Peruvian Legislation Research Articles

Diversidad y conservación de los murciélagos de Cusco, Perú

In this work, we present an updated list of bats from the Cusco department, based on the review of scientific collections, databases, and published research. Our data show that Cusco is one of the regions with the highest bat diversity in the country, recording seven families, 55 genera, and 114 species, nearly 60% of those recorded for Peru. This diversity includes two of the nine endemic species registered in Peru: Mormopterus phrudus and Anoura javieri. According to Peruvian legislation, five species are categorized as threatened, while six species are listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Additionally, 10 species are considered common, and 27 are classified as rare. The density map of records indicates that the highest concentration of records is in the La Convención province and identifies four areas with information gaps: 1) Southeast of Cusco, 2) Southwest, encompassing the provinces of Chumbivilcas and Espinar, 3) Northwest of La Convención, and 4) Northeast of La Convención. The list provides species data at the provincial level, highlighting information gaps and updates on species distribution across ecoregions, besides is included the distribution maps of all species.

Management System for Safety, Health and Environmental Risks at Jasa Contratistas S.A.C.

The investigation focused on establishing a comprehensive regulatory framework for Safety, Health and Environment at JASA Contratistas S.A.C., based on Peruvian legislation, including Law No. 29783 and Supreme Decree No. 023-2021-MINAM. The methodology covered the initial characterization, the definition of environmental policy objectives and the evaluation of occupational risks through IPERC matrices. 122 regulatory items were identified, with 56% meeting the criteria of the Occupational Health and Safety Management System (SGSST). In the environmental field, a 3.38% reduction in deforestation was evident, a 7% increase in solid waste recycling and a 5% improvement in environmental management. After the implementation of the SGSST, occupational risks decreased from 25% to 10.71%, while in the environmental aspect, deforestation reached 2.10%, solid waste treatment increased to 17.5%, and the pro-environmental attitude of employees improved by 20.8%. This system not only improved risk control and reduced accidents, but also increased productivity, ensured regulatory compliance, strengthened competitiveness and encouraged improved environmental behavior among staff.

Callicebus oenanthe (Primates: Pitheciidae)

Abstract Callicebus oenanthe Thomas, 1924, commonly known as the San Martín Titi Monkey, is endemic to the northern portion of the department of San Martin, in the Alto Mayo and Huallaga river valleys. It lives in family groups, consisting of a monogamous pair and their offspring. It occurs at elevations between 200 and 1,000 m. Callicebus oenanthe feeds primarily on fruit, but includes other foods like leaves, flowers, and invertebrates in its diet. Although locally common, the species is listed as “Critically Endangered” (CR) both by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and under Peruvian legislation.

The capitalization of interests in peruvian legislation and its implication in the procedural field

The capitalization of interests in peruvian legislation and its implication in the procedural field

Predicting potential distribution and identifying priority areas for conservation of the Yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda) in Peru

Species distribution models (SDMs) provide conservationist with spatial distributions estimations of priority species. Lagothrix flavicauda (Humboldt, 1812), commonly known as the Yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey, is one of the largest primates in the New World. This species is endemic to the montane forests of northern Peru, in the departments of Amazonas, San Martín, Huánuco, Junín, La Libertad, and Loreto at elevation from1,000 to 2,800 m. It is classified as “Critically Endangered” (CR) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as well as by Peruvian legislation. Furthermore, it is listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Research on precise estimates of its potential distribution are scare. Therefore, in this study we modeled the potential distribution area of this species in Peru, the model was generated using the MaxEnt algorithm, along with 80 georeferenced occurrence records and 28 environmental variables. The total distribution (high, moderate, and low) for L. flavicauda is 29,383.3 km2, having 3,480.7 km2 as high potential distribution. In effect, 22.64 % (6,648.49 km2) of the total distribution area of L. flavicauda is found within Natural Protected Areas (NPAs), with the following categories representing the largest areas of distribution: Protected Forests (1,620.41 km2), Regional Conservation Areas (1,976.79 km2), and Private Conservation Areas (1,166.55 km2). After comparing the predicted distribution with the current NPAs system, we identified new priority areas for the conservation of the species. We, therefore, believe that this study will contribute significantly to the conservation of L. flavicauda in Peru.

Vacío legal en la legislación de seguridad y salud en el trabajo, perjuicio para trabajadores y el estado peruano frente a la covid-19

The objective of this research was to study the legislation issued by the Ministry of Health of Peru in the framework of the issuance of prevention regulations in the face of the COVID 19 pandemic. The methodology used is the qualitative one of the Action Research type with the purpose of to determine how the health sector solved a legal vacuum in the current labor legislation, referring to the role of the Head of the Occupational Health and Safety service at work (Law No. 29783 and complementary regulations), determining its existence, responsibility, and functions. As a conclusion, it should be pointed out the lack of presence of the State in its supervisory role and the contracting of Peruvian legislation with that of neighboring countries in industrial safety.

The importance of internal control in the execution management of public works – Peru

The objective of the study was to make a proposal for an internal control model, analyzing the Peruvian legislation in the specific area related to the management of the execution of the works "Improvement of the Jayanca Highway, Pampa de Lino" - GORE Lambayeque, through a quantitative study with a descriptive purpose and non-experimental design using a sample of 20 workers from the Institutional Control Unit of the Regional Directorate, among managers, professionals, and technicians. Using the survey technique, whose instrument was the Likert scale questionnaire. Confirming the results that the management of the execution of work is regular, according to the qualification given by 60% of the workers surveyed, the same happening with the dimensions being in the same range. Concluding that the objective of the proposal is to achieve the effectiveness of internal control in the management of the execution of the work "Improvement of the Jayanca highway, Pampa de Lino" - GORE Lambayeque, providing a timely, correct, efficient and transparent use in the management of state assets and resources.
 Keywords: Internal control, work execution management, institutional control body.

Control of Acute Thermal Stress in Broilers Ross Line 308 by Inclusion of Betaine in the Water and its Economic Analysis

The research evaluated the impact of three pesticides on Eisenia fetida in the cultivation of Allium cepa (onion) in thedistrict of Lurín, Lima, Peru. The mean lethal dose values (LD50) at 14 days, evasion percentage and food activity were evaluated as well as the exposure ratio of the toxic (TER) and the environmental risk coefficient (RQ) on pesticides zeta-cypermethrin, pendimethalin and profenofos based on ecotoxicological tests with E. fetida. The LD50 values atan exposure time at 14 d for the three pesticides were: zeta cypermethrin>profenofos>pendimethalin. A relationship with the dose of pesticides close to the LD50 was calculated for the evasion and for food activity. TER value for thethree pesticides was calculated which indicated no ecotoxicological impact for E. fetida. However, in the CR value,there were high risk values in the total, where zeta-cypermethrin indicated 92.77% of the environmental risk, whilependimethalin presented the lowest environmental risk with 0.09%. Within Peruvian legislation, these pesticides are still allowed to be used; hence, based on this research, it is suggested that zeta-cypermethrin be evaluated in more detail, because it was the only pesticide that presented a significant CR. In conclusion, zeta-cypermethrin causes an environmental impact on the onion crop in Lurin.

Tax Deductions Related to an Environmental Accident According to the Peruvian Legislation

In January of 2022 the coast of Peru was affected by the leak of over eleven thousand barrels of oil into the sea. The company responsible for the leak (Repsol) has taken measures in order to compensate the environmental damage caused but there are also fines to be applied against such entity. The aforementioned measures include the cleaning of the ocean as well as the donation of provisions to the population that has been directly affected by the environmental accident, among others. Considering the expenses that come as a direct consequence of an environmental accident it is important to analyze the tax treatment that applies to them. This analysis develops from the premise that according to the Peruvian Tax Law (PTL) an expense that complies with the causality principle (CP) can be deducted in order to determine the net taxable income. The CP implies that an expense can be deducted as long as it takes place with the objective of maintaining the source of taxable income or to create the source of such taxable income. For the current analysis, the legislation, doctrine and the jurisprudence have been considered. This has allowed us to conclude that even though the Peruvian legislation considers the CP as parameter to determine whether or not an expense can be deducted, there are some expenses related to an environmental accident which cannot be deducted to determine the net taxable income.

Analysis of Environmental Damage in Peruvian Legislation: Reflections after 17 Years of Validity of the General Environmental Law - 28611

Analysis of Environmental Damage in Peruvian Legislation: Reflections after 17 Years of Validity of the General Environmental Law - 28611

Trade union rights in Peru

Trade union rights in Peru Gianina Echevarría (bio) Peru is one of the countries in South America where it has been more difficult to exercise trade union rights in recent decades. The major labour reform implemented in the early 1990s by the government of Alberto Fujimori, which was considered the most “flexible” reform in the region, has had very severe effects on the organisation of workers and the defence of their rights. Although there have been some improvements in the regulatory framework in several subsequent periods, the tendency towards reducing the exercise of trade union rights has not been reversed. For more than 10 years, the ILO Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations (CEACR) and the Committee on Freedom of Association (CFA) have been formulating observations and recommendations related to aspects of Peruvian legislation that do not meet the universal minimum standards recognised by ILO conventions. Until ten years ago we had 105 complaints filed with the CLS, which made Peru the first country in the Andean region and the second worldwide with the most complaints during the period 1990-2012. The problematic features that remain in labour laws, and that directly or indirectly limit the exercise of trade union rights are: ■ The existence of many temporary hiring options that produce instability in employment and that make union organisation difficult; ■ The absence of effective protection measures against employer hostility towards unionised workers and their leaders; ■ Serious limitations to the exercise of collective bargaining, especially to implement bargaining at the sector level; ■ Many restrictions on exercising the right to strike. Likewise, the existing legal framework reinforces the model of unionisation at the company level, which is inadequate for building union power in a country in which more than 80 percent of workplaces are micro or small businesses, in which it is impossible to form unions because they do not employ the legal minimum of workers required by law to form a union. Even in the cases of companies with between 20 and 100 workers, the unions tend to be very weak, and it is a very difficult task to defend them from corporate hostilities. The fact that the government does not have a policy to favour unionisation, and that the labour inspectorate is inefficient in detecting and remedying anti-union acts committed by private and public sector companies adds further difficulties for union organising. For example, in 2020, only 2.2 percent of labour inspections dealt with matters related to trade union rights, and there are no statistics on the results of these inspections; that is to say that it is unknown whether the companies were penalised. It is important to point out that in the case of a union leader who has been dismissed without justification the labour inspectorate can do no more than make a finding; it cannot order reinstatement, nor does the inspectorate have competence to inspect public sector entities. In the judicial system, the processes in which cases related to trade union rights are litigated are very slow and with results that often affect the rights of workers. The processes are rarely resolved within three years. On the other hand, and no less important, there is a tendency for labour judges to interpret labour rights restrictively. The contested issues include trade union immunity, the unilateral extension by employers of the benefits of collective bargaining with the aim of weakening the union, or the sanctions that can be applied to workers when a strike is declared unlawful. These questions have not had an adequate result from the judiciary. In all these cases, judicial reasoning underestimates trade union rights and departs from the general principles of the right to freedom of association. To further aggravate the situation, the health emergency caused by Covid 19 had direct effects on production and employment, and also on the exercise of trade union rights. Three main effects of the health emergency can be identified, as well as the labour measures that were implemented by the government to deal with it. In the first place, the loss of life among workers (both union members and non-members) and of trade union representatives, as a result of unsafe work practices...

Lagothrix flavicauda(Primates: Atelidae)

AbstractLagothrix flavicauda (Humboldt, 1812), commonly known as the yellow-tailed woolly monkey, is one of the largest New World primates. Its diet is based on fruits and leaves, and occasionally flowers, buds, epiphyte roots, invertebrates, and some vertebrates. It is endemic to the cloud forests of northern Peru, in Amazonas, San Martín, Huánuco, Junín, La Libertad, and Loreto departments at elevations from 1,000 to 2,800 m. It lives in groups of up to 30 individuals. Lagothrix flavicauda is listed as “Critically Endangered” (CR) by both the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and under Peruvian legislation, and on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).

Problemas en la frontera: retos migratorios en el Perú desde un enfoque interseccional de discapacidad

El presente artículo explora los retos que enfrenta el sistema migratorio peruano frente a la llegada masiva de refugiados con discapacidad. Utilizando el modelo social de la discapacidad como enfoque de análisis, las autores recalcan la importancia de hacer una lectura interseccional de la política migratoria. De esta manera, identifican, desde un enfoque de discapacidad, los principales problemas en la regulación migratoria peruana en relación con el reconocimiento de calidades migratorias, acceso a servicios públicos y recopilación de información estadísticas. Las autoras concluyen que la legislación peruana aún tiene una gran tarea pendiente de incorporar un enfoque transversal de discapacidad.

The Peruvian Amazon forestry dataset: A leaf image classification corpus

Forest census allows getting precise data for logging planning and elaboration of the forest management plan. Species identification blunders carry inadequate forest management plans and high risks inside forest concessions. Hence, an identification protocol prevents the exploitation of non-commercial or endangered timber species. The current Peruvian legislation allows the incorporation of non-technical experts, called “materos”, during the identification. Materos use common names given by the folklore and traditions of their communities instead of formal ones, which generally lead to misclassifications. In the real world, logging companies hire materos instead of botanists due to cost/time limitations. Given such a motivation, we explore an end-to-end software solution to automatize the species identification. This paper introduces the Peruvian Amazon Forestry Dataset, which includes 59,441 leaves samples from ten of the most profitable and endangered timber-tree species. The proposal contemplates a background removal algorithm to feed a pre-trained CNN by the ImageNet dataset. We evaluate the quantitative (accuracy metric) and qualitative (visual interpretation) impacts of each stage by ablation experiments. The results show a 96.64% training accuracy and 96.52% testing accuracy on the VGG-19 model. Furthermore, the visual interpretation of the model evidences that leaf venations have the highest correlation in the plant recognition task.

Participación familiar en la educación escolar peruana

La investigación se enfocó en comprender la situación actual de la participación familiar en la educación escolar peruana, para los cuales, se analizaron y se sistematizaron diferentes leyes vinculadas a la participación familiar en la educación escolar. Del mismo modo, para explicar las condiciones actuales de participación familiar, se estudiaron diferentes informes e investigaciones realizadas acerca del mismo en las instituciones educativas del Perú. El estudio, se centró en cinco dimensiones: la familia como facilitadora de condiciones básicas para la escolarización de los hijos, la comunicación entre la familia y la escuela, la familia como mediadora en el aprendizaje académico de los hijos, la participación en la gestión y actividades de la escuela y, por último, la colaboración con la comunidad. Finalmente, se realizó una comparación entre lo que dicen las dimensiones de participación familiar con la legislación peruana y con la práctica de la participación familiar en las instituciones educativas.

LA DEFENSA EXTRAJUDICIAL DE LA POSESIÓN: UN ANÁLISIS IMPOSTERGABLE

La finalidad del presente trabajo, de carácter eminentemente cualitativo, es analizar la institución jurídica civil de la defensa extrajudicial de la posesión en el país, considerando a la misma como un método de autocomposición de conflictos de posesión, incidiendo en su importancia como herramienta de solución de conflictos de intereses particulares y de disipar incertidumbres jurídicas. La metodología utilizada es básicamente de carácter descriptiva – explicativa y exegética, pues se analiza la evolución de la legislación peruana respecto a la defensa extrajudicial de la posesión. Los comentarios y resultados obtenidos nos permiten concluir que la actual norma que regula la defensa extrajudicial de la posesión no es coherente con los hechos que se van presentado en la realidad social, lo que resulta preocupante, porque nos permite percibir que las normas civiles peruanas se están regulando no considerando las expectativas de la sociedad y las graves consecuencias jurídicas que las mismas podrían generar.

Design and testing of a cost-efficient bioremediation system for tannery effluents using native chromium-resistant filamentous fungi

In Arequipa (Peru), a small-scale tannery industry cannot afford costly or complicated methods for effluent treatment. In this work, we designed and tested a bubble column bioreactor for tannery effluent treatment based on the native filamentous fungi Penicillium citrinum and Trichoderma viride. The bioreactor construction used low-cost materials, with an easy-to-handle design. The parameters considered for testing were based on current Peruvian legislation. In the bioreactor, P. citrinum successfully reduced the effluent content of sulfides, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) and removed nearly 80% of the chromium (VI) after 120 h of reaction. The resulting treated effluent had a composition within the maximum limits permitted by Peruvian legislation. Trichoderma viride also reduced the content of TSS, COD and sulfides, but decreased the chromium (VI) concentration by only ~ 20% after the same reaction time. Both filamentous fungi were able to grow in the experimental conditions used and the bioremediation process occurred with no significant alteration in pH. These findings indicate that a bubble column bioreactor using P. citrinum as a bioremediator agent provides low-cost, effective technology for treating effluent waste produced by artisanal and small-size tannery factories in the region of Arequipa.

NEW PARADIGMS OF TERRITORIAL PLANNING AND (POST-)MINING ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION IN THE ANDES

The paper argues for the necessity of a new paradigm of ecological restoration in the face of mining extraction in the Latin American Andes. It begins with a critical reading of the extra-territorial connections between mining sites and settlements and unfolds their ambivalent relations through chronic cycles of ecological destruction. The analysis focuses on the territorial logics embedded in four mining-settlements of the Peruvian Andes and their development from the eighteenth to the twentyfirst century. Potosí, Huancavelica, Hualgayoc, and Cajamarca form part of an extended network of landscape infrastructures and headwater resources, all of which have been (and continue to be) significantly disturbed through mining operations. The sites have inherited a relentless production of Acid Mine Drainage in addition to other hazardous post-mining ecologies. Tangible evidence of ecological misbalance demonstrates the enduring impact of past-mining activities even centuries after mineral extraction has ceased. The paper reflects on present-day practices of post-mining landscape restoration in accordance with current Peruvian legislation. It concludes with a plea for a new form of territorial planning as well as both the conception and perception of post-mining landscapes through inclusion of design strategies for Cajamarca. Such planning needs to reconcile the contradictory elements of mineral extraction, environmental engineering, and self-sustainable ecological development. Intelligent design research is a major support for such an endeavor.

Comparación entre la normativa peruana y la normativa Extranjera relacionada a la durabilidad del concreto

En la presente investigación se realizó una comparación entre las normas peruana, estadounidense, argentina, boliviana y brasilera de concreto estructural, con el fin de analizar su contenido respecto a la durabilidad del concreto y encontrar posibles falencias de la normativa peruana vigente. La durabilidad del concreto es la capacidad que tiene este material de soportar la acción de diversos agentes que modifican sus propiedades. Este aspecto ha adquirido importancia en los últimos años debido a que su consideración en el diseño de estructuras podría prevenir problemas como agrietamiento, corrosión, carbonatación y otros, los cuales podrían poner en riesgo la funcionalidad de construcciones vitales en la sociedad, además de causar gastos por reparación y en los peores casos, reconstrucción. Para elaborar un concreto durable se hace un análisis del tipo de exposición en el que se encontrará la estructura proyectada, de modo que se puedan tomar medidas que atenúen efectos negativos sobre esta. Las normas consultadas consideran diversos parámetros para cada tipo de exposición, las cuales tienen diversa nomenclatura. Algunos de los parámetros encontrados son: resistencia a la compresión del concreto, relación agua/cemento, tipo de cemento, profundidad de penetración y velocidad de absorción. Los datos encontrados en las normas analizadas son congruentes entre sí, en algunos casos, son los mismos; esto se debe a que algunas normas han sido elaboradas en base a la norma estadounidense. Se hallaron también parámetros propios de cada país, siendo uno de los casos el ensayo de profundidad de penetración al agua, reglamentado únicamente en Argentina.

La capacidad jurídica de las personas con Síndrome de Down para poder donar órganos en el Perú

En el presente artículo se ha realizado un análisis jurídico-normativo sobre la capacidad de las personas con Síndrome de Down para manifestar su voluntad en caso de donación de órganos en el Perú, un trabajo que abre la posibilidad jurídica de aceptación del consentimiento conferido por el dador con Síndrome de Down. Para tal cometido, se ha efectuado un estudio conjunto de la legislación peruana y los tratados internacionales en Derechos Humanos ratificados por el Perú, que promueven un interés por el respeto a la autonomía de las personas con algún tipo de discapacidad.