Pest Birds Research Articles

Study on Effectiveness of Air-Horn Device for Bird Deterrent in Paddy Cultivation Area

Pest birds that have adapted well in paddy cultivation area create problems to rice farmers. Among sound-based bird deterrent device, air-horn could be used since it generates high sound intensity. This study is conducted to evaluate performance of portable air-horn in open-area test condition conducted. This study successfully identifies three dominant pest birds in Pekan’s paddy cultivation area i.e lesser whistling-duck (itik belibis), white-headed munia (pipit uban) and barn swallow (walet). Other than that, site test for portable air-horn device shows that air horn able to produce around 100 dBA sound level. It is enough to frighten bird over 40 metre during daytime and reduce to 20 metre during a night. Further investigation on birds response on different sound quality and setting are still needed for thorough understand for best solution of the pest birds problem in paddy cultivation area.

Rancang Bangun Alat Pengusir Hama Burung Berbasis Arduino Uno

Bird pests are one of the problems that always haunt farmers, these pests often make it difficult for farmers, plus during the rice harvest period, bird pests will increase, thereby reducing the production yields that will be produced. The purpose of this study is to make an Arduino Uno-based bird repellent using an ultrasonic sensor, which is to read if a bird approaches it will automatically activate the sound that has been installed on a bird repellent that resembles a scarecrow. In addition, this tool can also move automatically if there are pests that come, the result of this study is the application of Bird Pest Repellents that can be implemented in rice fields.

Implementasi Robot Orang-Orangan Sawah Supply Energi Matahari Memakai Microcontroller

Sparrows are a type of pest that is very detrimental to rice farmers, even though these bird pests are small in size but in very large numbers, causing rice farmers to be overwhelmed in protecting rice from pests. Efforts made by farmers in protecting rice from bird pests by using scarecrows that work less effectively, it is necessary to have a scarecrow robot that can work effectively by utilizing solar heat as an energy supply. The rice field robot will be placed in the middle of the rice field that has issued a grain with a size of 20mx20m by utilizing the LDR sensor as a switch to turn on and off automatically, where the robot is equipped with 4 sound sensors placed in each corner of the rice field to detect the sound of birds on the ground. when the robot's sound sensor detects the sound of bird pests, the DC motor mounted on the robot body will move to rotate the robot body left and right along with the servo installed on the two robot arms will move in opposite directions from 00-1800 or 1800-00 and the DFPlayer will make a sound to scare away bird pests that will attack rice. Finally, the author hopes that this research can be further developed so that it can increase the use of the robot in bird repellent

Performance Research and Formulation Optimization of High-Performance Local Insulation Spray Coating Materials.

Bird pest control has become a major task for the operation and maintenance of distribution network lines. Epoxy resin that cures quickly at room temperature can be used to coat locations where birds frequently build their nests. However, epoxy resin has enormous internal stress and is brittle, so it is essential to toughen it. In this paper, for a room temperature curing system composed of polyurethane-modified epoxy resin and a polythiol curing agent, three kinds of particles, i.e., Al2O3, SiO2, and Mg(OH)2, were used to modify a polyurethane modified epoxy resin. Orthogonal experiments were designed to study the effects of different fillers on the comprehensive properties of polyurethane-modified epoxy resins. The experimental results showed that there were not only independent effects of different kinds if particles on the resin, but also synergistic effects of multiple particles. Nanoparticles can reduce the defects introduced by microparticles to a certain extent and improve the mechanical and electrical properties of the resin. The overall performance of the resin was optimized when the amounts of SiO2, Al2O3, and Mg(OH)2 were 1.7%, 2.5%, and 7%, respectively. The tensile strength of the resin was increased by 70%, the elongation at a break by 67.53%, and the breakdown strength by 20.31% compared with before the addition of filler. The microscopic morphology and thermal properties of the resin before and after the addition of filler were also studied. Adding fillers caused more cracks to absorb part of the energy when the resin matrix was stressed and increased the rigidity of the resin matrix and the resin’s glass transition temperature (Tg) by 13.48 °C. Still, the temperature corresponding to the maximum rate of weight loss (Tmax) remained unchanged.

THE SIMULATION OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE EAGLE-X AS SPARROWS PESTS REPELLENT

The technology that can be developed from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in agriculture is the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Eagle-X. This technology can help farmers in carrying out their daily activities to repel bird pests on agricultural land. However, people have difficulty understanding how to use UAVs. So, with this simulation, it is hoped that it can help farmers and producers understand the workings of the eagle-x aircraft. The simulation is made using 3Ds Max software which functions to create all 3D objects and also uses Unity software to create animations and simulations. This simulation can run well on a PC or laptop that has a Windows 10 operating system with 64bit and a minimum of core i-3 specifications. Trials using simulations were carried out on 30 farmers and the results showed that 86.67% of farmers stated that this simulation was effective in providing an overview of how the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Eagle-X works in repelling sparrow pests.

Automated execution of a pest bird deterrence system using a programmable unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)

Crop damage caused by pest birds is a big problem around the world. As many studies have shown, existing bird control methods have not met growers' expectations regarding efficacy, reliability, and cost. Researchers are investigating the potential of using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as a tool for bird deterrence in agricultural fields to address this challenge. UAV-based bird deterrence techniques investigated in the past needed human operators to locate bird flocks and fly UAVs to desired trajectories. This study focused on automating a UAV-based bird deterrence system to operate it in real-time. Specifically, we focused on; i) optimizing the existing machine vision system to detect and locate birds-like movement in a real-time; ii) dynamically creating and launching two intelligent UAV missions in real-time to scare incoming birds (target intercept mission) or birds that are already inside the field (field patrol mission); and iii) executing these missions independently (short duration mission) as well as jointly (longer missions with more variation) in a vineyard using a programmable UAV. Outdoor experiment was conducted to evaluate the mission execution efficiency of the proposed system using a programmable UAV without a built-in global positioning system (GPS). Simulated bird movements generated using waving human hands were used for evaluating the target intercept mission. Results show that the algorithms developed for automated operation completed ∼92% of the assigned tasks successfully during shorter mission and 90% of the task during longer mission. Despite, successful execution of algorithms, the automated system experienced major shortcomings due to the lack of GPS for navigation of the UAV, which can be improved using a GPS-enabled programmable UAV. Future work also includes full scale field evaluation using machine vision system to identify actual incoming birds to determine the efficiency in deterring birds in commercial operations.

Interacting pest control and pollination services in coffee systems

Biodiversity-mediated ecosystem services (ES) support human well-being, but their values are typically estimated individually. Although ES are part of complex socioecological systems, we know surprisingly little about how multiple ES interact ecologically and economically. Interactions could be positive (synergy), negative (trade-offs), or absent (additive effects), with strong implications for management and valuation. Here, we evaluate the interactions of two ES, pollination and pest control, via a factorial field experiment in 30 Costa Rican coffee farms. We found synergistic interactions between these two critical ES to crop production. The combined positive effects of birds and bees on fruit set, fruit weight, and fruit weight uniformity were greater than their individual effects. This represents experimental evidence at realistic farm scales of positive interactions among ES in agricultural systems. These synergies suggest that assessments of individual ES may underestimate the benefits biodiversity provides to agriculture and human well-being. Using our experimental results, we demonstrate that bird pest control and bee pollination services translate directly into monetary benefits to coffee farmers. Excluding both birds and bees resulted in an average yield reduction of 24.7% (equivalent to losing US$1,066.00/ha). These findings highlight that habitat enhancements to support native biodiversity can have multiple benefits for coffee, a valuable crop that supports rural livelihoods worldwide. Accounting for potential interactions among ES is essential to quantifying their combined ecological and economic value.

Con-Pi: A Distributed Container-Based Edge and Fog Computing Framework

Edge and Fog computing paradigms overcome the limitations of cloud-centric execution for different latency-sensitive Internet of Things (IoT) applications by offering computing resources closer to the data sources. Small single-board computers (SBCs) like Raspberry Pis (RPis) are widely used as computing nodes in both paradigms. These devices are usually equipped with moderate speed processors and provide support for peripheral interfacing and networking, making them well-suited to deal with IoT-driven operations such as data sensing, analysis, and actuation. However, these small Edge devices are constrained in facilitating multi-tenancy and resource sharing. The management of computing and peripheral resources through centralized entities further degrades their performance and service quality significantly. To address these issues, a fully distributed framework, named Con-Pi, is proposed in this work to manage resources at the Edge or Fog environments. Con-Pi exploits the concept of containerization and harnesses Docker containers to run IoT applications as micro-services. %Moreover, Con-Pi operates in a distributed manner across multiple RPis and enables them to share resources. The software system of the proposed framework also provides a scope to integrate different IoT applications, resource and energy management policies for Edge and Fog computing. Its performance is compared with the state-of-the-art frameworks through real-world experiments. The experimental results show that Con-Pi outperforms others in enhancing response time and managing energy usage and computing resources through its distributed offloading model. Further, we have developed an automated pest bird deterrent system using Con-Pi to demonstrate its suitability in developing practical solutions for various IoT-enabled use cases, including smart agriculture.

The specter of empty countrysides and wetlands—Impact of hunting take on birds in Indo‐Burma

AbstractHunting for the wild meat trade, medicines and other human uses has decimated Indo‐Burma's vertebrate biota and has led to widespread defaunation. Yet, there is surprisingly little data on how hunting impacts wild bird assemblages in different landscapes here. Based on concurrent snapshot surveys of bird hunting, food markets and hunting attitudes across six Indo‐Burma countries, we found that hunting threatens species not only in forested landscapes but also wetlands and farmlands such as orchards and paddy fields—ecosystems overlooked by past studies, with at least 47 species associated with wetlands and agricultural lands identified from market surveys across the region. High rates of mortality are suffered when hunting tools such as nets are used to exclude perceived bird pests in both aquaculture and agricultural landscapes, with over 300 individual carcasses of at least 29 identifiable species detected in one aquaculture landscape sampled in Thailand. We warn that the potentially unsustainable trapping of species for consumption and trade in Indo‐Burma, coupled with high incidental mortalities, could decimate the populations of erstwhile common and/or legally unprotected species. There is an urgent need for stronger regulatory oversight on the hunting take of wild birds and the use of hunting tools such as nets. Alongside this, conservation practitioners need to better engage with rural communities to address unsustainable hunting practices, especially outside of protected areas.

PELATIHAN DAN IMPLEMENTASI PLTS DALAM MENANGGULANGI HAMA BURUNG PENCURI IKAN UNTUK PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI IKAN NILA

Bird pests and humans thieving have disturbance the "Mina Yukti" fish cultivator group, in a day the fish can be eaten up to 4 herons, this is known by the presence of fish bones scattered on near of the pond. This problem affect to the food security of this group, especially in this pandemic crisis era. To overcome this problem is to install lighting installations, because the location of the pool is far from the PLN installation, solar panel is used to supply the lighting consumption. This activity is packaged in the form of training and installation of PLTS and lighting installations. The training is carried out interactively by according to the principles of andragogy, so that the output of theoretical and practical training is to produce competent personnel and the final construction of solar panel and Lighting Installations. The solar panel installed with a capacity of 100WP, the problems of this group can be solved. In the installation of this solar panel installation does not use an inverter, to increase the efficiency of PLTS. The training activities, construction and installation of PLTS and lighting installations were carried out by 90 people consisting of lecturers, education staff, students and members of the fish cultivator group “Mina Yukti.

Risk factors and strategies for integrated management of bird pests affecting maize establishment

Bird damage to maize crops is an important cause of economic loss for maize growers in Italy. Consequently, the objectives of this study were to identify main species of birds attacking maize in north-eastern Italy and quantify the effects of agronomic characteristics, cultivation practices, landscape variables, and management practices on the incidence of bird damage to maize at establishment. A systematic survey of 5065 ha of maize cultivated land (Zea mays L.) at early plant stages was performed from 1986 to 2020, resulting in a dataset of 1619 records. Corvids (Corvus cornix) were found to be the main culprits of damage to maize fields. A multifactorial model was applied to assess the impact of potential risk factors. The presence of nearby roosting areas, such as hedgerows and woodlands with trees higher than 7 m, was associated with a five-fold increased risk of damage by birds. No-tillage soil management was associated with a higher risk of bird damage when compared with minimum tillage and conventional tillage systems. The probability of damage to a field with no risk factors was always low (<1%). The application of naturally derived bird repellents incorporated in seed coatings (i.e., ScudoSeed® and Eurodif®) decreased the risk of damage to maize by birds below the threshold value of 15%, yet they were slightly outperformed by their synthetic counterparts (i.e., Methiocarb and Ziram). Our results further suggest that it is possible to implement IPM principles for pest birds in maize.

Contemporary challenges and opportunities for the management of bird damage at field crop establishment

Bird damage, from sowing to crop establishment, is an important issue for farmers in many parts of the world. However, reliable and cost-effective solutions remain elusive because management tools and research on the subject are limited. The spatial variability of damage across landscapes and the adaptative behaviour of birds create further challenges. Additionally, the issue must be tackled at the landscape scale and involve a variety of stakeholders with conflicting interests and objectives. We summarize some of the challenges and opportunities identified to face these difficulties and address four major research directions for operational solutions including 1) crop damage assessment, 2) methods and tools development at the landscape scale, 3) coordination of stakeholders, and 4) pest bird ecology in agroecosystems. More fundamentally, we address the question of large-scale ecological dynamics that can explain changing damage patterns such as the recent observations of increased damage in Europe. Despite the impact to the agricultural sector, research effort to understand vertebrate pest damage is still modest. We advocate for the creation of networks to share knowledge and feedback and engages multiple stakeholders, including ecological and agricultural researchers, farmers, and policy makers.

Population responses of pest birds across a forest cover gradient in the Chaco ecosystem

Industrial agriculture can trigger an increase in abundance of some bird species, promoting the emergence of pests, causing damage to crops and economic loss for farmers. Even though there are different strategies to control pest birds (chemicals, hunting, repellents, etc), in general they are inefficient. Moreover, these strategies can threaten non-target species, and toxic substances can be bioaccumulated in the food chain of wildlife animals. An alternative strategy (or at least complementary) could be the design of agricultural landscapes that balance natural habitats and crop production areas in a way that would not trigger the abundance increases of potential pest birds. We assessed population trends of four bird species (potentially agricultural pests) across a forest cover gradient, and consequently, a gradient of agricultural cover expansion, at a landscape level. The study was conducted in the Chaco forest, one of the most threatened ecosystems worldwide due to agricultural expansion. Studied species were Eared Dove (Zenaida auriculata), Spot-winged Pigeon (Patagioenas maculosa), Picazuro Pigeon (Patagioenas picazuro) and Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus), and their populations are often considered as the major pest birds for agriculture in several areas of Argentina and in other countries of South America. Abundances of birds species were measured in focal sites (forest patches) and the percentage of forest cover was estimated within buffers of 2000 m radius surrounding each site. A total of 12 local landscapes were surveyed. Results show that population responses (i.e. changes in abundance) to the gradient of forest cover were idiosyncratic. The main result shows that relative abundance of Eared Dove, the most abundant species, was triggered when landscapes had less than 16% of forest cover: landscapes with low forest cover (less than 10%) contained six times the relative abundance of Eared Dove than landscapes with a high percentage of forest cover (close to 100%). We propose that as pest birds in agroecosystems are a problem at the landscape or regional scale, solutions should be thought at such scale. In this context, landscapes in the region should conserve more than 16% of forest cover to attempt to control one of the most abundant pest bird species of South America.

Microcontroller-based Bird Pest Repellent in Rice Plants

In the cultivation of rice, there is never a problem with the name pests. If not controlled, the pest attack will affect the productivity level of the plant. Pests that attack rice plants include leafhoppers and birds. Birds have a very large percentage rate in attacking rice plants, namely the bondol bird which is one of the grain-eating birds. This bird is a very troubling pest for rice farmers because it causes crop yields to drop dramatically. There are several ways to repel birds, usually farmers using the manual method by making a rice field and crackle which is then tied to a rope. When using this method, farmers have to wait for agricultural land for approximately one month. This is considered inefficient considering the farmer's job is not only to wait for the rice plant until harvesting. So that in this study, a tool that will be used to repel bird pests will be designed by using solar panels as a source of voltage with sound output using a frequency of 1.5 - 3 KHz.

The Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) Extract Pesticides in Repelling Rice Eating Bird Pests

One of the main problems in rice cultivation is the difficulty of controlling bondol bird (Lonchura punctulata) pest attacks. Bird pest is one of the main enemies of farmers that can reduce crop production. Increasing bird populations cause crop yields to decline. So that one way that can be used in repelling bird pests is by giving pesticides from garlic extract. Allicin is a compound that gives garlic its distinctive smell which repels bird pests. This study aims to determine the effect of the provision of plant-based pesticides from garlic extract in repelling rice-eating bird pests. This research was conducted in Tonasa Village, Takalar District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Research implementation methods include the manufacture and testing of pesticides liquid extracts of garlic and application in the field by spraying, this spraying is carried out in the morning, afternoon, and evening before making the observations. Observation parameters use the method of comparing initial observations and final observations observed in the morning, afternoon and evening (comparison method) by conducting initial data collection (without using pesticides) and final data collection (after spraying pesticides), the average number of groups of birds that attack 1 Ha of rice fields. The results obtained on average indicate quite a lot of attacks in a day, especially in the morning. After the use of the automatic repellent method the attacks of bondol bird groups tend to decrease where in the morning ratio of 20 to 33 decreases to 5 to 13 attacks, while the ratio of daytime 8 to 15 decreases to 3 to 7 attacks and the ratio of the evening 19 to 33 decreases to 6 to 12 bird group attacks. So that the administration of garlic extract pesticides is effective in reducing bird pest attacks.

A bird’s eye view: fruit grower interest in adoption of raptor nest boxes

ABSTRACT Bird damage is a serious problem for many fruit growers. Utilizing nest boxes to attract natural predators of fruit-eating birds is frequently effective in lowering bird damage, as well as increasing fruit marketability. The adoption of a conservation practice, however, depends on a grower’s level of interest. What is the level of interest in nest boxes, and how do growers perceive the influence of natural predators on the farm ecosystem? To answer these questions we conducted an online national survey of cherry and blueberry growers focusing on potential interactions between key farm variables. We found a surprising consistency in perceptions of the functioning of the farm ecosystem and a high level of agreement on how natural predators affect other production factors. Growers typically perceived nest boxes to lower bird damage and pest pressure, and to raise fruit quality and income. They also indicated a significant interest in installing nest boxes, and strong agreement that extension and outreach related to the costs, benefits and timing of implementation of nest boxes would be helpful.

Bird damage management in vineyards: Comparing efficacy of a bird psychology-incorporated unmanned aerial vehicle system with netting and visual scaring

Bird damage to fruit crops is a significant problem and incurs great cost due to product losses on an annual basis. In this study, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs or drones) that incorporated the principles of bird psychology were used to measure the efficacy of deterring pest birds in vineyards. Earlier experiments measuring bird responses to UAVs demonstrated successful deterrence to a variety of bird species. To study efficacy, the same UAV method was applied in conjunction with another bird-scaring method involving static visual devices, as well as the netting method. The methods were applied concurrently in delineated treatment blocks within the same vineyard for a 7-day period and this comparison was repeated at three different locations. Bird damage was visually estimated and recorded as average percentage damage within grape bunches. In summary, percentage damage to bunches within treatment blocks: (1) UAV, (2) visual scaring, and (3) netting was: 0.9%, 1.8% and 1.2% at the first location; 1.6%, 2.5% and 0.7% at the second location; 1.2%, 4.8% and 0.5% at the third location. Statistical analyses showed that damage experienced in the UAV deterrent and netted treatment blocks were similar across locations. In contrast, the visual scaring treatment block experienced significantly more damage than the netted treatment block at each location. Efficacy of the UAV deterrent could be further improved by broadcasting distress signals that are specific to the pest species. The cost-effectiveness could be greatly improved by making the system autonomous in the future thereby removing the need for direct human involvement and saving labour costs.

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF BIRD-LIKE UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE FOR PEST BIRD CONTROL

Finch (Lonchura) pest bird becomes a serious problem for rice-plant farmers when entering harvest period because it could make crop yields decreases or even crop failure. There are many method have been done for pest bird control but almost all of those are not effectives. Bird-like unmanned aerial vehicle is proposed as an alternative solution to control pest bird. The aim of this research is to do conceptual design of unmanned aerial vehicle which look like predator bird for pest bird control in farm area. The predator bird which means is black eagle (Ictinaetus Malaiensis) which is one of natural predators of small birds including finch family. Conceptual design of bird-like unmanned aerial vehicle follows general design process of aircraft with some simplification. Method of design adopt to Raymer’s method and sketching of black eagle planform especially wings and tail. The design results an unmanned aerial vehicle look like black eagle with cruise speed is 10m/s and operational altitude 120m above sea level. From aerodynamics analysis shows that bird-like unmanned aerial vehicle which have designed fill lift requirement at angle of attack 3o and longitudinal static stability criteria.

Improvement of Bird Prevention Strategy Based on Big Data Mining

This paper takes the bird damage situation of transmission lines in Y city of Henan province over the years as the research object, and adopts the method of data mining to conduct big data analysis of transmission line towers in Y city, so as to carry out targeted precise prevention and control of bird damage. Through the calculation of the correlation coefficient, we can find that the related factors of bird damage are: the arrangement of the tower insulator, the distance between the tower and the river, the height of the tower. In this paper, the characteristics of month, time, region and river basin of bird pest in Y City are analysed, and some laws beneficial to actual production are found. Combining the characteristics of various anti-bird devices at the current stage, it puts forward two new bird proof measures of 35kV “up" type pole tower innovatively, which has been proved to be effective in practice. Y City’s new idea of precise prevention and control of bird damage, has reference and reference significance for the prevention and control of bird damage in power grid.

Evaluation Methods of Bird Repellent Devices in Optimizing Crop Production in Agriculture

Rice field environments and bird attacks are the main problems for coverage and automatic pest control. Birds are one of several pests or destructive animals that can be found in rice fields. In general, farmers use traditional equipment such as plastic ropes and scarecrow to ward off these bird attacks. This research compares several methods of bird detection through camera sensors and chooses the best method in terms of accuracy, then applies it to repel birds automatically by utilizing sound frequencies that are disliked by birds and can repel bird pests. The design of the Bird repellent device works by utilizing computer vision techniques through camera sensors to capture bird objects in each frame, then it is processed by a microcontroller. After the object is captured on the camera, the microcontroller will activate the actuator in the form of sound frequency. The research objective is to design prototypes for the process of monitoring and automatic control of bird attacks to optimize crop yields in agriculture, based on the Internet of Things.