Pervious Concrete Pavement Research Articles

A novel approach to evaluate the clogging resistance of pervious concrete

Pervious concrete is an important material for permeable pavement, while the clogging phenomenon is deleterious to the service performance of the pervious concrete pavement. In this paper, the pervious concrete is proportioned by introducing a parameter of filling ratio, and the influences of filling ratio and W/C ratio on compressive strength and permeability of pervious concrete are investigated. A novel method using saturated slurry (soil suspension) as clogging media is proposed to evaluate the clogging resistance of pervious concrete. The pore characteristics are analyzed by the image processing to interpret the clogging phenomenon. The results indicate that the filling ratio is an essential parameter in the mix design of pervious concrete, while the only decrease of W/C is not always effective to prepare high performance pervious concrete. The proposed method could evaluate the clogging risk with clogging cycles for pervious concrete with different pore structures. According to image processing analysis, large pores are beneficial to the permeability, but on the contrary, excessive large pores would reduce the permeability due to the increase of pore tortuosity. More importantly, except for porosity and tortuosity, the pore size distribution needs to be sufficiently considered to design an unclogged pervious concrete.

Performance evaluation of pervious concrete pavements with recycled concrete aggregate

The construction and demolition waste (CDW) production and soil sealing are some of the main problems associated with urbanization. The use of pervious concrete pavements with recycled aggregates appears as an innovative and sustainable solution in both environmental and economic aspects. This work evaluates the behavior of pervious concrete produced with CDW aggregates. In order to better control the composition and to achieve better mechanical behavior, CDW composed only by recycled concrete was employed. The performance of the pervious concrete produced with different replacement levels of natural aggregates (NA) by recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), the influence of the rheology modifying admixture use, and the water-cement ratio reduction were investigated. Porosity, hardened density, hydraulic conductivity, infiltration, compressive and flexural tensile strengths, abrasion resistance, elasticity modulus, and Poisson's ratio were analyzed. The laboratory study results showed that the RCA replacement improves the hydraulic properties and decrease mechanical behavior. A test section composed of a pervious concrete surface layer with 100% RCA was built to verify the field performance. In situ infiltration tests were performed, and a Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD) was used to measure pavement deflections. Comparing the field results to those obtained in laboratory, it was found that only the compressive strength showed significant difference. The high standard deviation in test results strengthens the need for strict control of the material physical properties in the field. The global analysis of laboratory and field results showed that the sustainable concrete developed follows the Brazilian standard for pervious pavements and international recommendations.

Effect of bottleneck-causing clogging on infiltration-runoff of pervious concrete pavement system

A pervious concrete pavement system (PCPS) is susceptible to clogging. In this study, a laboratory study was performed to measure the effects of clogging on the infiltration-runoff process by monitoring the water contents at four vertical locations in PCPSs with varying clogging degrees, exposed to different rainfall intensities. The measurements show that clogging tends to cause an infiltration bottleneck (located between 5 and 15 cm from the PCPS surface), which is the major contributor to the earlier occurrence of runoff. Moreover, bottleneck-causing clogging can change the runoff pattern from stored-full runoff to infiltration excess runoff. After this change, the water storage capacity of the PCPS cannot be fully utilised, and the beneficial effect of the PCPS on hydrology declines greatly. The results obtained are important for improving the understanding of clogging of the entire PCPS, which can help design better PCPSs and develop reasonable maintenance strategies.

Time impacts of treating pervious concrete with sodium bicarbonate

Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) deicers applications onto pervious concrete pavements can deteriorate the material, and studies investigate treatments to increase the concrete resistance to MgCl2 attacks. In this paper, pervious concrete specimens are subjected to a treatment with Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) solution, which seems to accelerate concrete carbonation and might hamper chemical reactions between MgCl2 deicer and hydroxides in cement mortar. All specimens had their compressive strength tested and the time frames before and after treatment varied. Results show that at least 2 months should be given post curing before treatment to not harm the concrete, and longer post treatment periods may be beneficial.

Life-cycle assessment and multi-criteria performance evaluation of pervious concrete pavement with fly ash

Pervious concrete pavement has great potential in reducing surface water runoff and improving water quality. This study aims to conduct life cycle assessment (LCA) and multi-criteria assessment of pervious concrete pavement with the use of fly ash. The research significance lies in the integration of hydraulic and structure designs for developing functional unit of pervious concrete pavement and combining environmental impacts with engineering and economic indicators. A full LCA of pervious concrete pavement system was conducted including the stages of material, construction, transportation, use, maintenance, and end-of-life stage. The impact assessment included global warming potential, energy consumption, and eutrophication potential due to runoff purification. The pervious concrete pavement structures were designed based on mechanical properties of mixtures, hydrological requirement of reservoir layer, and subgrade soil type to meet equivalent performance on parking lot and highway shoulder. Multi-criteria analysis of pervious concrete mixes and pavement systems were presented based on the normalization of environmental impacts, engineering performances, and economic costs. The LCA results showed that the environmental impacts of pervious pavement system were mainly generated from material stage in terms of 81% to 92% GHG emissions and 70% to 83% energy consumption. The performance rankings of pervious concrete mixes were different from those of pervious pavement structures. The pervious concrete pavement with fly ash can cause greater or less environmental impact, depending on mechanic properties of pervious concrete and the required surface layer thickness to achieve equivalent structural performance.

Spherical discrete element model for estimating the hydraulic conductivity and pore clogging of pervious concrete

Pervious concrete pavements have received increasing interest for stormwater management, especially with record-breaking extreme weather events, including floods. To efficiently direct stormwater, pervious concrete design should provide sufficient hydraulic conductivity that can be maintained over its service life. To study the impact of mixture parameters (aggregate gradation, aggregate-to-paste ratio, and porosity) on hydraulic conductivity and extent of clogging, an approximate model of pervious concrete as sphere packing was generated by the Discrete element method (DEM). The DEM was used in a Pore-scale finite volume (PFV) model to predict the hydraulic properties of pervious concrete. The model was validated with hydraulic conductivity results of seventy pervious concrete cylinders and then used to simulate the clogging of voids with sediments. At a sediment load rate of 0.1 kg/m2 with 0.25–1 mm particle size, the hydraulic conductivity of sphere packings at initial porosity of 20 and 30 % dropped by 66 and 56 %, respectively. The simulations showed that, at the same porosity, larger pore volume (formed by using larger aggregate size) results in a significant drop in permeability due to sediments accumulation.

Multi-scale In Situ Investigation of Infiltration Parameter in Pervious Concrete Pavements

Abstract Embedded infiltration rings have been historically used to estimate the infiltration properties of pervious concrete (PC) pavements. However, no methodical study has evaluated the effect of the size of embedded rings on the infiltration characteristics of these special pavement systems. The objective of this research was to assess the infiltration rate of PC using a multi-scale, in situ approach through embedding rings of various sizes in pavement slabs. Essentially, this investigation attempted to identify the most appropriate size of the embedded ring that can estimate infiltration rates of PC slabs in a reliable manner. To meet the proposed objective, a multi-scale in situ experimental program was designed, in which five infiltration rings of inner diameter ranging from 100 to 580 mm were embedded into three PC slabs of dimensions 3 × 2.5 × 0.15 m. A surface infiltration test was also conducted on PC slabs and was found to vary from 0.36 to 1.87 cm/s. The embedded infiltration rate (EIR) was estimated using a falling head permeability test by ponding water above the pavement surface and measuring the time taken to drain. EIRs decreased from 1.36 to 0.27 cm/s with increasing ring diameter from 100 to 580 mm. Field tests also indicated that infiltration rates for smaller ring diameters (180 mm and lower) had higher uncertainty, which was attributed to the inability of achieving optimum compaction efforts inside of smaller rings. Based on the findings, the optimum size for estimating the infiltration rate of PC was found to be 270 mm. It is noteworthy that this diameter is in the range suggested by ASTM C1701, Standard Test Method for Infiltration Rate of In Place Pervious Concrete, i.e., 300 mm. This research helped identify the practicable specimen size that could be utilized by researchers and practitioners to estimate the most reliable field infiltration rates through PC.

Mix Design Recycled Aggregate Pervious Concrete and the Influence on Pavement Property

This paper prepared recycled aggregate pervious concrete by replacing natural aggregate with 100% volume of waste concrete. We carried out experiments to study the influences of strength grade and target porosity of waste recycled aggregate concrete on the recycled one’s compressive strength and permeability coefficient. Then, the optimal proportion meeting the requirements of pervious concrete pavement is obtained, which is expected to be applied to the pavement with low strength requirement and water permeability. The test results of the compressive strength and permeability coefficient of 28-day test cubes show that, considering both the compressive strength and permeability, the best proportion is as follows: the strength grade of recycled aggregate is C20 + C30, the mix proportion of aggregate is 50%, the target porosity is 15%, the water-cement ratio is 0.3, the recycled aggregate is composed of 50% recycled aggregate with a particle size of 4.75-9.5 mm and 50% that of 9.5-19 mm, and the optimal mix proportion of recycled aggregate pervious concrete (kg/m3) is: m (recycled aggregate): m (cement): m (water) = 1357.04:564.94:169.88. The compressive strength and the permeability coefficient of recycled aggregate pervious concrete based on this mix proportion are 25.07 Mpa and 6.23 mm/s, respectively, which are in line with the provisions of Technical Specification for Application of Recycled Aggregate Pervious Concrete (CJJ/T 253-2016) and can be used for pavement. The study results can provide a reference for the promotion and application of recycled aggregate pervious concrete in the pavement.

Construction of pervious concrete pavement stretch, Ahmedabad, India – Case study

Rapidly growing and uncontrolled changes in the natural landscape due to human intervention has created a serious problem of rainwater harvesting in many Indian cities. Rainwater is seen getting wasted on the roads due to lack of proper design of drainage system. Construction of Pervious concrete pavement (PCP) is one of the best method to solve this problem. The pervious nature of the pavement is suggested to act as a drainage pipe and the water accumulated on the road or pavements drains out immediately. Therefore, an attempt has been made for the construction of PCP in this present study. The PCP was constructed at Nirma University campus, Ahmedabad, India for study purpose. The size of PCP stretch was 3 m × 10 m. The details of construction methodology and material used for the construction of PCP are included in this paper. In addition to that, properties of pervious concrete (PC) such as void ratio, compressive strength, permeability and density were evaluated and compared with field investigation results. The 28 days results of PC field cores and cast specimens achieved similar range for compressive strength and void ratio. Moreover, maintenance schedule was prepared for the supervision of PCP. The infiltration rate was measured at different intervals to determine if there was clogging in the PCP. Based on the results of this investigation, it is seen that there is successful drainage performance of the PCP, demonstrating the possibility of construction of such pavements in the water logged areas of India.

Laboratory evaluation of PAHs removal by multi-functional green pervious concrete (MGPC) pavement

Stormwater runoff-induced polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminants increasingly endanger the groundwater reserve and ecosystems due to the extensive coverage of impervious pavements in urban surroundings. The multi-functional green pervious concrete (MGPC) pavement, a type of organoclay modified pervious concrete pavement, is proved to be an innovative and effective stormwater management method as well as an environmental technology for controlling the runoff both in quantity and quality. To further study the field applicability of the MGPC pavement, extensive experiments should be conducted by considering multiple variables that represent different scenarios, such as rainfall intensity, traffic flow, and traffic loads, stability, and reusability. This study conducts a laboratory-scale investigation of MGPC pavement performance on PAHs removal by varying a series of PAH initial concentrations, flow rate, and contamination cycles. The results indicated that lower initial PAHs concentration and slower flow rate promoted the PAHs removal efficiency, and the MGPC pavement still kept considerable PAHs adsorption capacity after 50 contamination cycles. The results provide important references in evaluating and designing the MGPC pavement as a stormwater management method with attenuating the runoff-induced PAHs contamination.

Three volumetric methods for measuring the vertical porosity distribution of pervious concrete pavement

ABSTRACT This study comparatively investigated and evaluated three volumetric methods for vertical porosity distribution measurement of pervious concrete pavement: the incremental water displacement method (IWDM), slice-water displacement method (SWDM) with nondemoulding cutting, and computed tomography (CT) scanning method (CTSM). The regional porosity in pervious concrete consolidated by surface compaction increases with the vertical depth, with porosity differences of approximately 10.31%, 8.57%, and 8.80% between the top and bottom regions in the IWDM, CTSM, and SWDM, respectively. Capillary action in the IWDM increases the porosity of the bottom region 120-100 mm from the surface by approximately 0.76% and reduces the porosity of the top region 20-0 mm by approximately 0.75%, but it hardly affects the porosity of 4 other middle regions. The overall porosity determined with the SWDM is very close to that determined with the traditional water displacement method (WDM), with differences of <0.4%, indicating that the knockout effect is almost completely eliminated by the mould protection measure. The CTSM tends to yield a higher overall porosity than that determined with the IWDM, SWDM, and WDM, with average differences of 1.54%, 1.51%, and 1.58%, respectively. The results provide evidence to select the appropriate methods.

Geopolimerno vezivo za propusni beton

Construction of pervious concrete (PC) pavements is an exclusive and efficient measure for solving environmental problems while also contributing to sustainability. Pervious concrete enables rainwater to percolate into soil thus reducing the storm water runoff and assisting in ground water recharge. It is used for the construction of pedestrian pathways, parking lots, and in various other applications. During the research, the content of coarse aggregate grains in geopolymer binder was varied in order to investigate pervious concrete properties. It was established that pervious concrete with geopolymer binder containing fly ash meets requirements set in regulations, and that it can be used for sustainable pavement construction.

Preliminary Study of Fire Damage on Pervious Concrete with Silica Fume and Steel Fiber

Pervious concrete pavement is a porous urban surface. It could reduce runoff capacity, decrease a storm-water detention, reduce the amount of requiring rain drainage pipes, and let rainwater filter into ground and allow groundwater resources to renew in time. Fire damage, could be one of important factors since European countries have been used pervious concrete in buildings construction. This study was conducted to assess the fire damage on pervious concrete with silica fume and steel fiber. The test results find that pervious concrete with 10% silica fume and 2% steel fibers showed the maximum increase in compressive and flexural strengths by 60% and 23% respectively over the control mix while maintaining adequate permeability. It also shows that the flexural strength of pervious concrete with 10% silica fume and 2% steel fiber could reach 45 kg/cm2strength specification. The high temperature exposure results find that pervious concrete could hardly be detected any crack at the temperature of 700 °Cor 800°C and fire duration of 2 hours. There is some damage on strength after the fire-attack test, the ratio of the residual strength can range from about 20%~60% and it depends on temperature, steel fiber, and silica fume content. By this study of pervious concrete will be valuable for fire safety design and construction of practice.

Clogging in Pervious Concrete Pavement Made with Non-conventional Aggregates: Performance Evaluation and Rehabilitation Technique

This paper presents the clogging nature of a pervious concrete pavement using non-conventional aggregates. In order to mitigate the shortage of construction materials, brick aggregate has been preferred by many researchers as an efficient alternative to the natural stone aggregates. But the application of brick aggregate in the pervious concrete pavement is a new concept and the clogging behaviour of the pervious concrete made with waste over-burnt brick is still unknown. In this study, laboratory tests are carried out through small-scale and large-scale model tests to explore the effects of various design variables in the clogging pattern. All the experimental results are validated with the statistical analysis, and a prediction model is developed to understand the clogging nature which can be further used for modelling the clogging behaviour of a pervious concrete pavement. The rehabilitation of pavement performed through pressure washing indicated a significant improvement in the permeability after de-clogging.

Pervious concrete: the art of improving strength properties

Urban cities in Malaysia are highly vulnerable to flash floods due to improper drainage system and the impermeable road surface. The Pervious Concrete (PC) Pavement for urban water management indicates the implementation of this system shows promising results to reduce flash flood volume and among the mitigation that can be applied is by adopting the permeable pavement systems. This was based on a case study of Sponge City in China. Since the properties normally consist of coarse aggregate only / or less fine aggregate to fill in the void structure. Regardless of the high advantage of these systems to reduce the flooding impact, this permeable pavement is known for its lower strength. Due to this fact, it is rare and impossible for this permeable pavement to be utilized at the main road and highway. Whereas, currently in Malaysia, the permeable concrete is only accustomed to light traffic loadings such as walkways and car park. This paper was discussing the way to improve the strength properties of PC pavements with a focus on sustainable development.

The Effect of Periodic Maintenance on Pervious Concrete Pavements

Pervious concrete pavements are interesting from an environmental and social viewpoint. However, this type of pavement has as the main disadvantage of losing permeability over time by the clogging process. The aim of this work is to evaluate the periodic cleaning efficiency of using a blower, mainly during the first four months after paving. A pervious concrete sidewalk was constructed and cleaning was carried out, monthly in one half and weekly in the other half. Infiltration rate tests, following ASTM C1701, were performed weekly at eight spots arranged symmetrically on each half of the pavement. The results showed that using a blower for periodic cleaning was efficient. Both halves, with monthly and weekly cleaning, did not present significant statistical difference in their infiltration rates. In this sense, monthly maintenance is the most suitable due to less time and fuel are spent for cleaning, collaborating as an environmental-friendly alternative. This work showed that the performance of periodic maintenance can be useful, in order to maintain the efficiency of the pervious pavement over time.

Prospects of using penetrated cement concrete in the construction of transport infrastructure objects

This article presents the analysis of the international experience of the use of pervious concrete in transport infrastructure. It provides the advantages and disadvantages of the material and the results of personal laboratory tests of relevant concrete samples. The object of the research is the use of pervious concrete in the construction of transport infrastructure. The objective of the paper is to justify the use of pervious concrete in the construction of transport infrastructure by analyzing previous international experience and lab tests of the corresponding concrete samples. Research methods included a analysis of the international and domestic literature, the evaluation of the experience in the use of the pervious concrete, and laboratory tests of the corresponding concrete samples. A review of the world experience connected with research of pervious (draining) concrete, installation and operation of layers of aerodrome surface made of it, proved their technical and economic relevance and effectiveness of their application. Pervious concrete is a material with high open porosity, which provides good sound-absorbing properties and drainage ability together with roughness, smoothness, and transverse friction. These are advantages of pervious concrete pavements, according to foreign studies: a rapid removal of water from the surface of the pavements in case of rain and improved drainage of road and airfield pavements reduce the risk of aquaplaning vehicles and increase traffic safety in rainy weather; increased and stable surface roughness; reduced level of noise provided by vehicles. The draining ability of the pavements makes it almost dry. It also has a high degree of sound absorption. The results of the article can be implemented in various technologies of construction and repair of transport infrastructure. The search for the optimal composition of pervious concrete for its further use in the technology of construction and repair of various objects is the main purpose of predictive assumptions about the development of the object of study.

Theoretical Investigation on Pervious Concrete Pavement (PCP) as Sustainable Pavement Technology (SPT)

A pavement has always been in trend with lots of amelioration and furtherance. From gravel and cobblestone pavements to asphalt and concrete pavements, the world has seen a lot of new design criteria with the theoretical, field, and laboratory test analysis. From ages, the concept of Pavement has been holding on to improvising its esteemed characteristics such as compressive strength, durability, and life span. With varying mix designs and new methodologies of pavement evaluation and improvisation, the concept of sustainable pavements has gained enough priority. Better and durable quality with economical benefit and ecological balance is a much-needed pavement as per the present scenario of Mother-Earth. For a tidier society, the need for a new advancement in pavements has become crucial. With the rising revolution, Pervious Concrete Pavement (PCP) has paved its way straight to the top with an exceptional working mechanism in the category of Sustainable Pavement Technology (SPT). PCP has gained its empowered usage with beneficiary factors such as controlling storm-water runoff, reduction in pavement noise, providing vehicle-friendly pavements with a good riding platform, and being budget-friendly. With various conceptual studies and from several literature reviews, it is proven that PCP has become the future of pavement engineering with more add-ons and advantages. Therefore, this review paper, in particular, deals with the advancements of pavements, the necessity of sustainable pavements and, the transmogrification of Pervious Concrete Pavement. Following the theoretical concepts, the reviewed articles and proven test results will be scrutinized. This study concludes that available design mixes will be concentrated and accentuated for further analysis thus, proving PCP to be more efficacious in SPT.

Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement as a Substitution to Natural Coarse Aggregate for the Production of Sustainable Pervious Concrete Pavement Mixes

AbstractThis study discusses the effect of utilizing coarse reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) aggregates as a replacement to natural coarse aggregates (NCAs) for the production of pervious concrete ...

Mechanical properties of pressure moulded fibre reinforced pervious concrete pavement brick

Utilising pervious concrete (PC) increases the environmental, economic and social benefits. This study aims to investigate the mechanical performance of PC paving bricks using smaller single-sized coarse aggregates with different types of fibres: Kevlar, Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) and Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibres. Four PC mixes were designed using a modified ACI method and paving bricks formed using a pressure compaction method of 2 MPa and air-curing for 28 days. Results showed that the use of smaller coarse aggregate results in reduced porosity. However, the addition of fibres at a volume fraction of 0.3 % lead to approximately 47 %, 21.5 % and 18.8 % decrease in 28-days compressive strength, and 26 %, 7.3 %, and 17.6 % reduction in tensile splitting strength for specimens containing Kevlar, PVA, and UHMWPE fibres, respectively. When compared with the control group, an optimum 9.5 % increase in the flexural strength shows the effectiveness of the fibre addition. The permeability values range between 0.15 cm/s to 0.39 cm/s, which is proportional to the porosity of the material and satisfactory according to ACI standards. Combining the pressure compaction method and the addition of fibres adversely affects the compressive and splitting tensile strength, while increasing the flexural strength slightly. An alternative forming/moulding method that can fully utilise the addition of fibres is worth further investigation.