South Of Peru Research Articles

The hidden diversity of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida in the south of Peru.

Our knowledge of the diversity of potato cyst nematodes in their native areas still remains patchy and should be improved. A previous study based on 42 Peruvian Globodera pallida populations revealed a clear south to north phylogeographic pattern, with five well‐supported clades and maximum diversity observed in the south of Peru. In order to investigate this phylogeographic pattern more closely, we genotyped a larger collection of Peruvian populations using both cathepsin L gene sequence data and a new set of 13 microsatellite loci. Using different genetic analyses (STRUCTURE, DAPC), we consistently obtained the same results that led to similar conclusions: the presence of a larger genetic diversity than previously known suggesting the presence of cryptic species in the south of Peru. These investigations also allowed us to clarify the geographic borders of the previously described G. pallida genetic clades and to update our knowledge of the genetic structure of this species in its native area, with the presence of additional clades. A distance‐based redundancy analysis (dbRDA) was also carried to understand whether there was a correlation between the population genetic differentiation and environmental conditions. This analysis showed that genetic distances observed between G. pallida populations are explained firstly by geographic distances, but also by climatic and soil conditions. This work could lead to a revision of the taxonomy that may have strong implications for risk assessment and management, especially on a quarantine species.

Le conseguenze della «razza»: la costruzione dell'immaginario andino in Perù

Starting from the ethnographic analysis of some Aymara mobilizations in the south of Peru against a mining project on the territories of the local population, in this article I will show that more than the validity of the notion of «race» – of which scientific groundlessness has long been demonstrated – those that have been defined by Marisol de la Cadena as the «consequences of the notion itself» remain, within social and political relations and in Peru's national construction.

Morpho-anatomical adaptations of Argylia radiata (L.) D. Don to an arid environment

Argylia radiata is an herbaceous perennial with substantial potential as an ornamental plant. This is a native plant from the Atacama Desert, it can be found in the north of Chile and the south of Peru. This species is part of the "Flowering Desert", which is an unpredictable phenomenon, associated with unusual winter rainfalls that allow the massive blooming of the Chilean Desert. While most plants in family Bignoniaceae are originally from tropical and subtropical areas, A. radiata lives in very harsh conditions, with average precipitation of around 12 mm per year, a maximum of 34 °C in summer, and a minimum of 2 °C in winter. This extreme habitat makes this species an interesting option to study for its morphological and anatomical adaptations, which have not been described in depth. In this work, optical and scanning electron microscopy of histological samples from different structures were used to describe the plant and to try to understand how A. radiata survives in the driest desert in the world.

The correct name of Clibanornis rubiginosus watkinsi (Hellmayr, 1912 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

The “Watkins’s” Ruddy Foliage-gleaner was described as Automolus watkinsi by Carl Eduard Hellmayr (1912), based on one specimen collected two years earlier in Yahuarmayo, Marcapata, Peru. It is known to occur in the Andean foothills from northern Peru south to northern Bolivia and in extreme western Amazonian Brazil (Remsen 2003). This species has recently been subsumed in the genus Clibanornis, as some studies have shown that it is more closely related to that genus and to Hylocryptus than it is to the other Automolus (Derryberry et al. 2011; Claramunt et al. 2013), affinities that had in part already been suggested due to their similarities in morphology (Chapman 1919). It is currently considered either subspecies of C. rubiginosus (Remsen 2003; del Hoyo et al. 2016; Remsen et al. 2017) or a distinct species (e.g. Piacentini et al. 2015).

A New Genus and a New Subspecies of Olive Shell (Olividae: Olivinae) from the Eastern Pacific Ocean

A new genus of olivine olivid, Felicioliva n. gen., is described from the Panamic and Peruvian Molluscan Provinces. This new Eastern Pacific endemic genus contains three species: F. peruviana (Lamarck, 1811), which ranges from northern Peru south to southern Chile (Peruvian Molluscan Province); F. kaleontina (Duclos, 1835), which ranges from the Gulf of California south to northern Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands (Panamic Molluscan Province); and a new subspecies, F. kaleontina chimu n. subsp. (described here), which is confined to southern Ecuador and northern Peru (extreme southernmost Panamic Molluscan Province).

Soluble trace metals in aerosols over the tropical south-east Pacific offshore of Peru

Abstract. Bulk aerosol samples collected during cruise M91 of FS Meteor off the coast of Peru in December 2012 were analysed for their soluble trace metal (Fe, Al, Mn, Ti, Zn, V, Ni, Cu, Co, Cd, Pb, Th) and major ion (including NO3− and NH4+) content. These data are among the first recorded for trace metals in this relatively poorly studied region of the global marine atmosphere. To the north of ∼ 13° S, the concentrations of several elements (Fe, Ti, Zn, V, Ni, Pb) appear to be related to distance from the coast. At the south of the transect ( ∼ 15–16° S), elevated concentrations of Fe, Cu, Co, and Ni were observed, and we calculated dry deposition fluxes of soluble Cu approximately an order of magnitude higher than a recent model-based estimate of total Cu deposition to the region. The model did not take account of emissions from the large smelting facilities in the south of Peru and northern Chile, and our results may indicate that these facilities constitute an important source of trace metals to the region. Calculated dry deposition fluxes (3370–17800 and 16–107 nmol m−2 d−1 for inorganic nitrogen and soluble Fe respectively) indicated that atmospheric input to the waters of the Peru upwelling system contains an excess of Fe over N, with respect to phytoplankton requirements. This may be significant as primary production in these waters has been reported to be limited by Fe availability, but atmospheric deposition is unlikely to be the dominant source of Fe to the system.

Rhodoscirpus (Cyperaceae: Scirpeae), a new South American sedge genus supported by molecular, morphological, anatomical and embryological data

AbstractIn its broadest sense, Scirpus consists of a heterogeneous assemblage of up to 250 species, but modern circumscriptions suggest that only 40–50 species are part of the genus. Despite a narrower definition of the genus, atypical species continue to be segregated from Scirpus with a common pattern being the removal of Southern Hemisphere taxa to other genera and tribes. In South America, the morphology of remaining Scirpus species also suggests that they are not closely related to Scirpus s.str., but most of these taxa are only known from their types, making a detailed analysis of their generic affinities difficult. One notable exception is Scirpus asper, a species that is relatively common in the mountains and adjacent lowlands of Peru south to Argentina. Although this species possesses features used in the circumscription of Scirpus, such as cauline leaves, flat leaf blades and anthelate inflorescences, it is known to differ from Scirpus s.str. by its Schoenus‐type embryo, and most of its presumed allies are now placed in different genera (e.g., Scirpus analecti ≡ Cypringlea analecta; Scirpus giganteus ≡ Androtrichum giganteum). In this study, we use DNA sequence data from the plastid (matK, ndhF) and nuclear (ETS‐1f) genomes to demonstrate that Scirpus asper is not closely related to Scirpus s.str., but sister to Phylloscirpus within the predominantly South American Zameioscirpus clade (Amphiscirpus, Phylloscirpus, Zameioscirpus). When combined with morphological, anatomical and embryological data, results indicate that S. asper is best treated as the sole species of a new monotypic genus, Rhodoscirpus. The implications of these results on the taxonomy of tribe Scirpeae are discussed.

Population genetics of the invasive cryptogenic anemone, Anemonia alicemartinae, along the southeastern Pacific coast

One of the most important issues in biological invasions is understanding the factors and mechanisms determining the invasion success of non-native species. Theoretical and empirical works have shown that genetic diversity is a determinant of invasion success; thus, studying spatial patterns of genetic diversity, and exploring how biological and physical factors shape this population trait, are fundamental for understanding this phenomenon. Coastal marine ecosystems are one of the most susceptible habitats to invasion given the complex network of maritime transport. In this work we study the cryptogenic anemone, Anemonia alicemartinae, which has rapidly increased its geographical range southward during the last 50years (approx. 2000km) along the southeastern Pacific coast. Based on COI mtDNA sequences we evaluated three main hypotheses: a) the genetic diversity of A. alicemartinae decreases according to the direction of invasion (from north to south); b) there is biogeographic–phylogeographic concordance at the 30°S biogeographic break; and c) the demographic history is coherent with a recent geographic expansion. A total of 161 individual samples of A. alicemartinae were collected along the southeastern Pacific coast range of distribution, covering more than 2000km, including samples along the 30°S biogeographical break. Results showed low genetic diversity (Hd=0.253; π=0.08) and a lack of geographic population genetic structure (FST=−0.009, p-value=0.656). The highest genetic diversity was observed in Peru (Chero and Mesas) and at localities close to the main Chilean seaports. We did not observe concordance between biogeographic and phylogeographic patterns or isolation by distance. Demographic indices (D=−2.604, p<0.001; Fu's=−26.619, p<0.001), as well as a star-like configuration of the haplotype network support recent population expansion of this species. Our results, together with historical field observations, support the idea that the current distribution of A. alicemartinae may be explained by an increase in population size from one small ancestral population probably from the south of Peru, with subsequent human-mediated southward transport, probably associated with regional-scale maritime activities.

Density-body mass relationships: Inconsistent intercontinental patterns among termite feeding-groups

Allometric relationships are useful for estimating and understanding resource distribution in assemblages with species of different masses. Damuth's law states that body mass scales with population density as M−0.75, where M is body mass and −0.75 is the slope. In this study we used Damuth's law (M−0.75) as a null hypothesis to examine the relationship between body mass and population density for termite feeding-groups in three different countries and regions (Cameroon, West Africa; Peru South America; and Malaysia SE Asia). We found that none of the feeding-groups had a relationship where M−0.75 while the data suggested that population density-body mass relationships for true soil-feeding termites in Cameroon (M2.7) and wood-feeding termites in Peru (M1.5) were significantly different from the expected values given by Damuth's law. The dominance of large-bodied true soil-feeding termites in Cameroon and the absence of fungus-growing termites from Peru suggest that these allometric patterns are due to heterogeneities in termite biogeographical evolution. Additionally, as these feeding-groups have higher population density than expected by their body masses it may be suggested that they also have a higher energy throughput than expected. The results presented here may be used to gain further understanding of resource distribution among termite feeding-groups across regions and an insight into the importance of evolutionary history and biogeography on allometric patterns. Further understanding of population density-body mass relationships in termite feeding-groups may also improve understanding of the role these feeding-groups play in ecosystem processes in different regions.

DETERMINACIÒN DE TIMOL Y CARVACROL EN HOJAS DE ORÉGANO POR HPLC FL

El orégano (Origanum vulgare L.) es una planta aromática originaria del mediterráneo; tradicionalmente es cultivada en la zona sur del Perú. Se adapta muy bien a los valles interandinos sobre los 2600 m.s.n.m. Debajo de esa altitud, la concentración de aceites esenciales (timol y carvacrol) disminuye. El desarrollo del presente método tiene por finalidad dotar de herramientas para tomar decisiones sobre la identificación de regiones donde uno o más ecotipos pueden desarrollarse potencialmente con respecto a la calidad de sus aceites esenciales en función al contenido de timol y carvacrol. Como parte de las actividades del proyecto fue necesario el desarrollo de un protocolo para la cuantificación por HPLC para el cultivo de orégano. El método propuesto consiste de un sistema HPLC con detector de Fluorescencia, fase móvil isocrática de acetonitrilo y agua (ACN):H O (50:50), columna Purospher® STAR rp-18e (4,6 2 x 150 mm, 5 ìm), flujo de 1 mL/min, volumen de inyección de 20 ìLy un tiempo de corrida de 15 minutos. El método ha presentado una linealidad mayor a 0,999, precisión ≤ 2,27 y 2,4 intra día, y ≤2,47 y 1,94 inter diario para el carvacrol y timol, respectivamente. Los límites de detección determinado LOD y límite de cuantificación LOQ fue de 0,0007 - 0,002 mg/L para el timol y 0,002 - 0,005 mg/L para el carvacrol, con una recuperación de 98,68 % y 90,95 %, respectivamente. Los resultados muestran que el protocolo desarrollado es un método adecuado para la determinación de timol y carvacrol en hojas de orégano.

A tool to assess the ecological condition of tropical high Andean streams in Ecuador and Peru: The IMEERA index

The main objective of this study was to develop a highland Andean streams ecological assessment tool for managers to determine the biological quality in this broad area of South America. Sampling was conducted during the dry season at 123 sites in eight watersheds of high Andean streams from south of Peru to North of Ecuador. The sites were at elevations above 2000m a.s.l., and ranged in anthropogenic disturbance from none or little (reference) to highly disturbed. Using the physicochemical, hydromorphological and aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblage attributes of the reference sites, two different elevation bioregions were identified (from 2000 to 3500m a.s.l. and those sites at altitudes higher than 3500m a.s.l.). Differences between these two bioregions were related to the change in altitude of the most relevant environmental factors, i.e., temperature, oxygen content of the water and the extent of forested vegetation in the basin and in the riparian zone. These features were paramount to having different macroinvertebrate assemblages as demonstrated by an MDS analysis of our data. Two versions of the multi-metric index IMEERA were developed (the acronym comes from the Spanish name ‘Índice Multimétrico del Estado Ecológico para Ríos Altoandinos’) that corresponded to the two bioregions. In the lower altitude bioregion (Bosque river type, IMEERA-B index), the pressure gradient was driven by the organic pollution and the hydromorphological degradation. While in the higher elevation bioregion (Páramo and Puna river types; IMEERA-P river type), the gradient was driven by the organic pollution and the habitat heterogeneity. The IMEERA B index includes six macroinvertebrate metrics using its richness, habit characteristics and tolerance/intolerance to disturbances (EPT taxa, % clingers, % climbers, intolerant taxa, ABI and % tolerant taxa). The IMEERA P index was calculated using four metrics corresponding to macroinvertebrate richness and its tolerance/intolerance to disturbances (total taxa, intolerant taxa, ABI and % tolerant taxa). The index was validated with a set of independent data from the headwaters of Guayllabamba River in Ecuador.

CARACTERIZACIÓN Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DE CEPAS DE Escherichia coli POTENCIALMENTE PATÓGENAS AISLADAS DE POLLOS BROILER DE EXPLOTACIONES AVÍCOLAS EN EL PERÚ.

Avian colibacillosis produced by Escherichia coli infections cause high mortality and morbidity in poultry farms. The objective of this study was to identify the pathogenic isolates of Peruvian broiler farms based in the presence of five genes encoding the virulence factors: iss, iucC, tsh, cvaC and irp2 by the Multiplex PCR. A total of 36 chicks between 14 and 31 days old from three poultry farms located in the north, centre, and south of Peru were sampled. Three colonies suspected to be E. coli were isolated from the intestine of each bird (n=108 colonies), and were biochemically tested with TSI, SIM, LIA, CITRATE and EMB mediums for the confirmation of the diagnostic. The 41 positive colonies to E. coli were analysed by Multiplex PCR, resulting 65.95% potentially pathogenic (carriers of two or more virulence genes); moreover, 9.8% of the isolates had all five genes. Three pathotypes containing irp2, iucC and tsh genes were found in La Libertad and Lima area.

SEROPREVALENCIA DE Toxoplasma gondii EN ALPACAS DE COMUNIDADES DE LA PROVINCIA DE CANCHIS, CUSCO

The objective of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence ofToxoplasma gondii in alpacas of communities from the districts of Maranganí, Pitumarca,Checacupe and San Pablo, located in the province of Canchis, department of Cusco. Atotal of 272 blood samples were collected in March 2003, for the detection of antibodiesagainst T. gondii by the indirect immunofluorescence test (IFAT). The resultingseroprevalence was 35.7 ± 5.7%, without significant differences due to district, sex, andbreed; however, there was a significant association between age and IFAT value. Theresults of the present study agreed with other studies conducted in South Americancamelids in different localities in the south of Peru.

Southern extension of the geographical range of the pygmy marmoset &lt;i&gt;Cebuella pygmaea niveiventris&lt;/i&gt; (Lönnberg, 1940) in the southwestern Amazon basin, state of Rondônia, Brazil

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Motywy pochodzenia europejskiego jako jeden z aspektów badań nad stylistyką mestizo w barokowej architekturze Wicekrólestwa Peru

The question of South American baroque architecture is filled with a number of problems which keep scholars dedicated to this topic restless for over 50 years. One of them is terminology. Currently the most widespread term used in connection with native-style adorned churches from the former Peru Viceroyalty, is mestizo style. Other designations are „popular architecture” or „Andes baroque”. This stylization appeared in south of Peru including Arequipa, Ayacucho, the shores of the Titicaca lake down to cities in Bolivia through La Paz to Potosí. Mestizo means a mix of European and Indian cultures. It appeared in the 17th century but it reach the peak of its popularity in the 18th. It has only an ornamental character and no construction importance. The motives which appeared in this style are the following:European-origin motifs (mermaids, eagles, angels); tropical floral and animal related motifs (monkeys, pineapples, papayas); Pre-Columbian motifs (masks, pumes). Unfortunately, the research status is insufficient and thereby the reference materials dealing with the topic is far from complete.

Inventing Lima: baroque modernity in Peru's south sea metropolis

Inventing Lima: baroque modernity in Peru's south sea metropolis

Vertical structure variability in a seasonal simulation of a medium-resolution regional model of the Eastern South Pacific

A seasonal simulation from a medium-resolution ocean general circulation mode (OGCM) is used to investigate the vertical structure variability of the Southeast Pacific (SEP). The focus is on the extra-tropical Rossby wave (ETRW) variability and associated forcing mechanism. Some aspects of the model mean state are validated from available observations, which justifies a vertical mode decomposition of the model variability. The analysis of the baroclinic mode contributions to sea level indicates that the gravest mode is dominant over most of the domain at all frequencies. Annual variability is on average twice as large as the semi-annual variability which is confined near the coast for all the modes. The first baroclinic mode contribution to the annual cycle exhibits a clear westward propagation north of the critical latitude. The higher-order modes only contribute near the coast where they are associated with vertically propagating energy. The residual variability, which is the energy at all timescales other than annual and semi-annual periods peaks offshore between ∼20°S and ∼30°S for all baroclinic modes. The third baroclinic mode also exhibits a relative maximum variability off the coast of Peru south of the critical latitude of the annual cycle (∼13°S), where the Peru–Chile Undercurrent is the most intense. Sensitivity experiments to the atmospheric and boundary forcing suggest that the residual variability results from the non-linear interaction between annual Rossby waves and the mean flow, while the annual ETRWs in the model result from the summed-contribution from both the local wind stress and remote equatorial forcing. Overall the study extends the classical analysis of sea level variability in the SEP based on linear theory, and suggests that the peculiarities of the baroclinic modes need to be taken into account for interpreting the sea level variability and understanding its connection with the equatorial variability.

A morphological study of species boundaries of the wild potato Solanum brevicaule complex: replicated field trials in Peru

The Solanum brevicaule complex contains about 20 species of diploids (2n = 2x = 24), tetraploids (2n = 4x = 48) and hexaploids (2n = 6x = 72), distributed from central Peru south to northwestern Argentina. The complex is defined entirely by morphological similarity of its constituent members, which are very similar to each other and to some landraces of the cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum. Conflicting taxonomic treatments are common among authors. Species boundaries within the complex have been studied with morphological phenetics from germplasm accessions planted in a field plot in the north central US, and with molecular marker data from RAPDs, low-copy nuclear RFLPs, and AFLPs. The present study compares these results with an additional replicated morphological study of the same germplasm accessions in a greenhouse environment in the high Andes of central Peru. The results support extensive reduction of species in the complex.

Origin and genetic diversity of Western European populations of the potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) inferred from mitochondrial sequences and microsatellite loci

Native to South America, the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida is one of the principal pests of Andean potato crops and is also an important global pest following its introduction to Europe, Africa, North America, Asia and Oceania. Building on earlier work showing a clear south to north phylogeographic pattern in Peruvian populations, we have been able to identify the origin of Western European populations with high accuracy. They are all derived from a single restricted area in the extreme south of Peru, located between the north shore of the Lake Titicaca and Cusco. Only four cytochrome b haplotypes are found in Western Europe, one of them being also found in some populations of this area of southern Peru. The allelic richness at seven microsatellite loci observed in the Western European populations, although only one-third of that observed in this part of southern Peru, is comparable to the allelic richness observed in the northern region of Peru. This result could be explained by the fact that most of the genetic variability observed at the scale of a field or even of a region is already observed at the scale of a single plant within a field. Thus, even introduction via a single infected potato plant could result in the relatively high genetic variability observed in Western Europe. This finding has important consequences for the control of this pest and the development of quarantine measures.

A sourcebook of Nasca ceramic iconography: reading a culture through its art

For almost eight hundred years (100 BC - AD 650) Nasca artists modeled and painted the plants, animals, birds, and fish of their homeland on Peru's south coast as well as numerous abstract anthropomorphic creatures whose form and meaning are sometimes incomprehensible today. In this first book-length treatment of Nasca ceramic iconography to appear in English, drawing upon an archive of more than eight thousand Nasca vessels from over 150 public and private collections, Donald Proulx systematically describes the major artistic motifs of this stunning polychrome pottery, interprets the major themes displayed on this pottery, and then uses these descriptions and his stimulating interpretations to analyze Nasca society. After beginning with an overview of Nasca culture and an explanation of the style and chronology of Nasca pottery, Proulx moves to the heart of his book: a detailed classification and description of the entire range of supernatural and secular themes in Nasca iconography along with a fresh and distinctive interpretation of these themes. Linking the pots and their iconography to the archaeologically known Nasca society, he ends with a thorough and accessible examination of this ancient culture viewed through the lens of ceramic iconography. Although these static images can never be fully understood, by animating their themes and meanings Proulx reconstructs the lifeways of this complex society.