Peruvian Sierra Research Articles

Au‑delà de la frontière binaire du genre : les personnages sculptés recuay (100‑700 apr. J.‑C., sierra nord-centrale du Pérou)

Longtemps étudiées et comprises à partir de schémas conceptuels calqués sur les modèles ethnocentristes de l’Ancien Monde, les sociétés anciennes du Nouveau Monde ont souvent été observées à travers un système binaire et invariable du sexe et du genre. Néanmoins, il est aujourd’hui reconnu que de nombreuses sociétés amérindiennes anciennes et documentées par l'ethnographie perçoivent le sexe et le genre de manière plus ouverte et muable, comme un continuum de possibilités dépassant la frontière binaire du genre. Les chercheurs sont ainsi invités à réfléchir aux possibilités qu’offre cette conception fluide et dynamique du genre et à en tenir compte dans leurs travaux, afin de proposer une restitution de ces sociétés anciennes plus en phase avec le système de pensée préhispanique. C’est précisément le but de cette étude sur les sculptures en pierre anthropomorphes appartenant à la tradition andine préhispanique recuay. Cette contribution interroge la manière dont la fluidité du genre intervient au sein de l’iconographie des sculptures, cela afin de permettre de mieux appréhender l’essence des personnages représentés.

Los Viajes de Riva-Agüero

Regarding Jose de la Riva-Aguero’s Viajes, some textual traits are pinpointed: the construction of a narrative persona, the description of landscapes and the ideal identity between Spanish Castille and the Peruvian Sierra. Similarities and differences between Viajes and Paisajes peruanos [Peruvian Landscapes], Riva-Aguero’s major travel book, are also discussed.

Un/associated: Accounting for gender difference and farmer heterogeneity among Peruvian Sierra potato small farmers

Recognizing the challenges faced by small farmers, international institutions have encouraged national governments to foster the collective organization of small farmers and farmer membership through policy interventions that target rural populations, and more specifically ‘women’ and ‘marginalized farmers’. Yet, access to membership continues to elude the most disadvantaged small farmers. Based on Peru's 2012 National Agricultural Census, we conduct a comparative analysis of small Peruvian potato farmers to identify the social markers that influence membership status. We conduct cross-group (women versus men) and intra-group (among women and among men) comparisons to tease out gender difference and farmer heterogeneity and the social markers that account for exclusion. We suggest that considering women and marginalized farmers as homogeneous and residual populations obscures the social markers that differentiate small farmers homogenizing women as a group and rendering some men and masculine gendered practices analytically invisible. This study contributes to the literature on gender and the collective organization of farmers by highlighting gender difference and farmer heterogeneity and points to gender-based inequality as well as other forms of inequality that influence the membership status. Our analysis shows that men comprise a larger proportion of potato farmers, yet the membership status of women and men is nearly equal and that associated women farmers hold the highest percentage of land titles while unassociated men hold the lowest. We also find a large number of districts without the presence of associated women potato farmers indicating the existence of gender-based spatial inequality. Our analysis of household composition points to the feminization of women farmer households due to the absence of male partners and a large presence of elderly women in comparison to men farmer households. Unlike for men, the presence of a partner and/or elderly household members has no effect on women's membership status. Similarly, the presence of girls (and not boys) under six years of age has a negative effect only for women's membership. We also find that for women, it is more important to have higher levels of education than men to participate in farmer organizations. Our intra-group comparisons indicate unassociated and associated women are differentiated based on a combination of social markers including education, economic and domestic partnership, language and land ownership. Overall, our analysis shows that while gender-based inequality persists, there are other cross-cutting markers of social differentiation among women and men that influence farmer membership status.

PREVALENCE OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS AT LARGE ALTITUDES OF THE PERUVIAN ANDE

Objetive: To determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents of the Central Peruvian Sierra, in order to prevent the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Methods: 156 natives and residents between 06 and 16 years of age were studied from the rural population centers of La Victoria (4,097 masl) and Bellavista, (3,778 masl), from the province of Paurcartambo of the Department of Cerro de Pasco, of both sexes , coming from state schools. The nutritional status was evaluated using the Body Mass Index BMI or Quetelet index (Weight / height2). The obesity degrees of overweight, obese, severe obese and morbidly obese of the population in both genders were evaluated; Obesity was related to age, grouping children between 6 to 9 years of age, 10 to 12 and 13 to 16 years respectively. Similarly, sex was compared with the degree of obesity at different altitudes. Results: It was found that 81.4% (127/156) of the students presented a normal weight, 34.6% (54/156) in women and 46.8% (73/156) in men; 6.4% (10/156) of overweight, 3.8% in women and 2.6% in men, and 0.6% (1/156) obesity, corresponding to 0.0% in women and 0.6% in men. The age group 6 to 9 years old presented 32.1% (50/156) of normal weight, 1.9% (3/156) of overweight and 0.0% of obesity. Similarly, the age group of 10 to 12 years, presented 18.6% (29/156) 1.3% (2/156) and 0.6%, (1/166), respectively. The group of 13 to 16 years old, 30.8% (48/156) of normal weight, 3.2% (5/156) of overweight and 0.0% of obesity. The female gender that lives at 3778 and at 4.097 masl presented 12.2% (6/49) and 0.0% of overweight, respectively, with no cases of obesity. The male gender at 3778 and at 4.097 meters above sea level, presented 3.8% (2/52) and 6.1% (2/33) of overweight and 1.9% (1/52) and 0.0% of obesity, respectively. Conclusion: Overweight and obesity is not prevalent in children and adolescents of the Sierra Central Peruana, and research is still open to study the influence of factors typical of the region.   DOI 10.25176/RFMH.v18.n4.1735

Los impactos del crecimiento urbano en los campesinos andinos. Un estudio de percepción en la zona rural-urbana de Huancayo, Perú

In the Central Andes, the processes of physical, demographic and sociocultural urbanization have diverse impacts on smallholders who live on the periurban interface between city and countryside. How is urban growth perceived by campesinos who live on the outskirts of mountain cities? How do urban people who live on the new peripheries perceive the impacts of urban growth on smallholders? Using the intermediate city of Huancayo—the most important Andean city of the Central Peruvian sierra—as a case in point, the present study analyzes the quantitative growth of built-up land as well as the change in land cover around the city between 1988 and 2008. Moreover, the study explains the positive and negative impacts as perceived by smallholders living on the outskirts of Huancayo, and reveals the opinions of urbanites from nearby residential zones. The results indicate that urbanites are empathetic toward smallholders; a fact that proves the strong rural–urban interaction in Andean intermediate cities and bears great potential for social inclusion and sustainable development in the periurban zones of Huancayo.

Pine or Pasture? Estimated Costs and Benefits of Land Use Change in the Peruvian Andes

In the Peruvian sierra near the city of Cajamarca, livelihood options of extensive grazing and plantation forestry often conflict with ecosystem services provided by the native jalca grasslands where these land uses are undertaken. This study estimates financial returns for local landowners for grazing livestock and plantation forestry and compares these values with estimated values for environmental services under each land use. Results of the estimated financial returns to landowners suggest that the profitability of each land use varies significantly because of local variation in grassland productivity, proximity to the village, and rates of time preference. In comparison to the financial returns to each land use, resulting values for environmental services were relatively high in magnitude, especially for the ecosystem service of water provision, suggesting that in most cases, overgrazing and pine plantations in the jalca will yield net economic losses at the national level. Regarding pine plantations in particular, the value for increased carbon sequestration was outweighed by the value of expected losses in water provision for irrigation, suggesting that a potential market based on carbon could yield net economic losses if water is not considered. The paper concludes that rural development can be best achieved in the study area by promoting conservation of the jalca, encouraging low-impact grazing practices, and targeting pine plantations only for areas of the jalca that are already degraded.

Non-farm rural activities in a peasant economy: the case of the North Peruvian Sierra

The paper investigates the prospects of a non-farm, labour-intensive, rural activity (hat making) with strong linkages to an agriculturally backward economy. Hat making employs exclusively family labour, the main input (straw, paja de palma) is purchased from Ecuador, and consumers are concentrated in villages and small towns in rural areas. Following the presentation of a simple theoretical model of the market for hats, attention turns to an empirical analysis of the demand for hats and of the labour returns in hat supply. Primary data from four villages of the Peruvian North Sierra have been used. Demand and supply constraints to the expansion of the hat making activity are identified and important differences in the value of labour's marginal product across the sample are found. It is concluded that growth based on local demand will not be feasible given falling incomes of consumers—mainly farmers—and expected changes in consumer preferences. The growth motor for non-farm rural activity will have to rely more on market expansion and product diversification to urban consumers. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Emerging Strategies Against Poverty

This is the story of a struggle for survival in the Andes. Ravaged by the excesses of nature and a brutal insurgent conflict, and more recently by inroads made by economic globalization, the Serranos (inhabitants of the Peruvian sierra) face the prospect of ever-increasing poverty and the withering away of their villages and cultural traditions. Worldwide recession, or its threat, simply magnifies the problem. Although there are no permanent solutions, purely local initiatives centering on community-organized and community-operated enterprises have produced some creative approaches. These may offer alternatives and hope to other communities, and they are the focus of this study.

Procesos de estandarización revertida en la configuración histórica del español americano: el caso del espacio surandino

Article Procesos de estandarización revertida en la configuración histórica del español americano: el caso del espacio surandino was published on June 5, 2001 in the journal International Journal of the Sociology of Language (volume 2001, issue 149).

Survey of three bacterial louse-associated diseases among rural Andean communities in Peru: prevalence of epidemic typhus, trench fever, and relapsing fever.

Typhus and other louse-transmitted bacterial infections in Peruvian sierra communities are known to occur but have not recently been assessed. In this study, 194 of 1,280 inhabitants of four villages in Calca Province in the Urubamba Valley were included. Thirty-nine (20%) of the 194 volunteers had antibodies to Rickettsia prowazekii, whereas 24 (12%) had antibodies to Bartonella quintana and 2 against Borrelia recurrentis. There was a significant correlation between the presence of infesting ectoparasites and antibodies to R. prowazekii, as well as between antibodies to R. prowazekii and ectoparasite infestation and fever in the previous 6 months. The proportion of inhabitants infested with ectoparasites was significantly higher in the highest-altitude village than in the other three villages. Two volunteers' antibody levels suggested a recent typhus infection, but only B. quintana DNA was amplified from lice. Epidemic typhus remains extant in the area, and B. quintana infections were encountered and documented for the first time in South America.

RhizobiumInoculation Increases of Bean and Maize Yields in Intercrops on Farms in the Peruvian Sierra

SUMMARYNitrogen deficiency severely limits production of the bean–maize association grown by small-scale farmers in upland Peru. Sixty-four beanRhizobiumisolates were evaluated for induction of a plant growth response in pots of soil from the area and 14 of the most promising strains of these were tested on farmers' fields in 13 trials over a three year period. Bean yields were increased by inoculation with at least oneRhizobiumstrain in seven of the trials, with increases ranging from 0.21 to 0.68 t ha−1. Bean yields were not increased by the application of 120 kg N ha−1to the intercrop. Maize yields were increased byRhizobiuminoculation in nine of the 13 trials by between 0.34 and 1.85 t ha−1. Maize responded to nitrogen fertilizer on the same nine farms. ThisRhizobiumselection strategy, although laborious, was effective in identifying strains that can be recommended for use as inoculants by farmers in the region.

Shadow Wages and Peasant Family Labour Supply: An Econometric Application to the Peruvian Sierra

A striking feature of developing economies is the large proportion of the work force that is self employed. Lack of widespread labor market participation in the agricultural sector can pose a major obstacle to the empirical implementation of economic models of the peasant household, whether because wage data are simply not available, or because the assumptions required to make use of wage data stretch the bounds of credulity. This paper develops a methodology for estimating a structural labor supply model for primarily self employed peasant households, which holds under a general agricultural technology and set of labor market conditions. The unique feature of the approach is that the opportunity cost of time, or shadow wage, of household workers is explicitly estimated from an agricultural production function and is subsequently used to identify a set of structural labor supply parameters. Recent household survey data from rural Peru is employed to estimate and perform various diagnostic tests on the model. The empirical findings lend support to the hypothesis that peasant households allocate their members' time as if to maximize a family utility function, and moreover, demonstrate the tractability of the shadow wage methodology and its usefulness in estimating more elaborate time allocation models.

Forging Their Own History: Indian Insurgency in the Southern Peruvian Sierra, 1815

Forging Their Own History: Indian Insurgency in the Southern Peruvian Sierra, 1815

The loss and maintenance of native crops in mountain agriculture

The fate of agricultural biodiversity varies among the native crops produced in a mountainous region. Four native crops (potatoes, maize, ulluco, quinoa) cultivated in the southern Peruvian sierra demonstrate different patterns of cultivar loss and cultivar maintenance. Contingent social, economic and environmental conditions in mountain agriculture shape the distinct fates befalling the cultivars in each crop. Three sets of specific conditions contribute to differences in the patterning of cultivar loss and maintenance: (1) proximate conditions in the local peasant economy, particularly access among agricultural households to land, labor, and capital, and changes in the availability and quality of the three endowments; (2) the social and cultural value of the crop in the local diet and cuisine; and (3) the biogeographic patterning of cultivars. Maintenance of cultivars currently marks the ulluco and quinoa crop as well as many potato and maize types. Cultivar loss besets the fast-maturing potato S. phureja and the slow-maturing maize types. To incorporate variable in situ crop-conservation programs into development planning for montane regions requires thoroughly assessing the contingent conditions for continued production.

Productivity of men and women and the sexual division of labor in peasant agriculture of the Peruvian Sierra

This paper estimates the productivity of men and women in the peasant agriculture of the Peruvian Sierra, using recent household survey data. A sexual division of labor on the farm implies that male and female labor are not perfectly substitutable. Evidence is found for female specialization on livestock production. A translog production function reveals that the use of animal traction and land affect the marginal productivity of male and female labor differently, suggesting that the two types of labor cannot be aggregated. Overall, adult male labor is found to contribute more to farm output at the margin than adult female labor, though the extent of the difference is sensitive to how farm output and the labor inputs are measured.

Labor Shortages and Crop Diversity in the Southern Peruvian Sierra

Labor Shortages and Crop Diversity in the Southern Peruvian Sierra

Hazard Analyses of Foods Prepared by Inhabitants Near Lake Titicaca in the Peruvian Sierra

Hazard analyses of food preparation practices were conducted in two households in an Andean Indian Pueblo near Puno, Peru and in a house on the outskirts of this city. These analyses consisted of watching all steps of preparation, recording temperatures throughout all these steps, and collecting samples of food and testing them for common foodborne pathogens and indicator organisms. Only cereal-potato soup (a very popular and inexpensive food in the region), kidney stew, and parched cereal were prepared during the survey. The soups boiled during cooking and most of them were eaten during the first serving. Vegetative forms of pathogenic bacteria would have been killed during cooking, but heat-resistant spores would have survived. Leftovers in the pueblo homes, when there were any, remained without heat on the clay stoves on which they had been cooked until eaten or reheated. In the other household, cooked foods were moved from the stove to an earthen floor and kept there until reheating. Under this condition, cooling was more rapid than when left on stoves. The interval of time that cooked foods were between 49°C (120°F) and 21°C (70°F) during holding was less than 4 h, thereby limiting spore germination and bacterial multiplication. In the only household in which foods were reheated, they boiled. Critical control points for food preparation in homes are cooking, holding between cooking and serving, and reheating.

The Division of Labor by Sex in Agriculture: A Peruvian Case Study

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Division of Labor by Sex in Agriculture: A Peruvian Case StudyCarmen Diana DeereCarmen Diana Deere Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 30, Number 4Jul., 1982 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/452590 Views: 23Total views on this site Citations: 33Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1982 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Rina Agarwala, Jennifer Jihye Chun Gendering Struggles against Informal and Precarious Work, (Nov 2018): 1–28.https://doi.org/10.1108/S0198-871920180000035001Kendall D. Funk, Laura Morales, Michelle M. Taylor-Robinson The Impact of Committee Composition and Agendas on Women's Participation: Evidence from a Legislature with Near Numerical Equality, Politics & Gender 13, no.0202 (Aug 2016): 253–275.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X16000465Bjorn Van Campenhout Fertility, Agricultural Labor Supply, and Production: Instrumental Variable Evidence from Uganda, Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 45, no.33 (Nov 2016): 581–607.https://doi.org/10.1017/age.2016.26Karl Zimmerer, Steven Vanek Toward the Integrated Framework Analysis of Linkages among Agrobiodiversity, Livelihood Diversification, Ecological Systems, and Sustainability amid Global Change, Land 5, no.22 (Apr 2016): 10.https://doi.org/10.3390/land5020010Jamie McEvoy, Peggy Petrzelka, Claudia Radel, Birgit Schmook Gendered Mobility and Morality in a South-Eastern Mexican Community: Impacts of Male Labour Migration on the Women Left Behind, Mobilities 7, no.33 (Sep 2012): 369–388.https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2012.655977Clark L Gray Gender, Natural Capital, and Migration in the Southern Ecuadorian Andes, Environment and Planning A 42, no.33 (Mar 2010): 678–696.https://doi.org/10.1068/a42170Claire Aubron, Hubert Cochet, Gilles Brunschwig, Charles -Henri Moulin Labor and its Productivity in Andean Dairy Farming Systems: A Comparative Approach, Human Ecology 37, no.44 (Jul 2009): 407–419.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-009-9267-9Ana María Peredo, James J. Chrisman Toward a Theory of Community-Based Enterprise, Academy of Management Review 31, no.22 (Apr 2006): 309–328.https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2006.20208683 Introduction, (Jan 2006): 1–14.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822387756-001 Women, Gender, and Development, (Jan 2006): 17–52.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822387756-003 Mainstreaming Gender in International Organizations, (Jan 2006): 53–70.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822387756-004 From “Home Economics” to “Microfinance”, (Jan 2006): 71–86.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822387756-005Sylvia Chant Contributions of a Gender Perspective to the Analysis of Poverty, (Jan 2006): 87–106.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822387756-006Maruja Barrig What is Justice? 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Jacoby Productivity of men and women and the sexual division of labor in peasant agriculture of the Peruvian Sierra, Journal of Development Economics 37, no.1-21-2 (Nov 1991): 265–287.https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(91)90090-IS. Hecht, A. Anderson, P. May The Subsidy from Nature: Shifting Cultivation, Successional Palm Forests, and Rural Development, Human Organization 47, no.11 (Mar 1988): 25–35.https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.47.1.57816m607m2551k1Anthony B. Shaw Approaches to agricultural technology adoption and consequences of adoption in the third world: a critical review, Geoforum 18, no.11 (Jan 1987): 1–19.https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7185(87)90017-0Louise Fortmann, Dianne Rocheleau Women and agroforestry: four myths and three case studies, Agroforestry Systems 2, no.44 (Dec 1985): 253–272.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00147037R. P. HARGREAVES RECENT ARTICLES ON DEVELOPMENT, New Zealand Journal of Geography 76, no.11 (May 2008): 19–20.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0028-8292.1984.tb00158.x

Indian Unrest in the Peruvian Sierra in the Late Nineteenth Century

A watershed in Peru's development, and perhaps its most traumatic experience as an independent republic, was its humiliating defeat at the hands of Chile during the War of the Pacific (1879-1883). The impact of the war was profound. Virtually every aspect of Peruvian political, economic, and social life was affected. The army was defeated, the country invaded, and Lima occupied. By the peace treaty, Peru's nitrate-bearing southern provinces were handed over to Chile, depriving it of its most important source of income. The economy of the country was further undermined by the war-time destruction of many coastal sugar and cotton plantations. Economic collapse was accompanied by political chaos. Fighting continued after the end of the war as forces loyal to General Andrés A. Cáceres, who had carried out an effective guerrilla campaign against the Chileans in the sierra, now aimed their guns at the Chilean-imposed government of General Miguel Iglesias. In December 1885 they captured Lima, paving the way for Cáceres' election as president.

Indian Unrest in the Peruvian Sierra in the Late Nineteenth Century

A watershed in Peru's development, and perhaps its most traumatic experience as an independent republic, was its humiliating defeat at the hands of Chile during the War of the Pacific (1879-1883). The impact of the war was profound. Virtually every aspect of Peruvian political, economic, and social life was affected. The army was defeated, the country invaded, and Lima occupied. By the peace treaty, Peru's nitrate-bearing southern provinces were handed over to Chile, depriving it of its most important source of income. The economy of the country was further undermined by the war-time destruction of many coastal sugar and cotton plantations. Economic collapse was accompanied by political chaos. Fighting continued after the end of the war as forces loyal to General Andrés A. Cáceres, who had carried out an effective guerrilla campaign against the Chileans in the sierra, now aimed their guns at the Chilean-imposed government of General Miguel Iglesias. In December 1885 they captured Lima, paving the way for Cáceres' election as president.