in crop production: Testing the influence of modeling choices

Pesticides help to control weeds, pests, and diseases contributing, therefore, to food availability. However, pesticide fractions not reaching the intended target may have adverse effects on the environment and the field ecosystems. Modeling pesticide emissions and the link with characterizing associated impacts is currently one of the main challenges in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of agricultural systems. To address this challenge, this study takes advantage of the latest recommendations for pesticide emission inventory and impact assessment and frames a suitable interface for those LCA stages and the related mass distribution of pesticide avoiding a temporal overlapping. Here, freshwater ecotoxicity impacts of the production of feed crops (maize, grass, winter wheat, spring barley, rapeseed, and peas) in Denmark were evaluated during a 3-year period, testing the effects of inventory modeling and the recent updates of the characterization method (USEtox). Potential freshwater ecotoxicity impacts were calculated in two functional units reflecting crop impact profiles per ha and extent of cultivation, respectively. Ecotoxicity impacts decreased over the period, mainly because of the reduction of insecticides use (e.g., cypermethrin). Three different emission modeling scenarios were tested; they differ on the underlining assumptions and data requirements. The main aspects influencing impact results are the interface between inventory estimates and impact assessment, and the consideration of intermedia processes, such as crop growth development and pesticide application method. Impact scores for AS2 were higher than RS and AS1, but the differences in the crops ranking was less apparent. On the other hand, the influence on the estimation of impacts for individual AIs was considerable and statistical differences were found in the impact results modeled in scenarios RS and AS2. Thereby indicating the effect of inventory models on ecotoxicity impact assessment.

Phytosanitary Means of Pest Control in Grain Crops

The results of studying the changes in the range of insecticides for grain crop protection are presented for the period of more than 20 years. The aspects of extension are assessed for the range of insecticides used for these purposes, the peculiarities of certain chemical classes are shown along with the terms of pesticide application against various types of pests, and the dynamics of the ecological and toxicological properties of the pesticides are reviewed from 1995 up to the present day. The range of plant protection products is analyzed for the period of 1995–2017. It is shown that these changes are a continuous process that is expressed both as an increase in the total number of pesticides and as a qualitative improvement by introducing the new ones or combining the active substances of different content and formulations as well as by improving technologies and methods of pesticide application.

Pesticide Injection and Drenching

Drenching and injection are two pesticide application methods that are particularly effective in controlling some of the most troublesome insect pests of ornamental landscape trees. This 4-page document describes the equipment and procedures you will need to carry out either of these methods. Written by Frederick M. Fishel and published by the UF/IFAS Agronomy Department, January 2018. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pi274

Exposure assessment using human biomonitoring for glyphosate and fluroxypyr users in amenity horticulture.

Pesticides and their potential adverse health effects are of great concern and there is a dearth of knowledge regarding occupational exposure to pesticides among amenity horticulturalists. This study aims to measure occupational exposures to amenity horticuturalists using pesticides containing the active ingredients, glyphosate and fluroxypyr by urinary biomonitoring. A total of 40 work tasks involving glyphosate and fluroxypyr were surveyed over the period of June - October 2015. Workers used a variety of pesticide application methods; manual knapsack sprayers, controlled droplet applicators, pressurised lance applicators and boom sprayers. Pesticide concentrations were measured in urine samples collected pre and post work tasks using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Differences in pesticide urinary concentrations pre and post work task, and across applications methods were analysed using paired t-tests and linear regression. Pesticide urinary concentrations were higher than those reported for environmental exposures and comparable to those reported in some agricultural studies. Log-transformed pesticide concentrations were statistically significantly higher in post-work samples compared to those in pre-work samples (paired t-test, p<0.001; for both μgL-1 and μmol/mol creatinine). Urinary pesticide concentrations in post-work samples had a geometric mean (geometric standard deviation) of 0.66 (1.11) μgL-1 for glyphosate and 0.29 (1.69) μgL-1 for fluroxypyr. Linear regression revealed a statistically significant positive association to exist between the time-interval between samples and the log-transformed adjusted (i.e. post- minus pre-task) pesticide urinary concentrations (β=0.0039; p<0.0001). Amenity horticulturists can be exposed to pesticides during tasks involving these products. Further research is required to evaluate routes of exposure among this occupational group.

Risk-based prioritization method for the classification of groundwater pesticide pollution from agricultural regions.

Agricultural regions are a significant source of groundwater pesticide pollution. To ensure that agricultural regions with a significantly high risk of groundwater pesticide contamination are properly managed, a risk-based ranking method related to groundwater pesticide contamination is needed. In the present paper, a risk-based prioritization method for the classification of groundwater pesticide pollution from agricultural regions was established. The method encompasses 3 phases, including indicator selection, characterization, and classification. In the risk ranking index system employed here, 17 indicators involving the physicochemical properties, environmental behavior characteristics, pesticide application methods, and inherent vulnerability of groundwater in the agricultural region were selected. The boundary of each indicator was determined using K-means cluster analysis based on a survey of a typical agricultural region and the physical and chemical properties of 300 typical pesticides. The total risk characterization was calculated by multiplying the risk value of each indicator, which could effectively avoid the subjectivity of index weight calculation and identify the main factors associated with the risk. The results indicated that the risk for groundwater pesticide contamination from agriculture in a region could be ranked into 4 classes from low to high risk. This method was applied to an agricultural region in Jiangsu Province, China, and it showed that this region had a relatively high risk for groundwater contamination from pesticides, and that the pesticide application method was the primary factor contributing to the relatively high risk. The risk ranking method was determined to be feasible, valid, and able to provide reference data related to the risk management of groundwater pesticide pollution from agricultural regions. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:1052-1059. © 2017 SETAC.

Adsorption coupled photocatalytic degradation of dichlorvos using LaNiMnO6 perovskite nanoparticles supported on polypropylene filter cloth and carboxymethyl cellulose microspheres

Increasing pesticide application and improper wastewater disposal methods contaminate water resources and severely affect the ecology as well as environment. The present study is focused on the adsorption coupled photocatalytic degradation of dichlorvos using UV light in presence of LaNiMnO6 perovskite nanoparticles (Prv) supported on polypropylene filter cloth (PPPrv) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMCPrv) microspheres. The synthesized LaNiMnO6 perovskite nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, FT‐IR, SEM and EDX. The adsorption percentage of DCV followed the order: CMCPrv (62.7%) &gt; PPPrv (46.1%) &gt; Prv (32.6%). Equilibrium studies suggested the heterogenous mode of adsorption. Pseudo‐first order exhibited the good linearity indicating the involvement of physical forces. Thermodynamics showed an endothermic and spontaneous nature of adsorption. The influences of various photocatalytic parameters viz., pH, irradiation time, initial DCV concentration, Prv loading and catalyst dosage on DCV degradation were investigated. Ex situ studies conducted for 8 h of sunlight exposure showed complete degradation of DCV present in industrial wastewater which was confirmed by GC‐MS analysis. The advantage of CMCPrv as supported catalyst is the easy separation and reuse for four cycles. The present work is the first report that signifies the potential efficacy of CMCPrv to serve as an effective remedial agent for DCV removal from contaminated water. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 180–191, 2017

Keanekaragaman Dan Kemerataan Serangga Pada Areal Tanaman Kentang (Solanum tuberosum L) Setelah Berbagai Metode Aplikasi Insektisida

Pest is one of the biological limiting factors that led to low production of potatoes. The use of pesticides is a solution in controlling pests. The objective of this study was to determine the diversity and evenness of insect; and potato yield losses due to insecticide applications methods. The treatment was controlled and intensive insecticide application which were compared with no insecticide application. The experiment was set up in completely randomized design with five replications. The results showed that the insects are dominated by Empoasca sp, Liriomyza sp and Miridae. The highest insect population was Empoasca sp. i.e 80.83 Empoasca sp. which was found in control treatment. Controlled and intensive application of insecticides decreased insect population up to 56.50 and 26.17. Evenness index of insect and economic value of lost results unaffected by differences in pesticide application methods

Comparisons of topical and spray applications of two pesticides, triazophos and jinggangmycin, on the protein content in the ovaries and fat bodies of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera:Delphacidae)

The pesticide-induced stimulation of reproduction in pests is one of the most important mechanisms of pest resurgence. There have been numerous reports on the insecticide-induced stimulation of reproduction. However, the relationship between pesticide application method and pest resurgence (stimulation of reproduction) has received little attention. Here, we studied the effect of two treatment methods, triazophos (TZP) and jinggangmycin (JGM), on the protein content in the ovaries and fat bodies of the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens Stål. The results showed that pesticide treatment methods significantly affected the protein content in the ovaries and fat bodies of BPH. In addition, grand means (means of main effect) of the protein content at 2 and 3days after emergence (2 and 3 DAE) for foliar sprays was significantly higher than that observed after topical treatments, which increased by 23.9% (from 1.42 to 1.76) and 8.82% (from 4.42 to 4.81), respectively. No significant differences on the protein content in the ovaries and fat bodies for the JGM topical treatment were observed compared with controls. However, the protein content for JGM foliar sprays was significantly higher than that for the controls. The protein contents in both topical and spray treatments of TZP were significantly higher than those of the controls. Ovarian protein is mainly yolk protein. There is a positive correlation between ovarian protein content and the number of eggs laid. These findings show that foliar spray of the pesticides promotes the resurgence of BPH. Therefore, the foliar spray of some pesticides, such as JGM, should be avoided for the control of pests, which is the sideeffects of the fungicide on non-target insect pests’ occurrence.

Emerging parasitic diseases of sheep

There have been changes in the emergence and inability to control of a number of sheep parasitic infections over the last decade. This review focuses on the more globally important sheep parasites, whose reported changes in epidemiology, occurrence or failure to control are becoming increasingly evident. One of the main perceived driving forces is climate change, which can have profound effects on parasite epidemiology, especially for those parasitic diseases where weather has a direct effect on the development of free-living stages. The emergence of anthelmintic-resistant strains of parasitic nematodes and the increasing reliance placed on anthelmintics for their control, can exert profound changes on the epidemiology of those nematodes causing parasitic gastroenteritis. As a consequence, the effectiveness of existing control strategies presents a major threat to sheep production in many areas around the world. The incidence of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, is inextricably linked to high rainfall and is particularly prevalent in high rainfall years. Over the last few decades, there have also been increasing reports of other fluke associated diseases, such as dicroceliosis and paramphistomosis, in a number of western European countries, possibly introduced through animal movements, and able to establish with changing climates. External parasite infections, such as myiasis, can cause significant economic loss and presents as a major welfare problem. The range of elevated temperatures predicted by current climate change scenarios, result in an elongated blowfly season with earlier spring emergence and a higher cumulative incidence of fly strike. Additionally, legislative decisions leading to enforced changes in pesticide usage and choices have resulted in increased reports and spread of ectoparasitic infections, particularly mite, lice and tick infestations in sheep. Factors, such as dip disposal and associated environmental concerns, and, perhaps more importantly, product availability have led to a move away from more traditional methods of pesticide application, particularly dipping, to the use of injectable endectocides. This has coincided with increased reports of sheep scab and lice infestations in some countries. Reduction in the use of organophosphate dips appears to have to some extent contributed to reported increased populations of ticks and tick activity, a consequence of which is not only of significance to sheep, but also many other hosts, including increased human zoonotic risks.

Pesticide exposure in farming and forestry and the risk of uveal melanoma

Since pesticides are disputed risk factors for uveal melanoma, we studied the association between occupational pesticide exposure and uveal melanoma risk in a case-control study from nine European countries. Incident cases of uveal melanoma and population as well as hospital controls were included and frequency-matched by country, 5-year age groups and sex. Self-reported exposure was quantified with respect to duration of exposure and pesticide application method. We calculated the exposure intensity level based on application method and use of personal protective equipment. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated by unconditional logistic regression analyses and adjusted for several potential confounders. 293 case and 3,198 control subjects were interviewed. We did not identify positive associations with activities in farming or forestry, pesticide application or pesticide mixing. No consistent positive associations were seen with exposure intensity level scores either. The only statistically significantly raised association in this study was for exposure to chemical fertilizers in forestry (OR = 8.93; 95% CI 1.73-42.13), but this observation was based on only six exposed subjects. Results did not change when we restricted analyses to morphologically verified cases and excluded proxy interviews as well as cancer controls. We did not observe effect modification by sex or eye color. Risk estimates for pesticide exposures and occupational activities in agriculture and forestry were not increased and did not indicate a hormonal mechanism due to these exposures.

Pesticide exposure in farming and forestry and the risk of uveal melanoma

ObjectivesSince pesticides are disputed risk factors for uveal melanoma, we studied the association between occupational pesticide exposure and uveal melanoma risk in a case-control study from nine European countries.MethodsIncident cases...

SP1-7 Pesticide exposure in farming and forestry and the risk of uveal melanoma

IntroductionSince pesticides are disputed risk factors for uveal melanoma, we studied the association between occupational pesticide exposure and uveal melanoma risk in a case-control study from nine European countries.MethodsIncident cases...

Ultrasonic and LIDAR Sensors for Electronic Canopy Characterization in Vineyards: Advances to Improve Pesticide Application Methods

Canopy characterization is a key factor to improve pesticide application methods in tree crops and vineyards. Development of quick, easy and efficient methods to determine the fundamental parameters used to characterize canopy structure is thus an important need. In this research the use of ultrasonic and LIDAR sensors have been compared with the traditional manual and destructive canopy measurement procedure. For both methods the values of key parameters such as crop height, crop width, crop volume or leaf area have been compared. Obtained results indicate that an ultrasonic sensor is an appropriate tool to determine the average canopy characteristics, while a LIDAR sensor provides more accuracy and detailed information about the canopy. Good correlations have been obtained between crop volume (CVU) values measured with ultrasonic sensors and leaf area index, LAI (R2 = 0.51). A good correlation has also been obtained between the canopy volume measured with ultrasonic and LIDAR sensors (R2 = 0.52). Laser measurements of crop height (CHL) allow one to accurately predict the canopy volume. The proposed new technologies seems very appropriate as complementary tools to improve the efficiency of pesticide applications, although further improvements are still needed.

Effect of different pesticide application methods on spray deposits, residues and biological efficacy on strawberries

In agricultural food production, positive results can be obtained by using appropriate pesticides through the application of appropriate methods. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of different spraying methods on spray deposits and drift, pesticide residues and biological efficacy on strawberries. For this purpose, strawberries were sprayed with dicofol by broadcast and band spraying. The effectiveness of different application methods was studied on 09 May, 2007 and 16 April, 2008. Broadcast sprayings were applied via hollow cone nozzles (HC) and air-assisted spinning cage nozzles (ASC). Band spraying was applied via flat fan nozzles (FF). Pesticide deposits on leaf surfaces, ground, drift and pesticide residues on strawberries were analyzed with Gas Chromatography/Electron capture detector (GC/ECD). Strawberries were analyzed based on dicofol residues up to 6 days after spraying. The results obtained showed that the highest pesticide deposits on leaf surfaces and also biological efficiency were obtained with FF in 2007 and 2008. The lowest pesticide deposits on ground were obtained by HC and the highest deposit of drift was obtained by ASC in 2007 and 2008. According to Commission Directive 2000/42/EC, the MRL’s of dicofol on strawberry is 0.02 mg/kg. In this study, residues on strawberries for all types of nozzles were below the suggested maximum residue level (MRL) of dicofol by Commission Directive 2000/42/EC in 2007 and 2008. Key words: Broadcast spraying, band spraying, hollow cone nozzle, flat fan nozzle, air-assisted spinning cage nozzle, biological efficacy, red spider mites, gas chromatography, electron capture detector (ECD).

Effect of different pesticide application methods on spray deposits, residues and biological efficacy on strawberries

In agricultural food production, positive results can be obtained by using appropriate pesticides through the application of appropriate methods. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of different spraying methods on spray deposits and drift, pesticide residues and biological efficacy on strawberries. For this purpose, strawberries were sprayed with dicofol by broadcast and band spraying. The effectiveness of different application methods was studied on 09 May, 2007 and 16 April, 2008. Broadcast sprayings were applied via hollow cone nozzles (HC) and air-assisted spinning cage nozzles (ASC). Band spraying was applied via flat fan nozzles (FF). Pesticide deposits on leaf surfaces, ground, drift and pesticide residues on strawberries were analyzed with Gas Chromatography/Electron capture detector (GC/ECD). Strawberries were analyzed based on dicofol residues up to 6 days after spraying. The results obtained showed that the highest pesticide deposits on leaf surfaces and also biological efficiency were obtained with FF in 2007 and 2008. The lowest pesticide deposits on ground were obtained by HC and the highest deposit of drift was obtained by ASC in 2007 and 2008. According to Commission Directive 2000/42/EC, the MRL’s of dicofol on strawberry is 0.02 mg/kg. In this study, residues on strawberries for all types of nozzles were below the suggested maximum residue level (MRL) of dicofol by Commission Directive 2000/42/EC in 2007 and 2008. Key words: Broadcast spraying, band spraying, hollow cone nozzle, flat fan nozzle, air-assisted spinning cage nozzle, biological efficacy, red spider mites, gas chromatography, electron capture detector (ECD).