Pest Management Modules Research Articles

Incidence of non-target pest species and validation of IPM strategies in Bt cotton hybrids deployed with different events of cry genes

Cotton cultivars incorporated with different events of Cry proteins were evaluated for the incidence of sucking insect pests and abundance of predators under unprotected conditions during the years, 2009 and 2010. Among the sucking pests, whitefly, leafhopper and thrip were the major pests and there was no difference in the abundance of sucking pests among different hybrids. An integrated pest management (IPM) module based on use of eco-friendly strategies was developed and evaluated for transgenic cotton cultivars carrying different events including non-Bt cotton during 2010 and 2011 and was compared with the recommended regional package of practices (RPP) involving use of selective insecticides for sucking insect pests and bollworms. Results indicated low population of leafhopper, thrips and whitefly in IPM as compared to RPP. In addition, the cotton hybrids managed by IPM practices supported higher abundance of natural enemies. The incidence of cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) was also less in IPM as compared to RPP module. No bollworm incidence was recorded in any of transgenic cotton hybrid in either of the modules; however IPM and RPP with non-Bt hybrid showed rosette flowers and green boll damage due to pink bollworm, which was less in IPM as compared to RPP. IPM module resulted in low cost of insecticidal sprays and increase in C: B ratio compared to RPP. Furthermore, as the hybrids carrying different events did not differ significantly for the incidence of sucking pests, the IPM module developed was found effective for all hybrids including non Bt cotton hybrid with some revision in the light of bollworm incidence.

Evaluation of integrated pest management module for insect pests of castor (Ricinus communis L.)

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate integrated pest management (IPM) module in castor using three popular cultivars(DCH-519, DCH-177, DCS-107) and compared with farmers' practice and untreated control. IPM module comprised of mechanical control of gregarious stages of tobacco caterpillar and older larvae of semilooper, economic threshold level based application of thiodicarb 75WP @ 375 g a.i./ha against tobacco caterpillar (at 25% foliage damage), indoxacarb 15.8EC @ 75 g a.i./ha against capsule borer (at 10% capsule damage) and dimethoate 30EC @ 250 g a.i./ha against leafhopper (at 10% hopper burn damage) superior in reducing the insect pest population over farmers' practice. In the IPM module, the mean population of semilooper, tobacco caterpillar, leafhopper and capsule borer damage was 0.3 larvae/plant, 0.8 larvae/plant, 16.2 leafhoppers/3 leaves/plant and 10.3% capsule damage as against 0.6 larvae/plant, 2.3 larvae/plant, 20.7 leafhoppers/3 leaves/plant and 16.5% capsule damage in farmers' practice, respectively. IPM module found safer to its larval parasitoid, Snellenius (Microplitis) maculipennis as compared to farmers' practice. The higher mean castor seed yield (1348 kg/ha) and avoidable yield loss (67.6%) was obtained from IPM module over farmers' practice with seed yield of 1008 kg/ha and avoidable yield loss of 55.5%. Further, higher net profit of ` 26889/ha and incremental cost-benefit ratio of 1:5.95 was recorded in IPM module as compared to ` 15584/ha and 1: 3.97 under farmers' practice.

Development of suitable integrated pest management module for major lepidopteran insect pests of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)

Investigation on development of suitable integrated pest management module for major insect pest of cabbage ( Brassicae oleracea var. capitata ) was carried out in experimental field of Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat. In case of larval population of C. binotalis , S. litura , P. xylostella and H. armigera was found in sole synthetic insecticide module M 3 (0.23, 0.35, 1.61 and 1.78/plants, respectively) followed by eco-friendly pest management module M 1 (0.23, 0.98, 1.50 and 1.51/ plants, respectively) and botanicals bio-pesticides module M 2 (0.30, 0.99, 1.62 and 1.65/ plants, respectively). As far as yield and economics is concerned, module M 3 recorded highest yield of cabbage heads (28322.0 kg/ha) and consequently higher net gain over control (122050 Rs./ha) and higher net BCR (1:41.01). However, its effect in destructing natural fauna, polluting environment and causing residual problem should not be overlooked. Eco-friendly pest management module and botanicals and bio-pesticides module was next effective module in recording yield and net profit besides any adverse effect on natural fauna and did not leave any toxic residue.

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English

Evaluation and Efficacy of Pest Management Modules for cucur-bits against Fruitfly,Bactrocera cucurbitae(Coquillett) in Andaman

Fruit fly (Dacus cucurbitae) is a major pest of cultivated cucurbits. Among cucurbits, incidence was more in bitter gourd and ridge gourd as compared to other cucurbitaceous veg-etables. IPM module has been developed for the successful management of cucurbit fruit fly. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) module com-prising of installation of cue-lure baited traps @ 50 traps/ha for mass trapping, weekly clipping of infested fruits, foliar spray of aqueous leaf ex-tracts of Morinda citrifolia @ 100g/l and foliar spray of spinosad 45SC or imidacloprid 17.8SL @ 0.3ml/l alternately at 15 days interval was found effective with respect to less fruit damage due to fruit fly (9%) and maximum fruit yield (10.75 t/ha) in bitter gourd as compared to un-treated control (39.3% fruit damage and fruit yield 5.53 t/ha). The same trend was also noticed in ridge gourd also. IPM module was found bet-ter with respect to less fruit damage (5.9%) and maximum fruit yield (7.59t/ha) in ridge gourd. The yield in untreated control plots was recorded 3.46t/ha. IPM module for cucurbit fruit fly gave higher cost benefit ratio of 1: 3.35 in IPM and 1: 2.30 in non-IPM fields of bitter gourd and 1: 1.99 in IPM and 1: 1.23 in non-IPM fields of ridge gourd, respectively. IPM module for cucur-bit fruit fly gave higher incremental cost benefit ratio of 1: 3.35 in IPM and 1: 2.30 in non-IPM fields of bitter gourd and 1: 1.99 in IPM and 1: 1.23 in non-IPM fields of ridge gourd, respectively. By using these management practices, application of synthetic insecticides can be reduced and low-er the risk to people, wildlife and the environ-ment.

Efficacy of ipm modules against mango hopper complex

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) modules against mango hopper during 2009–10 to 2012–13 in south Gujarat region. The module-V consisting first spray of acephate (0.04%) at panicle emergence stage followed by second spray 21 days after first spray with spinosad (0.004%) and third need based spray of carbaryl (0.15%) was found to be the most effective in reducing the hopper population (3.81 hoppers/twig or panicle). This was followed by module-III (4.35 hoppers/twig or panicle) containing first spray of thiamethoxam (0.008%) at panicle emergence stage followed by second spray 21 days after first spray of profenophos (0.05%) and third need based spray of carbaryl (0.15%) and module-IV (4.91 hoppers/twig or panicle) first spray of spinosad (0.004%) at panicle emergence stage followed by second spray 21 days after first spray with thiamethoxam (0.008%) and third need based spray of Neem Azal (10000 ppm @ 3 ml/lit. of water). The maximum number of fruit set at marble stage was recorded in module-Vfruits set at harvest stage was highest in module-V followed by module-III. Highest yield was recorded in module-V (72.63 kg/tree).

Rural Farmers’ Perceptions, Knowledge and Management of Insect Pests of Fruit Vegetables in Ogbomoso Agricultural Zone of Nigeria

Surveys were carried out in five local government areas of Ogbomoso Agricultural Zone Nigeria during planting season in 2010 to investigate rural farmers perceptions and management practices of insect pests of fruit vegetables. The survey involved 150 randomly selected farmers who were interviewed using structured questionnaire. Fruit vegetables planted by the farmers were okra, tomatoes, pepper and garden egg. Reasons given by farmers for cultivating fruit vegetables were significantly favored by age category, educational qualification, and secondary occupation of farmers (x2 = 4.757, P = 0.029). Field insect pests were perceived as the major production constraint to fruit vegetables in this zone. Majority of the farmer estimated 78.4 % rated insect pest as the most serious pest infesting fruit vegetables, the insect pests were grasshopper (Orthoptera), beetles (Coleoptera) and caterpillar (Lepidoptera). Integrated pest management module consisted basically of chemical and cultural control strategies, with weeding, shifting cultivation and crop rotation as main cultural control methods. More than 76.7 % of the farmers make use of cultural control because of unavailability and cost of chemical insecticides. Only 23.3 % had access to chemical insecticides in controlling insect pest of fruit vegetables.

Rural Farmers’ Perceptions, Knowledge and Management of Insect Pests of Fruit Vegetables in Ogbomoso Agricultural Zone of Nigeria

Surveys were carried out in five local government areas of Ogbomoso Agricultural Zone Nigeria during planting season in 2010 to investigate rural farmers perceptions and management practices of insect pests of fruit vegetables. The survey involved 150 randomly selected farmers who were interviewed using structured questionnaire. Fruit vegetables planted by the farmers were okra, tomatoes, pepper and garden egg. Reasons given by farmers for cultivating fruit vegetables were significantly favored by age category, educational qualification, and secondary occupation of farmers (x2 = 4.757, P = 0.029). Field insect pests were perceived as the major production constraint to fruit vegetables in this zone. Majority of the farmer estimated 78.4 % rated insect pest as the most serious pest infesting fruit vegetables, the insect pests were grasshopper (Orthoptera), beetles (Coleoptera) and caterpillar (Lepidoptera). Integrated pest management module consisted basically of chemical and cultural control strategies, with weeding, shifting cultivation and crop rotation as main cultural control methods. More than 76.7 % of the farmers make use of cultural control because of unavailability and cost of chemical insecticides. Only 23.3 % had access to chemical insecticides in controlling insect pest of fruit vegetables.

Development of an organic integrated pest management (IPM) module against insect-pests of muskmelon in arid region of Rajasthan, India

Development of an organic integrated pest management (IPM) module against insect-pests of muskmelon in arid region of Rajasthan, India

Comparative assessment of pesticide residues in grain, soil, and water from IPM and non-IPM trials of basmati rice

The integrated pest management (IPM) modules of pesticide schedule on Basmati rice were validated at field experiments conducted in Northern India for consecutive 3years (2005-2008). The pesticide residues were found below the detectable limit (<0.01-0.001mg/kg) in soil and irrigation water samples of Kaithal region. In Dehra Dun region of Uttrakhand, the residues of carbendazim in rice grains and soil were detected below <0.01mg/kg level. In second year experiments (2006-2007), only four non-IPM soil samples indicated the presence of chlorpyrifos and endosulfan in the range of ND <0.001 to 0.07mg/kg, out of 45 samples analyzed. Carbendazim applied as seed treatment at Dehradun and Kaithal field trials was found below detectable limit in both IPM and non-IPM rice grains (<0.01mg/kg) and irrigation water (0.01μl/ml). Chlorpyrifos was detected in five water samples from Kaithal and one from Pant Nagar in the range of 0.003-0.006μl/L, α- and β-isomer of endosulfan in the range of 0.005-0.03, and 0.005-0.02μl/ml, respectively, in one sample from Pant Nagar and two from Kaithal, out of a total of 22 samples. In the region of Uttrakhand and Uttar Pradesh during 2007-2008, four non-IPM samples of soil indicated trace levels of endosulfan, out of 16 samples analyzed. The residues were detected below detection limit for carbendazim (<0.01mg/kg) in soil samples of Dehradun IPM fields and for endosulfan and carbendazim (0.001-0.01μl/L) in water samples each from IPM and non-IPM fields of Uttar Pradesh. The results of 3-year trials of IPM module indicated basmati rice as safe and economical with pesticide residue-free rice grains.

Population dynamics and development of suitable pest management module against major insect pests of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Population dynamics and development of suitable pest management module against major insect pests of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Evaluation of Integrated Pest and Disease Management Module for Shallots in Tamil Nadu, India: a Farmer's Participatory Approach

Efforts made to evaluate the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) module for shallots through Farmer's Participatory Approach in Tamil Nadu, India, are discussed. The shallot IPM module with special emphasis on nonchemical management components viz., healthy seed bulb selection, seed treatment with bio-pesticides, soil application of bio-pesticides and bio-inputs, growing of barrier crops, installation of sticky traps and pheromone traps, spray application of bio-pesticides, and need-based application of synthetic pesticides were evaluated in large fields in farmers' holdings in six locations during 2009-2012. In all the locations, the IPM fields registered reduced incidence of the major insect pests and diseases viz. onion thrips ( Thrips tabaci L.) (5.99 thrips/plant), leafminer ( Liriomyza sp.) (12.59% damage), tobacco cutworm ( Spodoptera litura F.) (3.51% damage), basal rot ( Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae W. C. Snyder and H. N. Hansen) (3.50% incidence) and purple blotch ( Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif.) (24.50 Percent Disease Index) compared with farmer's approach registering higher incidence of onion thrips (11.58 thrips/plant), leafminer (19.65% damage), tobacco cutworm (6.22% damage), basal rot (8.14% incidence), and purple blotch (51.6 Percent Disease Index). The IPM fields registered a higher mean bulb yield of 13.81 t/ha with a cost:benefit ratio of 1:3.05 compared with 10.69 t/ha with a cost:benefit ratio of 1:2.47 in farmer's approach. Field days, exhibitions, and demonstrations were organized in all the locations to popularize the shallot IPM module among the growers.

Efficacy of pest management practices against pest complex of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in Andaman

Field trials were conducted during 2008–09 and 2009–10 with okra (Abelmoschus esculentus—variety Arka Anamika) to evaluate the pest management modules against sucking pest complex, jassid (Amrasca devastans Dist.) and whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn) and okra shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella (Fab.). The fruit damage by shoot and fruit borer was significantly lower in all the modules as compared to control at each picking as well as in pooled analysis. Integrated module included seed treatment with imidacloprid @ 5 g/kg seed a day before sowing + sowing of maize at the borders as barrier crop + weekly clipping of infested shoots and fruits + erection of pheromone trap @ 100 traps/ha for mass trapping + foliar spray of neem seed kernel extract @ 30 ml/litre, spinosad 45 SC @ 0.5ml/litre and karanj oil @ 30 ml/litre at 45, 60 and 75 days after sowing, respectively. The pooled data revealed that integrated module and bio-intensive module recorded significantly lower jassid population (3.32 jassids/leaf, 4.27 jassids/leaf) than farmer’s practices (5.31 jassids/leaf) and untreated control (10.12 jassids/leaf). Less incidence of shoot borer (4.23%) and fruit borer (5.64%) and more fruit yield (8.66 tonnes/ha) was recorded in integrated module as compared to untreated control, 13.42%, 16.85% and fruit yield of 5.25 tonnes/ha respectively. The results revealed that different types of management practices have significantly reduced jassid, whitefly population and shoot and fruit borer damage than untreated control in okra. By incorporating these management practices, application of synthetic insecticides can be reduced to a minimum possible level.

EVALUATION OF BIOCONTROL BASED IPM MODULE ON COTTON HYBRID10

ABSTRACT A field trial on testing of biocontrol based integrated pest management (IPM) module on cotton crop was conducted during three Kharif seasons 1999-2001. Results revealed that both the IPM modules (T1 and T2) proved more effective and economical against cotton pests than the insecticides modules in North Gujarat. These modules have also promoted the activity of natural enemies in cotton ecosystem.

Impact of Integrated Pest Management Modules on the Activity of Natural Enemies in Castor Ecosystem

Investigations were carried out during 2001-2004 to study the impact of biointensive integrated pest management (BIPM), chemical pesticide intensive integrated pest management (CIPM) modules and non-integrated pest management (non-IPM) modules (farmers' practice) on the natural enemies of insect pests of castor in Andhra Pradesh. BIPM module proved to be relatively safer to natural enemies with 16.13 and 66.10 % average field parasitization of Achaea janata (L.) eggs and larvae by Trichogramma chilonis Ishii and Microplitis maculipennis Szepligeti, compared to 6.92 and 21.2, 8.80 and 24.00, 8.92 and 22.35 % in CIPM module and non-IPM modules 1 and 2, respectively. M. maculipennis cocoon number per plant increased with increase in duration after treatment in the BIPM module whereas it decreased in CIPM and non-IPM modules. Similarly, average parasitisation by Charops obtusus Morley (3.54%), Rhogas spp. (4.60%), Apanteles hyposidrae Wilkinson (13.85%), Euplectrus maternus Bhatnagar (7.92%) on A. janata larvae and Cotesia flavipes Cameron (8.96%) on Spodoptera litura (F.) was higher in the BIPM module compared to CIPM module (1.65, 1.59, 3.50, 2.37 and 2.49%) and non-IPM modules 1(1.16, 0.80, 2.70, 1.20 and 2.68%) and 2 (1.50, 1.19, 2.80, 3.82 and 1.99%), respectively. BIPM module had higher population of predators like Chrysoperla sp., Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius), Cantheconidea furcellata (Wolff), Rhynocoris kumarii Ambrose and Livingstone and spiders per 10 plants (8.45, 3.41, 3.27 and 7.10) than CIPM module (1.75, 2.90, 1.38, 1.45 and 1.40) and non-IPM modules 1(1.20, 1.82, 1.00, 1.00 and 1.80) and 2 (1.97, 2.41, 1.32, 1.22 and 2.90), respectively. Black drongo ( Dicrurus adsimilis Blyth) and Indian myna ( Acridotheres tristis (L.)) were the predominant predatory birds which used bird perches frequently while predating on A. janata, S. litura and Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenee) larvae in BIPM and CIPM modules compared to non-IPM modules.

Influence of synthetic plant growth substances on the survivorship and developmental parameters of Spilarctia obliqua Walker (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

The nontarget effects of three plant growth stimulants (gibberellic acid, Siapton and triacontanol) and two plant growth retardants (chlormequat chloride and mepiquat chloride) on the survivorship and developmental parameters of Spilarctia obliqua Walker (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) were studied. For each compound, various concentrations (0.125×, 0.25×, 0.5×, × , 2× and 4×; × = labeled dose) bracketing the labeled dose were prepared by serial dilution and mixed with an artificial diet for the insect. Gibberellic acid caused an increase in the larval period at × − 4×, but no marked difference was observed in the pupal period or in larval survival at any concentration. Siapton induced a significant increase in larval period at the two highest doses but caused significant reduction in pest survival at × − 4×. Interestingly, triacontanol induced a significant reduction in pest survivorship at almost all doses. The LC50 for triacontanol was 0.206% and LT50 was 266.5 hours at the labeled dose. However, triacontanol did not cause any significant difference in larval or pupal periods at any dose tested. Chlormequat chloride and mepiquat chloride caused significant reduction of larval survivorship at concentrations higher than the labeled doses, and no effect on the larval period. Intriguingly, a significant reduction in pupal period was observed with chlormequat chloride at × and 0.25×. Based on the marked effect of triacontanol on pest survivorship, this study suggests incorporating triacontanol in integrated pest management modules for S. obliqua. Caution in the use of gibberellic acid and Siapton for pest infestations is also indicated.

Effectiveness of Biocontrol Based IPM Modules Against Lipaphis Erysimi Kaltenbach (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Effectiveness of Biocontrol Based IPM Modules Against Lipaphis Erysimi Kaltenbach (Hemiptera: Aphididae)Rapessed and mustard are important oilseed crops in India. The vulnerability of the crop to mustard aphid,Lipaphis erysimiKaltenbach is the main bottleneck in successful cultivation of this crop. In order to use insecticides at a minimum level, effectiveness of different Integrated Pest Management (IPM) modules were tested under field conditions. The module (NSKE +Chrysoperla carnea) proved most effective in reducing the aphid population in terms of socio-economic and environmental values.

Assessing toxicity of post-emergence herbicides to the Spilarctia obliqua Walker (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

The lethal and sublethal effects of three post-emergence herbicides, 2,4-D ethyl ester (Weedkill 80WP), imazethapyr (Pursuit 10EC) and quizalofop ethyl (Tergasuper 5EC) fortified with artificial diets were studied on larvae of Spilarctia obliqua Walker (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Quizalofop ethyl and imazethapyr caused significant reduction of pest survival at almost all levels; however, 2,4-D ethyl ester was nontoxic. Interestingly, LC50 data (0.230 and 0.855% for quizalofop ethyl and imazethapyr, respectively) obtained from probit analysis were almost equal to labeled doses (x) of quizalofop ethyl (x = 0.16%) and imazethapyr (x = 0.625%), which shows the high toxicity of these compounds against S. obliqua larvae. Among the three herbicides, imazethapyr caused sublethal effects on this pest, increasing the larval period at almost all concentrations tested in the artificial diet. Considering the markedly significant effect of quizalofop ethyl on pest survivorship with no sublethal effect, we suggest incorporating it into the integrated pest management module for S. obliqua in legumes or oilseed crops with other biorational insecticides. Based on toxicity, imazethapyr can be a potential candidate for integrated management of S. obliqua. However, because of its sublethal effects, we advocate caution while using it in the presence of pest infestations.

Soil Pests of Groundnut in Sub-Saharan Africa—A Review

Termites (Isoptera: Termidae), white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and millipedes (Myriapoda: Odontopygidae) are the major groups of soil pests that are widespread and of economic importance in groundnut production in sub-Saharan Africa. Other Coleopteran pests such as wireworms (Elateridae) and false wireworms (Tenebrionidae) are found to be of occasional importance. Farmers’ cultural practices such as improper application of organic manure, leaving crop residues in farms, delay in planting and harvesting, and abiotic factors such as rainfall and soil texture also influence soil pest occurrence and damage. Groundnut farmers in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa seldom apply effective control measures against soil pests. This paper reviews the major soil pests of groundnuts and their damage, and discusses adopted control practices and their applicability in integrated pest management (IPM) modules, with an emphasis on the use of resistant groundnut varieties, cultural practices, botanicals and minimal application of synthetic insecticides.

Management of Insect, Disease, and Nematode Pests of Rice and Wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains

Summary The dynamics and severity of pest attack in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) has shifted with the adoption and spread of the rice-wheat crop rotation in the last three decades. Pest attack on the rice and wheat crop in the IGP has been severe in certain years, and pest management in the region has largely been based on chemical control means. Though Integrated Pest Management (IPM) modules have been developed for rice and wheat in India, its adoption and spread has been limited to certain areas of the IGP. In general, pest infestation is higher during the hot and humid summer rice-growing season compared to the cooler wheat-growing season. This article reviews the insect, pathogen, and nematode pest spectrum and their control methods for the rice and wheat crop in the IGP. The changing dynamics of these pests, IPM modules developed in India and successful IPM strategies are also discussed in this article.