Pervious Concrete Research Articles

Electrochemical characterization of chloride ion transport in rubber concrete

Chloride-induced corrosion of steel in concrete structures is a significant issue. As an environmentally-friendly building material, rubber concrete has been proven to have the potential to resist chloride-induced permeation. In this paper, the transport behavior of chloride ion in rubber concrete was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) approach. A novel electrochemical equivalent circuit Rs(Q1(Rct1W1)) (Q2(Rct2W2)) was used to study the electrochemical properties of rubber concrete systems and compare with other equivalent circuits by evaluation indicator. The results demonstrate that Rs(Q1(Rct1W1)) (Q2(Rct2W2)) is more suitable for the study of rubber concrete system and the increase of rubber will enhance the resistance to chloride ion transmission. The equation was established by the relation between the equivalent circuit parameter (Rct1) and the migration depth of chloride ion. On this basis, the EIS method can be utilized to predict the depth of chloride ion penetration in rubber concrete.

Research on pore-clogging behavior and mechanism in pervious concrete prepared with recycled aggregate

The application of construction waste as recycled aggregate (RA) to prepare pervious concrete (PC) for urban pavements is an important means for comprehensively alleviating ecological and environmental problems such as urban flooding and excessive construction waste. This paper focuses on the long-term decrease of permeability performance of recycled aggregate pervious concrete (RAPC) and the change in pore characteristics under clogging conditions to reveal the clogging mechanism of RAPC. The suitability of different methods for cleaning clogged materials were also evaluated. The results showed that the incorporation of RA reduced the effective porosity of the PC and thereby reduced its water permeability at 50% additional water. In addition, the greater the proportion of RA, the worse the permeability of RAPC and the more obvious the reduction of permeability during long-term clogging. Simultaneously, increasing the target porosity has the opposite effect because it increases the pore volume and pore connectivity. However, both factors are detrimental to the mechanical properties of RAPC. Furthermore, the clogged area of RAPC is divided into three main zones. The pores in region I have a funnel shape with additional concentrated clogging material and severe clogging, and the pore rate, pore number, and pore maximum Ferret diameter are all significantly reduced compared to the unclogged RAPC. Fewer clogging materials can reach region II, and thus there is significantly less clogging than in region I. The clogging material is unable to reach region III; thus there is almost no clogging, and the pore characteristics are unchanged from those in the original material. In addition, high-pressure flushing has a better cleaning effect for removing dusty soil from clogged pores, while vacuum suction has a better cleaning effect for removing sandy soil. The reason for this result is that the two cleaning methods have different mechanisms. This study reveals the pore structure evolution and permeability decrease in RAPC during long-term clogging by particles in road runoff and recommends cleaning methods for different clogs to ensure the long-term preservation of the permeability of RAPC and prolong the service life of RAPC pavements.

Enhancing both strength and permeability of pervious concrete by optimizing pore structure: An experimental study

AbstractThe large porosity enables pervious concrete to obtain water permeability, but seriously decreases its strength. Hence, how to coordinate the contradiction between strength and permeability is a critical challenge for pervious concrete. This research was mainly aimed at mix design of pervious concrete for enhancing both strength and permeability by optimizing the pore structure. Six groups of pervious concrete with 15% target porosity were prepared by 10–15 mm coarse aggregate and different fine aggregate (natural sand, basalt aggregate, and steel slag). Moreover, a group of pervious concrete with 20% target porosity as control samples was prepared by 4.75–9.5 mm aggregate. The compressive strength and permeability coefficient of these samples were tested. Based on CT scanning and image analysis, the influence of pore structure optimization on permeability and compressive strength was analyzed. The results show that though the porosity is reduced by 5% after pore structure optimization, the porosity of large pores and medium pores changes little, the porosity of small pores decreased significantly, and finally the average pore size is still increased. This can explain why the experimental groups gain a similar/better permeability as the control group. The experimental groups of cement or steel slag have an increased compressive strength compared to the control group, which is due to the decrease of porosity and “small pores” content, as well as more abundant hydration products.

A novel approach to estimate the tortuosity of pervious concretes using computed tomography

A novel approach to estimate the tortuosity of pervious concretes using computed tomography

Pore structure characteristics, mechanical properties, and freeze–thaw resistance of vegetation-pervious concrete with unsintered sludge pellets

To make full use of municipal solid waste, the sludge was used to make unsintered sludge pellets. Then unsintered sludge pellets was used to make vegetation-pervious concrete. The effects of the sludge pellet content and the water-to-cement ratio (W/C) on the pore structure characteristics, mechanical properties, ecological properties, and freeze–thaw resistance of the concrete were investigated. The results show that sludge is suitable for preparing pellets due to its good plasticity and high SiO2 and Al2O3 content. A 1:2:1 gypsum/fly ash/lime curing agent is selected to cure unsintered sludge pellets. The total porosity, hydraulic conductivity, ecological properties, and freeze–thaw resistance of the pervious concrete improve with an increase in the sludge pellet content and W/C, while its compressive and flexural strengths decrease. The plant roots penetrate the pervious concrete slab and maintain normal growth after 30 days of germination. In addition, a model considering the effective porosity and mean pore size is proposed for predicting the pore channel tortuosity of pervious concrete. The Kozeny–Carman model for calculating the hydraulic conductivity of pervious concrete is then modified based on the established calculation model of pore channel tortuosity. A model is also developed for predicting the compressive and flexural strength of pervious concrete based on its total porosity and mean pore size. In addition, the mechanism for the freeze–thaw resistance of pervious concrete is analyzed according to hydrostatic pressure. This research explains the full utilization of municipal solid waste materials and guides further research into the properties associated with pervious concrete.

The influence of coarse aggregate gradation on the mechanical properties, durability, and plantability of geopolymer pervious concrete

Different coarse aggregate gradations were used to study the effect on the performance of geopolymer permeable concrete, and physical, mechanical properties and resistance to dry-wet cycle-sulfate erosion and planting tests were carried out. With the improvement of 6–10 mm and 10–15 mm size and particle size in the coarse aggregate gradation, the porosity of permeable concrete decreases, and the compressive strength, energy absorption capacity, and elastic modulus increase. Among them, the porosity and permeability coefficient of the two-graded specimen is the lowest. In the three-graded aggregate, the compressive strength is 11.7 MPa, and the tensile strength is 1.7 MPa. It can be obtained from the test results of the anti-dry-wet cycle-sulfate corrosion test that the mass loss rate of single-graded specimens is the largest, and the third-grade aggregates are smaller. With the increase of aggregate gradation, the compressive strength increased and then began to decrease. In the planting test, Ryegrass and Tall fescue have better germination rates and growth heights, Bermudagrass has poor adaptability.

Reuse of waste rubber in pervious concrete: Experiment and DEM simulation

The reuse of waste rubber has a profound impact on environmental protection and resource recycling. To evaluate the feasibility of adding waste rubber into pervious concrete, the effects of rubber content and particle size on the mechanical properties of pervious concrete are investigated through experiments and discrete element method (DEM) simulation. The compressive failure mode of pervious concrete gradually transits from tensile failure to shear failure with the increase of rubber content, showing a decrease in compressive strength, and the larger the particle size is, the stronger the attenuation effect on the strength is. Rubber particles play a role in isolating coarse aggregates from the cement matrix and form a weak bond with the matrix, showing a weak bridging effect in stress transmission at the left and right ends of the crack, so that the splitting tensile strength of pervious concrete significantly decreases with the increase of rubber content, and the weakening effect of coarse rubber on the splitting tensile strength is stronger than that of fine rubber. Due to the low strength of rubber itself and weak bonding with cement matrix, pervious concrete with high rubber content breaks in advance at the bottom of the midspan, resulting in the decline of flexural capacity, and it decreases more obviously with the increase of rubber size. Although the direct tensile strength of pervious concrete gradually decreases with the increase of rubber content, the addition of rubber improves the plasticity of pervious concrete. Moreover, the plastic reinforcement effect of pervious concrete is the strongest when the rubber content reaches approximately 10%, and this toughening effect increases with the decrease of rubber size. On the basis of experimental research, a universal DEM model considering rubber content and particle size is established, which can well predict the mechanical performance of rubberized pervious concrete in terms of strength, failure mode, elastic modulus and ultimate strain.

Quantification of Effective Flow Resistivity for Parametric Assessment of Pervious Concrete by Using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Method

The use of nondestructive ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) testing to assess the hardened properties of pervious concrete (PC) mixtures is an emerging research area. Further, UPV has been successfully used to determine the effective flow resistivity (EFR) of asphalt concrete and cement concrete pavements. However, no research studies have focused on understanding PC characteristics using EFR. Thus, the major objectives of this study were to assess the suitability of UPV testing for characterizing PC mixtures and to quantify their EFR, which is a measure of the material’s characteristic impedance and is dependent on the mix variables along with porosity. Thirty-six control and sand-modified PC mixtures were prepared with four aggregate gradations, and three levels each of water-to-cement (w/c) and aggregate-to-cement (a/c) ratios. Test results indicated that EFR was significantly dependent on the mix variables, with aggregate gradation being the most influential factor (six and eight times higher than w/c and a/c ratios, respectively). Lower EFR or higher sound absorption capacity was reported for PC with higher porosities. The sand-modified PC mixtures had higher EFR (by 4%–12%) than the control PC, and consequently lower sound absorption capacity, attributed to the presence of mortar that densified the mixes. Further, good-to-excellent correlations were obtained for various PC properties with UPV and EFR, which underscored the potential of UPV in characterizing PC. The major contribution of this research was the development of a simple, fast, and cost-effective approach, which can be suitably adopted as a quality-control test to determine PC mixture properties.

Performance evaluation of alkali activated slag based recycled aggregate pervious concrete

The present study attempts, a detailed evaluation of the strength performance of Alkali Activated Slag based Pervious Concrete (AASPC) mixes, containing fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as binders. Fly ash and GGBS, by-product obtained from thermal power plants and steel industries respectively, is incorporated in the AASPC mixes as a full replacement to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Initially OPC and AASPC mixes are designed to obtain M30 grade. OPC based pervious concrete is considered as control concrete. Pervious concrete is a type of concrete that has a high-water permeability and a higher void content than regular concrete.Experiments investigates the effect of the addition of Recycled Coarse Aggregate (RCA) on the physical and mechanical properties of alkali activated pervious concrete. Certain physical test has been conducted on recycled coarse aggregate to check the quality of aggregates, RCA varying percentage in 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%, in the mixes. All mixes of alkali activated pervious concrete includes 50% of GGBS and 50% of fly ash from total binder content. Alkali activators used are, sodium hydroxide pellets and sodium silicate liquid. Workability of the alkali activated pervious concrete has a low slump value compare to the control concrete, but the workability of pervious concrete with cement is equal to alkali activated pervious concrete and workability will decreases with increase in RCA percentage because has a high capacity of water absorption. Compressive strength of alkali activated pervious concrete has increased by 23% compared to the OPC based pervious concrete and then there will be a decrease in compressive strength with increase in RCA percentage. The flexural strength and split tensile strength results for both the alkali activated pervious concrete and OPC based concrete shows almost similar values. Permeability and void ratio results shown increase with increase in RCA percentage in AASPC.

M20 – Grade pervious concrete using industrial waste and artificial aggregates in proportions

An experimental investigation on the hardened concrete characteristics and their association with the infiltration characteristics of pervious concrete of M20 grade prepared by utilising industrial by-products is presented. The materials used are cement as binders, copper slag as Manufactured Fine Aggregates (MFA), crushed rocks as Natural Coarse Aggregates (NCA) and manufactured fly-ash light-weight aggregates as Artificial Coarse Aggregates (ACA) along with polypropylene fibres in proportions. The influence of the size of aggregates, type of aggregates, proportioning of aggregates and addition of fibres on the engineering characteristics of the pervious concrete is observed in their relationship. The volume of fine aggregates is 5% and 10% of the total aggregate volume. The size of NCA ranges between 20 mm and 10 mm. The size of ACA is between 8 mm and 5 mm. The varying proportions of fibres added are 0.20%, 0.40%, 0.60%, 0.80%, 1.00% and 1.20% of the sum of all other materials in the concrete. M30 grade of conventional mix design is considered initially, and the objective is to reach above 60% of the strength characteristics of nominal concrete in the developed sustainable pervious concrete with sufficient infiltration capacity. The impact energy absorption capacity for the optimised mix is also adequate as per the standards. The optimum sustainable pervious concrete mix is if the design mix contains 5% MFA, 65% NCA of size between 20 mm and 10 mm and 30% ACA with 1.00% of fibres with 0.45:1 as a water-cement ratio. The optimum mix obtained is 60% above adequate strength characteristics and good infiltration capacity that pars with the M20 grade of concrete.

Effects of fine Aggregates, Cicopowder-WP, and Styrene-Butadiene rubber on carbonation resistance in concrete

Reinforced concrete is the most common construction material used in buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure elements. Corrosion or rust plays a significant role in determining the durability of reinforced concrete. Corrosion decreases the safety and service lifetime of reinforced concrete, which, in turn, increases maintenance costs. Concrete is an alkaline media that forms a passive film over steel bars to prevent corrosion. Carbonation is the most prominent cause of a loss of alkalinity in concrete. Therefore, this paper investigates the effect of fine aggregates and additives on concrete’s resistance to carbonation or carbon dioxide (CO2) penetration in concrete. It is also examined whether the two sizes of fine aggregates, Cicopowder-WP (CICO), and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) as additives can strengthen concrete. The results reveal that CO2 penetration in concrete decreases gradually by adding, in order of effectiveness, (1) fine aggregate (sand only), (2) two sizes of fine aggregates (sand and 5 mm), (3) CICO, and (4) SBR. Consequently, the compressive strength of concrete and the lifetime of the passive film increase gradually following the same sequence.

Effect of silica fume on the physical, hydrological and mechanical properties of pervious concrete

Pervious concrete is a special concrete which is prepared by partial or complete elimination of fine aggregates. Thus, the quality of the cement paste plays a crucial role in defining the properties of pervious concrete. This study aims at investigating the impact of replacing cement in pervious concrete by silica fume. Cement in pervious mix was replaced partially by silica fume in a range of 0 to 20% at 5% intervals. Two varying sizes of aggregates namely 12.5 mm and 20 mm (single-sized) were used in mixes and the aggregate to cementitious material ratio was maintained at 3.54 with a water cement to cementitious material ratio of 0.35. The investigated properties include density, porosity, permeability, abrasion resistance and mechanical properties namely compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength. Incorporation of silica fume up to 15% was found to cause considerable positive impact on the mechanical properties of pervious concrete irrespective of the aggregate size due to their pozzolanic behavior which improved the paste formation. The compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength were increased to a maximum of 20.14%, 12.73% and 13.74% respectively with the use of 12.5 mm aggregates and 15% of silica fume. The output of the experiments revealed that the cement content of the pervious mix can be optimally replaced up to 15% with silica fume for balanced physical, hydrological and mechanical properties.

A state-of-the-art review on recycling rubber in concrete: Sustainability aspects, specialty mixtures, and treatment methods

Although multiple studies have reviewed the mechanical, durability, and acoustic characteristics of rubberized concrete (RC) mixtures, very limited studies have focused on a comprehensive collation of literature pertaining to their environmental, economic, and field implementation aspects. Therefore, this paper presented the state-of-the-art pertinent to environmental and economic aspects, thermal savings in terms of energy and emissions, and field applications of RC mixtures. Further, none of the studies have systematically reviewed the literature specific to specialty RC mixtures (pervious concrete, self-compacting concrete, and roller-compacted concrete), which was thoroughly examined. The various rubber treatment methodologies to enhance rubber-cement interaction were underscored and the impact of rubber aggregates on mix properties was discussed. Importantly, this state-of-the-art review identified the scope for future advancements at environmental, economic, and technical levels, which is envisioned to advance the widespread implementation of RC and pave the way for creation of an eco-efficient built environment.

Performance evaluation of red mud as a construction material – A review

Red mud, owing to its high alkalinity and presence of hazardous elements, cannot be disposed of in landfills. Sustainable use of red mud is the way to resolve the environmental concerns created by its improper disposal. This study attempts to review the overall applications of red mud as a construction material. Red mud is used in making various construction materials like mortar, bricks, concrete, ceramics, etc. The utilization of red mud in brick manufacturing is said to increase the mechanical characteristics and longevity of bricks. Red mud is also employed in various types of concrete like Lightweight concrete, Ultra high-performance concrete, pervious concrete, and geopolymer concrete. Red mud is employed as a supplementary cementitious material to replace cement because of its chemical composition. Red mud is best suited for enhancing the properties of geopolymer concrete because of its high alkalinity. Existing literature indicates that red mud can be utilized in the construction of bounded base course of pavements with acceptable unconfined compressive strength (UCS), resistance to freezing, thawing, and durability. The presence of red mud in asphaltic concrete was found to increase the stiffness parameters of the asphalt mixtures. In terms of bituminous mixes substituting limestone powder filler with red mud improved mechanical properties, bulk density, and resistance to rutting. Nevertheless, the inclusion of red mud reduced the moisture vulnerability and raveling resistance of bituminous mixtures.

Experimental research on influence of marble powder, silica fume and polypropylene fiber on the porous concrete

Roads are the most important part of today’s system of development of the city in Terms of Infrastructure. This change can only be done when the places are connected properly and finely. Nowadays rigid pavement are in used for the roads for loads of Light Weight vehicles. This experimental article deals with the production of porous concrete for pervious pavements design. Using Porous Concrete in the place of rigid pavement in order to increase the runoff coefficient of the place can be beneficial because porous concrete makes passage for water through its voids.When the pervious concrete is designed with the conventional method referring IS 10262 it has been found that higher grade design concrete such as M40 grade exhibits lesser strength up to 28Mpa when the fines are replaced with Marble Powder, Silica Fumes and polypropylene fiber as discussed in subsequent paragraph. It is evident that due to replacement of fine sand by marble powder, compressive strength of the concrete is reduced but at the same time hard concrete exhibits high porosity which is the objective of the study.

Effects of Solid Waste Reutilization on Performance of Pervious Concrete: A Review

With rapid urban development, natural aggregate resources have become scarce and a large number of ageing buildings are being demolished, which has resulted in a significant reduction in natural resources and a large increase in construction waste. Therefore, the reuse of solid waste, including waste powder and recycled aggregate, has attracted more and more attention. Additionally, as a prominent way to alleviate the urban heat island effect and manage stormwater runoff, pervious concrete has been widely studied and applied. In this paper, the effects of waste powder (fly ash, volcanic powder and blast furnace slag) and recycled aggregate (recycled concrete aggregate and recycled brick aggregate) on the mechanical properties, water permeability, water filtration and durability of pervious concrete are summarized and introduced, and some prospects are put forward. From the literature review, it can be found that adding the appropriate amount of solid waste or applying proper treatment methods to solid waste will not bring negative effects; rather, it would even improve the performance attributes of pervious concrete. Therefore, the use of solid waste in pervious concrete has great potential for urban construction and environmental protection.

Laboratory Experimental Studies on Previews Concrete Pavements

Abstract: Pervious concretes are sp ecial type of concrete gaining attention because of their environmental benefits. These are concretes generally having 15 to 35% voids and they are considered as eco friendly materials. The strengths of the pervious concrete are lower than conventional concrete due to their higher porosity. They are generally made up of coarse aggregates, cement and without or with small amount of fine aggregates. They are considered as sustainable material it has may environmental benefits like storm water management, ground eater recharge, mitigation the urban heat island effects, many traffic related benefits such as noise reduction improving skid resistance etc. These are generally adopted in low traffic areas such as foot paths, parking lots etc. because of their lower strength. Being an eco friendly materials research researches are carried to improve the strength so that they can be used for pavement.

Investigating the Suitability of Agricultural and Industrial Wastes for Production of RAP Inclusive Pervious Concrete Pavement Mixes: A Sustainable Approach

Investigating the Suitability of Agricultural and Industrial Wastes for Production of RAP Inclusive Pervious Concrete Pavement Mixes: A Sustainable Approach

Mechanical and durability properties of basalt-steel wool hybrid fibre reinforced pervious concrete – A Box Behnken approach

The mechanical and durability properties of pervious concrete depend on void characteristics and the cementitious paste properties. The addition of fibers can improve the cementitious paste properties. However, a single fibre may not be competent to enhance the properties. Hence in the current study basalt-steel wool hybrid fibre system is used to improve the properties of pervious concrete. Box Behnken's design of experiments approach is used to generate higher order response surfaces using lesser number of trials. Cementitious paste volume, fibre volume, fibre volume ratio and coarse aggregate sizes are used as the response variables. The study is conducted on a total of 45 mix combinations. 5% silica fume is added to enhance the paste volume. To maintain the minimum void spaces, a cementitious paste volume of 20–40% is adopted. Total fibre addition in the range of 0–0.5% and basalt to steel wool hybridization ratio of 0–1 is maintained. Regression analysis is carried out to study the factorial level effects on both the fresh stage and hardened concrete properties. Fresh concrete properties like void ratio is increased and fresh concrete density is decreased with addition of fibres. The addition of fibres has slightly reduced the compressive strength. However, a substantial increase in flexural strength is found. Basalt rich pervious composites have an improved abrasion resistance. Increase in coarse aggregate size increased the fresh stage density and reduced the fresh stage void content of pervious concrete. Statistical analysis and prediction modelling are conducted to assure a match between the experimental values and the predicted values.

Numerical simulation study on pore clogging of pervious concrete pavement based on different aggregate gradation

Pervious concrete (PC) pavements can effectively reduce surface runoff, but it will be clogged with time and its service life will be affected. In this study, based on three groups of PC specimens with different aggregate gradations optimized by previous experiments, the pavement-clogging simulation test is carried out using the two-way coupling of the particle flow code with computational fluid dynamics (PFC-CFD). The results show that when the gradation of aggregates in the pervious pavement is different, the volume fraction of clogging material in the pavement and the time when the volume fraction of the clogging material reaches the maximum are also different. It is related to the zigzag degree and size of the pore in the pervious pavement. The smaller the particle size of coarse aggregate in the pervious pavement, the easier it is to be clogged, and the discontinuous graded coarse aggregate has a good shielding effect on the clogging material. Different clogging material gradations have different effects on the clogging of pervious pavements. According to the aforementioned research results, researchers can select different mix ratios of anti-clogging PC according to different areas of use. The law obtained from the experiment can provide a reference for further study of the double-layer pervious pavement structure design.