Peruvian Material Research Articles

Re-evaluating the identity of Passiflora hastifolia (Passifloraceae), resulting into a new species of Passiflora ser. Menispermifoliae (Passifloraceae) from North-Central Peru

In 2009, a plant species from Tarapoto, Peru, was introduced into cultivation and identified as Passiflora hastifolia. However, a subsequent expedition to Bolivia, which included a visit to the type location of P. hastifolia, prompted a re-evaluation of the source material. This investigation revealed that the Peruvian material was incorrectly identified, leading to the recognition of a new species which is here described as Passiflora asprantha. The study provides a detailed comparison between P. hastifolia from Bolivia and the previously misidentified specimens circulating in popular cultivation under that name. Key differences in morphology, such as the acute apices of the leaf for P. hastifolia versus the ovoid apices in the Peruvian accessions; and flower structure which is pink-purple in P. hastifolia but fully white in the new species, are highlighted. Additionally, this paper includes notes on the ecology and distribution of the newly instated Passiflora asprantha, noting its specific habitat preferences and geographical range. This discovery contributes to the understanding of biodiversity within the Passiflora genus and underscores the importance of accurate species identification in botanical research.

Diversity and Agronomic Performance of Lupinus mutabilis Germplasm in European and Andean Environments.

The introduction of Lupinus mutabilis (Andean lupin) in Europe will provide a new source of protein and oil for plant-based diets and biomass for bio-based products, while contributing to the improvement of marginal soils. This study evaluates for the first time the phenotypic variability of a large panel of L. mutabilis accessions both in their native environment and over two cropping conditions in Europe (winter crop in the Mediterranean region and summer crop in North-Central Europe), paving the way for the selection of accessions adapted to specific environments. The panel of 225 accessions included both germplasm pools from the Andean region and breeding lines from Europe. Notably, we reported higher grain yield in Mediterranean winter-cropping conditions (18 g/plant) than in the native region (9 g/plant). Instead, North European summer-cropping conditions appear more suitable for biomass production (up to 2 kg/plant). The phenotypic evaluation of 16 agronomical traits revealed significant variation in the panel. Principal component analyses pointed out flowering time, yield, and architecture-related traits as the main factors explaining variation between accessions. The Peruvian material stands out among the top-yielding accessions in Europe, characterized by early lines with high grain yield (e.g., LIB065, LIB072, and LIB155). Bolivian and Ecuadorian materials appear more valuable for the selection of genotypes for Andean conditions and for biomass production in Europe. We also observed that flowering time in the different environments is influenced by temperature accumulation. Within the panel, it is possible to identify both early and late genotypes, characterized by different thermal thresholds (600°C–700°C and 1,000–1,200°C GDD, respectively). Indications on top-yielding and early/late accessions, heritability of morpho-physiological traits, and their associations with grain yield are reported and remain largely environmental specific, underlining the importance of selecting useful genetic resources for specific environments. Altogether, these results suggest that the studied panel holds the genetic potential for the adaptation of L. mutabilis to Europe and provide the basis for initiating a breeding program based on exploiting the variation described herein.

A review of the genus Zonophryxus Richardson, 1903 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Dajidae) with recognition of Colypurus agassizi Richardson, 1905 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Colypuridae) as a synonym of Zonophryxus similis Searle, 1914 and the requisite sinking of Colypuridae

All species in the epicaridean isopod genus Zonophryxus Richardson, 1903 are reviewed, and information regarding host choice is summarized. The enigmatic species Colypurus agassizi Richardson, 1905 is shown to be synonymous with Zonophryxus similis Searle, 1914, and Colypurus Richardson, 1905 and Colypuridae Richardson, 1905 are synonymized with Zonophryxus and Dajidae, respectively. The correct name for the species is Zonophryxus agassizi, new combination. The existence of two distinct male morphotypes in at least some species of Zonophryxus is confirmed and discussed. Type and other material of Zonophryxus retrodens Richardson, 1903 and Zonophryxus trilobus Richardson, 1910 were examined, and these species are discussed and illustrated, including description of morphological structures either erroneously or not previously reported. New material of Zonophryxus dodecapus Holthuis, 1949 is reported on, with the discovery that females of the species can have either five or six pairs of pereopods independent of their developmental stage. A new species, Zonophryxus probisowa, is described from Peruvian material and named in honor of The Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington on the occasion of this, its final volume.

The first Peruvian record of Enchodus (Actinopterygii, Aulopiformes, Enchodontidae) in the Upper Cretaceous Vivian Formation

We describe isolated teleostean teeth found in no association with the jaw bone. The specimens have been recovered in Late Cretaceous marine deposits of the Vivian Formation in the Peruvian Sub-Andean Region. The deposition sequence from where the teeth come is interpreted as a shallowing-upward sequence of low salinity. The fish material is identified as Enchodus aff. E. gladiolus based on the presence of a small but well-developed post-apical barb, an anterior cutting edge, the crown is symmetrical in cross-section, have a sigmoidal profile, and bears strong ridges (=striations). The Peruvian material differs from the typical E. gladiolus teeth in having a faintly serrated anterior cutting edge which is absent in most specimens referred to E. gladiolus. We also highlight that taxonomic assignments made based on isolated teeth must be taken with care. Despite scarce, the material recovered denotes that the marine units of Peru can give valuable information about the Pacific fish fauna during the Late Cretaceous.

An Unusual Type of Neoechinorhynchus cylindratus (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) from Gambusia affinis in Peru, with Notes on Introductions.

Neoechinorhynchus cylindratus Van Cleave (Zoo Anz 43: 177-1990, 1913) Van Cleave (Ill Natl Hist Surv Bull 13:225-257, 1919) is a North American acanthocephalan originally described from Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède) in Pelican Lake, Minnesota. It is common in Centrarchids but also not infrequent in fishes of other families. A unique population of N. cylindratus was discovered in Peru. It needed to be described and its introduction into Peru investigated. Standard processing of specimens and staining in Borax carmine and fast green for creating whole mounts were employed. Literature sources were available from the OMA personal collection. The descriptive accounts of N. cylindratus have been rather stable over the years since its original description. It has been, however, oddly identified from Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard) in Peru. Females of the Peruvian specimens were, however, not typical in having a terminal-near terminal gonopore at odds with the sub-ventral position characteristic of the usual populations of N. cylindratus in North America. We describe the Peruvian material and outline the distinct morphological variations from the North American populations in the position of the female gonopore, among other characters. We also explain its introduction into Peru and the translocation of the position of female gonopore to the terminal position. The translocation to the terminal position of the female gonopore in the Peruvian material is attributed to host related developmental factors. The route of introduction of N. cylindratus into Peru through the introduction of G. affinis from the United States has been accounted for. It may be comparable to the introduction of the same acanthocephalan species into northern Mexico via the documented introduction of its primary host, M. salmoides, also from the United States into Mexico in 1930. The introduction of Acanthocephalus dirus Van Cleave (Ill Natl Hist Surv Bull 13:225-257, 1919) (Van Cleave and Townsend, 1936) into Mexico is also discussed.

Jurisprudential analysis of the welfare economy in the peruvian material economic constitution

This work researches the welfare economics in the Peruvian material economic constitution through the precedents of the Constitutional Court of Peru. It has as objective to identify the principles and theories that the Constitutional Court uses to resolve conflicts between economic groups. The research will differentiate between material economic constitution and formal economic constitution within of the Peruvian social market economy.

Myoxanthus oliviae sp. nov. (Pleurothallidinae, Orchidaceae) from Peru

A new species of the orchid genus Myoxanthus, M. oliviae, is described based on Peruvian material. The novelty resembles M. serripetalus from which it differs by the 7–8‐veined lateral sepals (versus 6‐ or 9‐veined), the petals contracted below the apex and expanded again into a sagittate apex (versus apex caudate) and entire lip middle lobe (versus fimbriate). The flowers of M. oliviae are pale brownish‐purple, internally intensively suffused with yellow, dark‐purple spotted. The new species grows among rocks at the elevation of 2700–3100 m a.s.l. A key to Peruvian Myoxanthus representatives is provided.

Typification of Citharexylum (Verbenaceae) names based on the collections gathered by the Botanical Expedition to the Viceroyalty of Peru

There has been considerable discussion on the history of the collections gathered by the Botanical Expedition to the Viceroyalty of Peru, members of which remained thirty-four years (1777–1811) collecting in the New World. Two species names in Rauvolfia (Apocynaceae), Rauvolfia flexuosa, the basionym of Citharexylum flexuosum since Don’s combination in 1831, and Rauvolfia macrophylla, now treated as a synonym of the former species name, were published by Ruiz and Pavon based on plant material they collected in Peru as well as material herborized by Tafalla, a subordinate who remained exploring in South America after the return of Ruiz and Pavon to Spain. A third species name, Citharexylum dentatum, was published by Don also based on Peruvian material collected by Tafalla. The resale and/or redistribution to other herbaria of a large part of the material gathered by the expedition members in South America has caused much confusion and hindered proper typification of these names. Based on thorough study of original material, original manuscripts, and pertinent literature, a critical review is provided and lectotypes are designated for the names R. flexuosa, R. macrophylla, and C. dentatum.

Exalaria glabriflora (Orchidaceae, Cranichidinae), a New Species from Peru

Exalaria glabriflora Szlach. & Kolan. sp. nova (Orchidaceae, Cranichidinae) discovered in Peruvian herbarium material deposited in Harvard University Herbaria is described and illustrated. It can be distinguished from E. parviflora by its glabrous floral bracts and sepals, oblong petals, 2-veined lateral sepals, a 3-veined lip with larger middle lobe constituting about 1/4 of the total lip length, and a gynostemium lacking a rostellum.

Description of a Cryptic New Species of the Plant Bug Genus Eccritotarsus (Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) from Peru, a New Biocontrol Agent of Water Hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae)

Abstract. The new plant bug Eccritotarsus eichhorniae is described from specimens taken on water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, in Maynas Province, Peru. This new species is extremely similar to Eccritotarsus catarinensis (Carvalho), a species described from Santa Catarina, Brazil. These two populations were considered conspecific until COI sequencing data and breeding studies indicated that the Peruvian material probably represented a new cryptic species. Subsequent morphological studies confirmed that two species were involved. In this paper diagnoses, descriptions, and illustrations of the adults, scent glands, and male genitalia are provided to distinguish these two closely related species, both of which are currently being used as biocontrol agents on water hyacinth in South Africa.

Elleanthus albiflorus (Orchidaceae) a new, white-flowered species from Peru

Elleanthus albiflorus (Orchidaceae) is described and illustrated based on Peruvian material. The novelty resembles E. flavescens from which it can be easily distinguished by the white flowers, flabellate lip and presence of lip calli with prominent outgrows. A key for identification of all Peruvian species of Elleanthus with branching stems is provided.

A new species of Lepanthopsis (Orchidaceae, Pleurothallidinae) from Peru

A new species of Lepanthopsis is described and illustrated based on Peruvian material. Lepanthopsis bennettii is similar to L. dewildei from which it differs by long-connate lateral sepals, broadly ovate dorsal sepal, large lip basal lobes and petals form. Phylogenetic placement of the new species as well as identification key and comparative morphology of all known representatives of Lepanthopsis with single-flowered inflorescence are presented.

A new species of Microchilus (Goodyerinae, Orchidaceae) from Peru

Abstract A new species of Microchilus Presl is described and illustrated based on Peruvian material. The new entity resembles M. laegaardii Ormerod, from which it differs by the long leaf petiole and sheath, as well as by spur length and lip form. A key for identification of Peruvian Microchilus species is also provided.

Notes on PeruvianPterichis(Orchidaceae) — Two New Species and an Addition to the Flora

Pterichis macbridei Kolan. and P. cajamarcae Kolan. (Orchidaceae) are described and illustrated as new species based on Peruvian material. Their taxonomic affinities are discussed and information on their habitat ecology is provided. Pterichis diuris is reported for the first time from Peru and the name is lectotypified. An updated identification key to Peruvian species of Pterichis is presented.

A new species of Microchilus (Orchidaceae, Goodyerinae) from Peru

Abstract A new species of Microchilus C. Presl, M. leucostictus Rchb. f. ex Szlach. & Kolan, is described and illustrated based on Peruvian material. The taxonomic affinities of the new entity are briefly discussed.

Late Palaeozoic South American pectinids revised: biostratigraphical and palaeogeographical implications

Neves, J.P., Anelli, L.E., Pagani, M.A. & Simões, M.G., 2014. Late Palaeozoic South American pectinids revised: biostratigraphical and palaeogeographical implications. Alcheringa 38 ISSN 0311-5518.A revision of the late Palaeozoic South American pectinid Heteropecten multiscalptus (Thomas) and the establishment of Heteropecten paranaensis sp. nov. have important implications for the relationship between faunal realms within South America. Late Palaeozoic bivalve faunas occur in three distinct realms in South America: a Central Gondwanic Realm with endemic taxa showing affinities to Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Namibia, a cold Perigondwanic Realm, and a warm Extragondwanic Realm with tethyan-like affinities similar to faunas of the American Midcontinent. In South America, faunas east of the southern Andes belong to the first two realms and previous interpretations of bivalve faunas suggested biocorrelations with those of the Extragondwanic Realm because they shared the taxon Heteropecten multiscalptus (Thomas). A revision of the Peruvian and Brazilian material does not confirm this. Instead, a re-analysis suggests that two species are present, rather than one: Heteropecten multiscalptus in the Cerro Prieto Formation, Amotape Mountains (Peru; Extragondwanic Realm), and Heteropecten paranaensis sp. nov. in the upper part of the Itararé Group, Paraná Basin (Brazil; Central Gondwanic Realm). Thus, the correlation between the late Palaeozoic faunas of the Central Gondwanic and Extragondwanic Realms in South America can no longer be supported. Heteropecten paranaensis sp. nov. lived in a siliciclastic-dominated, cold, epeiric sea of Brazil and Argentina, and is morphologically similar to some Australian species, whereas the Peruvian H. multiscalptus thrived in the warm seas of the Extragondwanic Realm.Jacqueline P. Neves [nevesjp.unesp@gmail.com], Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro campus, SP, Brazil, 13506-900; Luiz E. Anelli [anelli@usp.br], Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508–080, Brazil; M. Alejandra Pagani, [apagani@mef.org.ar], CONICET-Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio (MEF), U9100GYO, Chubut, Argentina; Marcello, G. Simões [profmgsimoes@gmail.com], Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu campus, SP, 18618-970, Brazil. Received 19.7.2013; revised 12.11.2013; accepted 19.11.2013

A review of Peruvian Phoradendron (Viscaceae) species names published by Paczoski and typified by material collected by Augusto Weberbauer

AbstractPhoradendron englerianum and P. ernstianum, described by Jozef Paczoski based on Peruvian material have been recently neotypified. The original types, collected by Augusto Weberbauer in the Berlin herbarium (B) were destroyed during World War II. However, prior to these neotypifications, the two species names were inadvertently lectotypified using duplicate material for the original types kept at the Herbario Weberbauer (MOL) in Lima, Peru. Additional information on another Paczoski name, P. leucocarpum, a species transferred to Dendrophthora, is also provided.

Two new species of Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae) from Peru and Bolivia

Two new species of the genus Acalypha are described and illustrated, A. delicata, based on Peruvian material, and A. beckii, based on Bolivian material. Comments on the systematics of related species are included.

Two new species of Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae) from Peru

Two new species of the genus Acalypha are described and illustrated., A. salicina and A. simplicistyla, based on Peruvian material. Comments on the systematics of related species are included.

Taxonomic review of Cotingacola (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from the cotingas (Passeriformes: Tyrannidae), with descriptions of two new species.

The genus Cotingacola currently contains 14 species and subspecies described by Carriker. A careful examination of these reveals only 6 valid taxa with 8 names placed as junior synonyms. These new synonymies are Cotingacola rupicolae colombiana, C. latigastra, C. temporalis and C. longicrucis, synonyms of C. rupicolae; C. foramina, C. graciligastra and C. tityra, synonyms of C. tergalis; C. acuticeps, a synonym of C. dimorpha. Two new species are described from Peruvian material: C. stotzi (type host: Querula purpurata) and C. fitzpatricki (type host: Lipaugus subalaris). A key is provided for identification of the 8 species.