Urban Planning Perspective Research Articles

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Urban air quality has a major impact on public health. Therefore, planning related to land use is becoming increasingly important from the perspective of urban planning, such as creation of green space for improvement of air quality in a city. Therefore, this study examined the relationships between air quality information from Korea

Analysis of the Disaster Risk Assessment for Urban Declining Areas by Applying Weights of Risk Indicators : Focused on Heavy Rainfall and Snow

Purpose: Declining cities are vulnerable to disasters due to a decrease in population, a decrease in the number of businesses, and the aging of buildings. Residents of declining areas are susceptible to disaster risks, and from an urban planning perspective, it is necessary to identify various disaster risks before establishing regeneration plans for declining areas in various cities. Thus, this paper aims to analyze the risk of disasters in small-scale declining areas in cities that reflect the weights for each disaster risk indicator. Method: This study calculates disaster risk according to the IPCC disaster risk assessment framework. Based on field surveys and spatial statistics, the collected data are integrated into the grid according to the small-scale declining area to classify the grades and obtain risk scores. Next, after evaluating the importance of each risk indicator through expert advice, the disaster risk is analyzed by assigning weights using AHP analysis. In the developed model, a disaster risk analysis was conducted using weights for each disaster risk factor. Result: As a result, the quantified evaluation results were displayed in a 10 m grid for each city. The results of considering the weights for each risk indicator were obtained, and the risk of heavy rainfall and snow disasters specific to each region were obtained. It is expected to use the developed methods in this study as a disaster risk analysis for a small declining area in a city.

Spatial and social inequities for educational services accessibility - A case study for schools in Greater Mumbai

Education is one of the crucial aspects of an individual's life, contributing to economic and social well-being. Lack of adequate access to educational services to children can affect their overall well-being. Further, an inadequate supply of educational opportunities can reinforce social inequalities. This research develops a conceptual framework to measure accessibility for educational services using an extensive dataset of mode-wise travel time matrix of 577 Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZ) and 4308 schools in Greater Mumbai. We evaluated spatial and social equity from urban and transportation planning perspectives for access to educational services. The Gini index is used to assess the distribution of educational accessibility and quantify the spatial inequity. Social inequity is quantified based on the mode-wise accessibility ratio for educational services. The average accessibility ratio shows that the gap in access by public transport and private mode reduces as the threshold increases. A decision framework is developed based on accessibility measures, and policy measures are suggested to address the existing inequities. This study can help planners and policymakers effectively prioritise the suggested measures to maximise the benefits and address spatial and social inequities for access to educational services.

A Pattern for Urban Development Integrated Management System by Urban Planning Approach (case study: Bandar Abbas)

Due to economic growth and demographic expansion in cities, cities face multitude of challenges. With the rising challenges, there is a need for integrated urban management approach to manage public affairs in the cities. This approach will provide a holistic solution to these problems’ cities are facing. The economic growth has created social, environmental and societal changes in the cities. To solve these problems new tools, technology and policies are required to coordinate and integrate environmental, economic, social factors in relation with urban areas to study and manage growth and solve potential problems.The present study is aimed to investigate the current model of integrated urban development management system from the perspective of urban planning in Bandar Abbas in a Descriptive-Analytical Method. The data of this research have been collected from various sources (library, documentary, electronic, various field sources). The sample size is 40, and the sample size is collected from urban planning experts based out of Bandar Abbas and Tehran. Analysis of qualitative results has been performed using the SWOT model. Based on the results, 14 various factors were identified as strengths, 38 factors as weaknesses, 9 factors as opportunities and 20 factors as threats. According to the results, the most important strength is, citizens increasing expectations from municipality to provide services. The important weakness is citizens not having knowledge and duties as a citizen, municipalities and neighboring countries. The most important threat is the influence of ethnic subcultures in the city and cultural conflicts. According to this analysis, the most important priority is to develop and set up good urban management practices and moving towards an integrated approach of urban planning.

Using GIS-based spatial analysis to determine urban greenspace accessibility for different racial groups in the backdrop of COVID-19: a case study of four US cities.

As the United States leads COVID-19 cases on global charts, its spatial distribution pattern offers a unique opportunity for studying the social and ecological factors that contribute to the pandemic’s scale and size. We use a GIS-data-based approach to evaluate four American cities—Anchorage (Alaska), Atlanta (Georgia), Phoenix (Arizona), and Portland (Oregon) characterized by the significant composition of different racial and ethnic group populations. Building upon previous studies that investigated urban spatial inequalities using the environmental justice framework, we examine: (1) the relative racial vulnerability of Census Block Groups (CBG) and ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTA) to COVID-19 (2) green space distribution at CBG and ZCTA scale. Using standard normalization methods, we ranked racial vulnerability against % available green space for each city. Our results highlight the legacy of past and present urban planning injustices. The project is useful from environmental justice, public health management, and urban planning perspectives.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10708-021-10538-8.

The fourth generation of urban projects to tackle climate change: a typological proposal

Climate change is the major challenge of our humanity and the relationship between climate change and cities has received increasing scholarly attention from governance, urban planning and infrastructure perspectives. However, the scale of the urban project, understood as the operationalization of climate change actions, has been neglected. The current three generations of urban projects are revisited (modern city, morphologic articulation, large urban projects) and a fourth-generation within the context of climate change is identified as missing; it combines adaptation and mitigation strategies for urban projects. While adaptation strategies are oriented to minimizing the negative impact of climate change on rising sea-levels, floods and rivers’ changes through green and blue infrastructures, mitigation strategies are twofold: one oriented to minimizing CO2 gas emissions and the other to reducing the risks of deterioration of natural systems due to human intervention or natural causes. Integrating the four generations, a typology of a 2x2 matrix of urban projects is drawn up. The four quadrants of types of urban projects are explained and accompanied by examples. Potential and desirable shifts between the quadrants are discussed to understand how changes are needed to advance to develop this new generation of urban projects. The paper contributes to expanding our understanding of urban projects in the context of climate change with heuristics purposes for researchers, practitioners and academia, and to prepare public policy makers to encourage the debate of climate change actions of adaptation and mitigation that should be materialized on an urban project scale. Future research may empirically test the typology in different contexts of development.

Exploring the Institutional and Bottom-Up Actions for Urban Air Quality Improvement: Case Studies in Antwerp and Gdańsk

The article presents the results of qualitative studies concerning the presence of air quality management in the process of urban planning and in the public discourse in Antwerp, Belgium, and Gdańsk, Poland. We focused on the way urban planners, environmental experts, and stakeholders perceive the problem of air pollution, especially with respect to urban development policy, and whether they consider it one of the major factors determining the quality of the urban built environment. The analysis was empirically based on free, partially structured interviews with experts. With that aim, we referred to certain assumptions of the multidimensional concept of environmental protection and integrated urban planning, highlighting the knowledge gained through interview analysis, literature review, and comparative case study research. The approach brings to light the difference between the perceived and measured air quality and to what extent it is affected by the spatial conditions. The research reveals how the range of perceptions of air pollution is embedded in several sociological, urban planning, and cultural perspectives and how these perceptions differ between the different profiles of the stakeholders and experts.

Job and home dilemma: housing pathways of urban migrants in China

ABSTRACT China’s rapid industrialization and urbanization have been accompanied by massive internal population migration over the past decades. These immigrants experience various housing disadvantages along their migration journeys. Using longitudinal survey datasets from China Family Panel Studies, this paper identifies the housing pathways adopted by the Chinese urban migrants, including moving into homeownership, moving out of homeownership, and non-homeownership mobility. Job changes and institutional forces are the most significant mobility triggers, while family life cycle events are vital predictors of moving into homeownership. The dilemma of job-induced migration versus family-centred homeownership attainment has resulted in various social issues. This paper suggests that policies should be systematically designed for industry convergence from an overall urban planning perspective to promote township urbanization, including industrial relocation, rural economic revitalization, and institutional reforms of rural-urban disparities.

The energy implications of urban morphology from an urban planning perspective – A case study for a new urban development area in the city of Vienna

In view of advancing global warming, climate change adaptation and mitigation measures for buildings are becoming increasingly important. The following article discusses the question of whether current urban planning principles still provide a suitable framework for this purpose. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to identify and quantify the main parameters of the urban planning framework regarding energy demand and energy generation of buildings. In a novel, holistic approach, passive design measures were evaluated in a joint analysis based on a case study in the city of Vienna (Austria) with respect to their impact on heating and cooling energy demand, overheating potential, daylight availability, and solar potential of new buildings. The results show that by improving the thermal insulation of the building envelope, the importance of a high compactness of the buildings to lower the heating energy demand is decreased. In addition, moderate compactness can help reduce the energy demand for space cooling and artificial lighting and increase the solar potential of the buildings. Accordingly, the results question the dogma of a high degree of compactness that still exists to some extent and indicate that changing climatic conditions also require new approaches in the urban planning process.

Geographical Information System (GIS) Based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis for Categorization of the Villages: In the Case of Kabul New City Villages

Kabul is experiencing the most powerful wave of urbanization in its history. With the rapid increase of population, typical urban problems such as lowering of the groundwater table, an influx of returnees, traffic jams, deterioration of sanitation, etc., are becoming critical. In 2006, to decrease the pressure from existing Kabul and take measurements for future urbanization process, an independent board was established for the development of a new city adjacent to the existing Kabul by the name of Kabul New City (KNC). There were already 54 villages that existed there. Due to smoothly implementing the master plan and supporting the existing villages, it was necessary to prepare village development plans. As each village has its own characteristics from the urban planning perspective, therefore this research explains a method for categorization of villages through multi-criteria decision analysis; seven potential criteria were identified and rated in collaboration with experts, and Super Decision software was used as an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) tool to weight the criteria. The final output is a map showing different categories of villages. It will assist the government and urban planners in choosing a clear strategy and platform for developing each individual village to be sustainable and applicable.

Research progress on air pollutant distribution in urban street canyons

Urban street canyon is one of the most important characteristics and spatial forms of cities. It is one of the most frequently used public spaces in cities, with the most serious automobile exhaust pollution and the largest population density. The unreasonable space configuration and internal composition might decrease self-purification of urban ventilation but increase local air pollutant concentration. Here, we reviewed the impacts of street canyon morphology, street trees, vehicle flow and meteorological factors on the distribution of air pollutants in street canyons. We scrutinized the relevant methods of numerical simulation, wind tunnel experiments, and field monitoring on the distribution and diffusion of air pollutants in street canyons. We recommended that future research should concentrate on the impacts of various parameters on the distribution and diffusion of air pollutants based on the field monitoring data. Meanwhile, further research should develop optimization strategies for street canyon design which is conducive to the dispersion of air pollutants, and put forward scientific support and optimization scheme for the controlling of air pollutants from the perspective of urban planning and pattern optimization.

Designing a subway station for your campus: Case of transit architecture elective at AGÜ

Transportation planning and design had been a major concern from the urban planning perspective. Various means of transportation have shaped our cities and landscapes for ages and by looking at transportation buildings from an architectural perspective one can see that existing studies focus on the building performance of the transportation buildings or the history of them. Consequently, transportation building design is an important concern that should be addressed from multiple perspectives. Starting from 2019-2020 Fall Semester, Abdullah Gül University Department of Architecture started a new elective course ARCD 110 Transit Architecture, focusing on this issue. While the main intention of the course is to develop a critical view on the existing prescriptive design methods related to the transportation buildings and their environment, students are expected challenge these discussions at their final projects. In order to develop a critical view on the existing design methods, a considerable part of the class focuses on the design guidelines and typologies of the buildings along with the history of the selected building types. In parallel, student presentations showing different examples throughout the world to inspect different design approaches as well as to start debates regarding various debates around design, global world, awards in architecture, and symbolism in architecture. Afterwards, the class turns into a discussion environment focusing on design issues not only related to transportation buildings but also to the rest of the design environment which they might encounter in the future. these discussions start from multimodal and micro mobile transportation possibilities followed by the personal space as a design parameter. These arguments are followed by sustainability from triple bottom line perspective and the possibilities of different technologies and their effect on the transportation related buildings. Meanwhile, they also experiment with simulation tools to test their design cases in different conditions. After the discussions and the debates students are tasked to design a subway station in front of their campus for a final project. After four semesters, this paper will present the aim of the course, the class structure, projects and the findings of the course with selected examples from the course students to its readers.

Application of environmental ecological strategy in smart city space architecture planning

A smart city requires the organic integration of a good ecological environment with people’s healthy life, so that the city can achieve the purpose of economic construction and ecological environmental protection. In this case, the spatial layout of a smart city must be based on the ecological environment. Under the guidance of the concept of ecological protection, the ecological space of smart cities is not only green space and parks. At the same time, the building communities in the city and the construction land in the city should be green and environmentally friendly. These situations require planning and design in the spatial design layout through networking and informatization. This article mainly studies the space development of smart cities under the integration of information technology and ecological environment from the perspective of urban space architectural planning. A series of problems in our country’s cities and the close connection between smart cities and the ecological environment. After comprehensively analyzing the smart city spatial planning of different cities and regions under the influence of the ecological environment, it tries to analyze the guiding role and development direction of the smart city spatial architectural layout planning under the ecological environment.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Coastal meteorological characteristics based on big data and financial tax optimization of urban enterprises

In recent years, many cities in the world have been hit by the high temperature heat wave and suffered heavy losses. And many coastal cities have been affected to a certain extent. Through reasonable urban form and architectural design to cope with the heat wave, improving the city’s ability to cope with high temperature has become an important planning and mitigation strategy to adapt to urban high temperature. In this paper, big data is applied to the study of coastal weather characteristics. From the perspective of urban planning and architecture, the interaction mechanism of coastal weather characteristics is discussed by using quantitative analysis methods such as correlation analysis and spatial regression model, which provides an important basis for the planning and urban design of high temperature heat wave. Then, taking urban morphology parameters, land use parameters and LST as variables, Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated by SPSS and GeoDa tools, and a spatial regression model was established to explore the quantitative relationship between coastal weather characteristics and land surface temperature. In the Pearson correlation coefficient, the correlation between vegetation coverage and LST is the largest, showing a negative correlation, with the coefficient of −0.595; 595. In addition to coastal climate types, the correlation between building density and LST is the largest, the coefficient is 0.360, positive correlation, the correlation is the smallest. With the application of big data technology, the tax collection and management mode will develop in the direction of intelligence, efficiency, fairness, and accuracy. Big data technology will provide a new direction for the research of coastal meteorological characteristics and the optimization of urban enterprise finance and taxation. In this paper, through the study of coastal meteorological characteristics of big data, it is applied in the city enterprise financial tax, to promote the enterprise financial tax more standardized.

Analyzing the impact of three-dimensional building structure on CO2 emissions based on random forest regression

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary greenhouse gas that increasingly threatens environmental conditions and public health. In addition to conventional socio-economic mitigation measures, a healthy urban design can substantially contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions. Nevertheless, previous attempts only concentrated on the impacts of horizontal landscape pattern and spatial structure on CO2 emissions. The relationship between three-dimensional building structure and CO2 emissions remains to be explored. To fill this knowledge gap, our study analyzed which building indicators matter most to CO2 emissions in high-density areas. First, we discovered the linear relationships between CO2 emissions and various potential spatial drivers based on Pearson correlation test. Second, we examined whether the additional consideration of different building-related indicators can better explain the variation in CO2 emissions using random forest regression. These experiments indicated that building coverage ratio, mean building number, spatial congestion degree, and floor area ratio can exert substantial impacts on CO2 emissions in the study area. Building structure is a key factor affecting CO2 emission volumes. For example, our improved model yields a lower root relative squared error (32.53%) than the benchmark model (34.68%). This methodological framework, which can be easily applied to any other regions, is expected to provide valuable information for the reduction of CO2 emissions from the perspective of vertical urban planning. Policy-makers should carefully consider the impact of building structure on CO2 emissions at an earlier stage of the healthy urban design.

A topological-based approach for determining spatial relationships of complex volumetric parcels in land administration systems

Present changes in land property originate from sizable density growth of the urban environment, led by the high demand of land, especially in industrial and commercial centers. This urbanization development - above and below ground - causes an acute need for developing land administration systems to accommodate current and future demands in land management on the one hand, and urban planning perspectives on the other hand. One approach calls for the design of 3D cadastral registration and management systems, which are planned to replace the well-established 2D systems. One of the key processes that these systems should handle for various cadastral workflows, such as parcel insertion and partition, is accurately determining the spatial topological relationship that exist between 3D Volumetric Parcels. These processes are relatively simple to implement between non-complex 3D Volumetric Parcels, but the reality is that the 3D Volumetric Parcels are mostly geometrically complex. In this paper, we suggest methods and processes based on simplifying unbounded, hollowed, curved, and concaved 3D Volumetric Parcels to enable their robust and accurate spatial relationship determination. As part of the comprehensive solution, we propose a subdivision algorithm used for concaved 3D Volumetric Parcels. We have analyzed the various processes on a realistic simulation, proving that the proposed processes were accurate in handling complex 3D Volumetric Parcels by automatically validating their spatial relatioships. We believe that implementing and embedding the developed set of tools in 3D land administration systems is a step forward in the realization of comprehensive land processes that are essential for the automatic management of our complex and developing urbanization.

Framework for Smart City Model Composition

This paper is a reflective overview of the knowledge on online conversion of services in the perspective of urban planning. It points that traditional planning aimed at building optimal spatial relationships between particular functions in urban environment. Appropriate decision-making rules had been introduced, contributing to a hierarchical land-use structure. This conventional approach has been recently challenged by the rapid ICT development which added a lively, virtual, non-spatial dimension of urban economy. The well-established foundations of urban planning started to shake, calling for a new paradigm. This paper looks for an alternative to traditional planning which would be able to develop policies for omnichannel services (i.e., enterprises that use both online and offline channels for communicating and distributing their products). The advantages of ‘e-planning' in managing omnichannel services are outlined and a conclusion is drawn that only a multi-channel approach can bring appropriate answers to contemporary developments in services sector.

Toward the development of a vibrant, super-aged society: The future of medicine and society in Japan.

Toward the development of a vibrant, super-aged society: The future of medicine and society in Japan.

Designing airspace for urban air mobility: A review of concepts and approaches

The article brings together the academic and industry literature on the design and management of urban airspace. We analyze the proposed airspace concepts, identify their strengths and weaknesses, point to gaps in research, and provide recommendations for a more holistic approach to designing urban airspace. We first identify the structural factors that define the size, capacity, and geometry of urban airspace. These factors are grouped into four categories: safety-related factors, social factors, system factors, and aircraft factors. Second, we review different urban airspace concepts proposed around the world. Third, we assess the airspace concepts based on the identified factors. Most of the reviewed airspace concepts are idealized as abstract networks, with an emphasis on maximizing safety and capacity, and with little regard for factors such as technological complexity, noise, or privacy. Additionally, we find that the airspace structure directly influences the level of safety, efficiency, and capacity of airspace. On the one hand, air vehicles in less structured airspace have more degrees of freedom. They can freely choose their position, altitude, heading, and speed, which increases airspace capacity and reduces flying costs. However, these concepts require high technological capabilities, such as dynamic geofences and advanced sense-and-avoid capabilities, to maintain the required safety levels. On the other hand, airspace concepts with fewer degrees of freedom can accommodate less capable aircraft but require strict operation rules and reduced capacity to ensure safety. Finally, the proposed urban air mobility concepts require extensive ground infrastructures, such as take-off and landing pads and communication, navigation, and surveillance infrastructure. There is a need for a new branch of research that analyzes urban air mobility from the perspective of urban planning, including issues around zoning, air rights, public transportation, real estate development, public acceptance, and access inequalities.

Urban Planning and Human Development: How the COVID-19 Pandemic Reveals the Linkage

The onset and aftermath of COVID-19 can be understood as an extreme event within the context of New York City, in terms of urban planning and design, public health, and the cross-section of the two. Over the course of a few months since early March, 2020, infection rates, illness, hospitalizations, and deaths from COVID-19 swept through New York rapidly. It also became apparent early on that people were not being exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 virus equally, nor was COVID-19 spreading over a level-playing field. In this commentary, we examine what role COVID-19 played in a “social biopsy” of long-standing structural inequity in New York City, to reveal a deep, metastasizing tumor underneath the extreme wealth. We tell the story of the historical context in low-income public and non-profit housing and urban planning in New York City leading up to the pandemic’s outbreak, how the structural inequity was built into place over time by design, how the COVID-19 pandemic has shifted our understanding of equitable and sustainable New York City for New Yorkers, and ways that the pandemic has reinforced our individual and collective sense of uncertainty in the future and distrust in a common good. We then discuss how we can recover, restore and rebuild from the urban planning and public health perspectives, for New York City and beyond. Rebuilding will require reimagining a new normal, and we suggest unique but tried-and-true, complementary and collaborative roles for community stakeholders.