Urban Planning Perspective Research Articles

Underlying Mechanisms of Transit-Oriented Development: A Conceptual System Dynamics Model in Qatar

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is an urban planning approach that facilitates the achievement of sustainable development goals from an urban planning and transportation perspective. Developed countries are moving rapidly to integrate TOD principles into the urban fabric. On the other hand, developing countries face challenges in attempting to implement TOD and introduce new transportation modes. The present research study analyzes the concept of TOD from a systematic perspective, providing an in-depth analysis of the interrelation of the three subsystems of TOD: sustainable transportation, built environment, and socio-economic development. The authors posit that the appropriate application of TOD requires not only that one evaluate the existing conditions of the urban fabric, but also that one assess the typical causality characteristics of the TOD index, as well as investigate the dynamicity of these interacting factors as they change over time. This approach should allow policymakers to better understand the interrelations among the built environment, transportation, and socio-economic aspects of TOD, ultimately enabling them to provide appropriate and focused policies. In this research study, a conceptual system dynamics model for TOD is developed, taking into consideration the needs of a sustainable built environment, a sustainable transportation system, and a sustainable economy. The main findings therefore relate causality effects among multiple variables, including transportation, urban and socio-economic subsystems. The model developed in this study was developed in the State of Qatar, a small country in the Arabian Gulf, but has broader implications as it could be implemented in other countries with conditions similar to those prevailing in Qatar.

Developing an E-Planning System Compatible With Smart City Design Principles

The concept of smart cities has become increasingly popular as a new urban planning perspective. However, different levels of accessibility to these new technologies due to socio-economic disparities in the society proves this approach to be an important research subject for the urban planning of future cities. The main objective of this study is to evaluate smart-governance potential of residents who live in different urban areas and have different technological skills in order to participate in city planning equally. The main methodology of this study is to map and spatially analyse the use of online municipality services in urban areas with different socio-economic characteristics in İzmir/Bayraklı district. For this purpose, a spatial database via GIS was built including the location of residents who use the online ‘e-service’ section of the municipality’s official website and digital analysis maps was produced.

Distribution characteristics of microplastics in urban rivers in Chengdu city: The influence of land-use type and population and related suggestions

In this study, microplastics (MPs) in urban rivers in the Chengdu eco-zone were systematically studied. Microscopic observations and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to determine the microplastic (MP) types. The MPs abundance ranged from 20.92 items/L to 762.95 items/L in water and from 20.92 items/100 g dry weight to 58.57 items/100 g dry weight in sediment. In both the water sample and sediment samples, the dominant MPs morphologies were fibres, lumps, and fragments, and the size of MPs was predominantly distributed in the 50-500 μm rage. The primary polymers were polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Locations with large populations and large areas of woodland and construction land tended to exhibit higher concentrations of MPs. Additionally, compared to water samples, sediment exhibited a more reliable correlation fitting data, thus indicating that sediment was more stable in reflecting the presence of MPs in rivers. This study supplemented the gap in MPs pollution in urban rivers in Chengdu city and discussed the impact of land use and population on the distribution of MPs. Suggestions were provided to alleviate MPs pollution in urban rivers from the perspective of urban planning.

Mapping the Transformation Potential of Streets Using Urban Planning Parameters and Open Spatial Datasets

Streets with an increasingly important place function play a significant role in the contemporary discourse on sustainable cities. The paper addresses urban streets that, observed from the urban planning perspective, have the potential to be transformed into either commercial or residential shared streets. After defining urban planning parameters identified as characteristic of shared streets, streets were quantified based on an analysis of the existing shared streets in Central Europe. By setting up distinctive scenarios that could help to detect specific types of streets, open spatial datasets were used for the mapping and identification of streets that could be transformed into shared streets. The methodology was tested on the example of the city of Maribor in Slovenia. The results of the research show that the selected urban planning parameters can help to identify streets with transformation potential, whereas the basic parameters, such as the building use and the length and width of the street, help us to better understand the urban fabric in which street spaces acquire new functions. The presented mapping method could serve as a testing tool for experts, planners, decision-makers, and the interested public to identify potential street transformations.

Preface

This proceeding consists of the peer-reviewed papers from the 11th IGRSM International Conference and Exhibition on Geospatial & Remote (IGRSM 2022), which was organised by the Institution of Geospatial and Remote Sensing Malaysia (IGRSM). The conference was organised on 8 - 9 March 2022. Due to the evolving COVID-19 situation, the conference has been conducted online.The conference, with the theme “Geospatial Science and Technology in Rebuilding a Pandemic Hit Society” is very imperative in the context of the current development of geospatial technologies worldwide. As the world learns to adapt and move on with the COVID-19 disruption, the significance of geospatial technologies becomes more pronounced. The conference aimed at disseminating knowledge and sharing expertise and experiences in geospatial sciences in all aspects of applications. It is also aimed at building linkages between local and international professionals in this field with industries.The co-organisers of the conference are Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Science & Technology Research Institute for Defence (STRIDE), Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia, and GPS Lands (M) Sdn. Bhd. It was powered by GIS Innovation Sdn. Bhd. and Smart Selangor Sdn. Bhd. IEEE Geoscience & Remote Sensing Society (GRSS) Malaysia Chapter is a Supporting Organiser, while the Media Partners are GeoConnexion and Coordinates.Highlights of the conference include:• Keynote presentations by:o Dr. Maheshwara Rao Appannan, Head of Data, Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre (CPRC), Ministry of Health Malaysia: The Roles of Science and Technology in Dealing with Local Impacts of Covid-19 Pandemic o Mdm. TPr. Norliza Hashim, Chief Executive of Urbanice Malaysia: Urban Planning Perspectives in Developing Pandemic Resilience Nations o Ms. Doria Tai Yun Tyng, Director of Digital Government at State Public Service Department at Sabah State Government: Geospatial applications for Covid-19: Sabah experience • Presentation sessions covered on Technology Trends, Navigation, Big Data, Forestry, Agriculture, Infrastructure & Urban Planning, Land Use / Land Cover Mapping, Disaster Management, and Environmental Monitoring.We would like to thank all parties involved in making the conference a success, including keynote speakers, session chairpersons, presenters, the organising and technical programme committees, student volunteers, and many others of various roles. Prof. Gs. Dr. Abdul Rashid Mohamed Shariff Chairman11th IGRSM International Conference and Exhibition on Geospatial & Remote Sensing (IGRSM 2020)PresidentInstitution of Geospatial and Remote Sensing Malaysia (IGRSM)

Mapping Resilience in the Town Camps of Mparntwe

From the perspective of urban planning, the history of the Town Camps of Mparntwe (Alice Springs) has made them a unique form of urban development within Australia; they embody at once a First Nation form of urbanism and Country, colonial policies of inequity and dispossession, and a disparate public and community infrastructure that reflects the inadequate and ever-changing funding landscape it has been open to. While these issues continue, this paper discusses the resilience of these communities through the Local Decision Making agreement, signed in 2019 between the Northern Territory Government and Tangentyere Council. One thing that has been critical to translating and communicating local decisions for government funding has been the establishment of an inclusive and robust process of participatory mapping—Mapping Local Decisions—where both the deficiencies and potential of community infrastructure within each Town Camp is being identified. As local community knowledge is embedded within these practices, so too are issues of health, accessibility, safety and a changing climate similarly embedded within the architectural and infrastructure projects developed for government funding. Being conceived and supported by local communities, projects are finding better ways to secure this funding, building on a resilience these communities have for the places they live.

A GIS-Based Spatiotemporal Modelling of Urban Traffic Accidents in Tabriz City during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The main aim of the present study was to investigate the spatiotemporal trends of urban traffic accident hotspots during the COVID-19 pandemic. The severity index was used to determine high-risk areas, and the kernel density estimation method was used to identify risk of traffic accident hotspots. Accident data for the time period of April 2018 to November 2020 were obtained from the traffic police of Tabriz (Iran) and analyzed using GIS spatial and network analysis procedures. To evaluate the impacts of COVID-19, we used the seasonal variation in car accidents to analyze the change in the total number or urban traffic accidents. Eventually, the sustainability of urban transport was analyzed based on the demographic and land use data to identify the areas with a high number of accidents and its respective impacts for the local residences. Based on the results, the lockdown measures in response to the pandemic have led to significant reductions in road traffic accidents. From the perspective of urban planning, the spatiotemporal urban traffic accident analysis indicated that areas with high numbers of elderly people and children were most affected by car accidents. As we identified the hotspots of urban traffic accidents and evaluated their spatiotemporal correlation with land use and demography characteristics, we conclude that the results of this study can be used by urban managers and support decision making to improve the situation, so that fewer accidents will happen in the future.

Groundwater and Urban Planning Perspective

An analysis of 17 Romanian cities’ Urban General Plans showed that urban planning documents do not satisfactorily rely on groundwater information. The associated hydrogeological supporting studies include only general recommendations. However, they should include specifications to improve water-balance and detail the need to implement monitoring systems to monitor groundwater levels. The studies do not recommend special construction measures to be implemented for future infrastructure elements and do not include maps delimiting the particular geotechnical and hydrogeological characteristics. A study conducted on an urban river corridor using satellite remote sensing and a methodology characterizing the chosen zone clearly shows a major concordance between the groundwater level and vertical displacements. In addition, the presence of urban anthropogenic strata associated with the groundwater level fluctuations showed amplified vertical displacements of the ground when compared to the areas where the natural deposits exist. The methodology combines subsidence occurrence, land-cover changes, hydrogeological, geological, and hydrological characteristics, climatic aspects, the location, the extension of old quarries, and the last 100 years of topographical changes. These observations emphasize the need for accurate studies to properly discriminate between phenomena and processes generating subsidence, which must be used systematically to support the general urban plans of cities as the documentation of future developments.

Road Safety Evaluation Framework for Accessing Park Green Space Using Active Travel

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a burgeoning demand for active travel (walking or cycling), which is a healthy, pollution-free, and affordable daily transportation mode. Park green space (PGS), as an open natural landscape, have become a popular destination for active travel trips in metropolitan areas. Pedestrians and cyclists are often at high crash risk when exposed to complicated traffic environments in urban areas. Therefore, this study aims to propose a safety assessment framework for evaluating active travel traffic safety (ATTS) near PGS from the perspective of urban planning and exploring the effect of the point-of-interest (POI) aggregation phenomenon on ATTS. First, links between ATTS and the environment variables were investigated and integrated into the framework using the catastrophe model. Second, the relationship between the POI density and ATTS was investigated using three spatial regression models. Results in the Wuhan Metropolitan Area as a case study have shown that (1) the population density, road density, nighttime brightness, and vegetation situation near PGS have pronounced effects on ATTS; (2) pedestrians near PGS enjoy safer road facilities than cyclists. Active travel traffic near PGS requires more attention than non-park neighborhoods; (3) among four park categories, using active travel to access theme parks is the safest; and (4) SEM has the best fit for POI cluster research. Increases in leisure facility density and residence density may lead to deterioration and improvement in ATTS safety levels near PGSs, respectively. The safety framework can be applied in other regions because the selected environment indicators are common and accessible. The findings offer appropriate traffic planning strategies to improve the safety of active travel users when accessing PGS.

Food Retail Network Spatial Matching and Urban Planning Policy Implications: The Case of Beijing, China

Food is the core of urban daily life and socio-economic activities but is rarely the focus of urban planning. The spatial layout of food retail outlets is important for optimizing the urban food system, improving land resource allocation, and encouraging healthy food consumption. Based on food retail POI data, this study employed kernel density estimation, road network centrality, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and locational entropy to analyze the spatial characteristics of supermarkets, produce markets, and small stores in an urban center in Beijing, and explored street coupling and supply-demand matching. The results indicated that within the study area: (1) supermarkets had an obvious “core-periphery” distribution, produce markets had a polycentric distribution, and small stores had a relatively uniform distribution; (2) road network centrality indices revealed a differentiated multi-core-edge distribution; (3) streets with high locational entropy values for supermarkets and produce markets were mostly concentrated in the central area, whereas the matching distribution of small stores was relatively balanced. From the perspective of urban planning, policy implications are proposed based on spatial and social equity, urban-rural differences, population structure and distribution status, and a resilient supply chain. The study findings have practical significance for guiding the development of urban food systems in a healthy, just, and sustainable direction, as well as rational urban land planning.

Identification of Suitable Areas for Concentrated Development in Colombo Municipal Council Area, Using GIS Based Multi-Criteria Evaluation

More than half of the world's population lives in urban areas, which are becoming increasingly congested because of uncontrollable population growth. Zoning is an essential tool in successful urban planning which is a method used to regulate the land use and making concentrated development zones. Defining this concentrated area need to follow some scientific method, because urban areas are connected with complex activity system and different indicators are used to find out those activity systems. Hence different indicators are needed to find the concentrated development zone. GIS based Multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) method can be used to identify the different suitability in urban planning perspective. Colombo is one of the emerging cities in South Asia as well as it is the commercial capital of Sri Lanka. Even though there are under- utilized lands available, it is difficult to get the highest and best use from present use. On the other hand, city need to address the demand for commercial and other developments. This study aims to identify most suitable areas for concentrated development within Colombo Municipal Council area. A GIS based multi­criteria analysis was used to identify the most suitable areas for concentrated development with the criteria of Roads, Population density, Building density, Railway stations, Underserved settlement and Sewer network. The outcome shows that several areas within Colombo Municipal Council area have the potential for concentrated development, yet some areas of concentrated development zone does not. Further four criteria were used for urban growth evaluation which includes: Slope, land fertility, distance to urban center, and distance to road. The final suitability map identified four levels for suitability as Very High, High, Moderate and Low. Keywords: Suitability analysis, Multi Criteria Evaluation, Zoning Plan, Concentrated zone

Built Environment Factors (BEF) and Residential Land Carbon Emissions (RLCE)

Evaluating the effects of built environment factors (BEF) on residential land carbon emissions (RLCE) is an effective way to reduce RLCE and promote low-carbon development from the perspective of urban planning. In this study, the Grey correlation analysis method and Universal global optimization method were proposed to explore the effects of BEF on RLCE using advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) data in Zibo, a representative resource-based city in China. The results indicated that RLCE can be significantly affected by BEF such as intensity, density, morphology, and land. The morphology is the most critical BEF in reducing RLCE. Among them, the building height (BH) and building shape coefficient (BSC) had positive effects on RLCE, while the high-rise buildings ratio (HRBR) and RLCE decreased first and then increased. The R2 of BH, BSC, and HRBR are 0.684, 0.754, and 0.699. The land had limited effects in reducing RLCE, and the R2 of the land construction time (LCT) is only 0.075, which has the least effect on RLCE. The results suggest that urban design based on BEF optimization would be effective in reducing the RLCE.

Buruan Sae, a Green Action towards a Communicative City in Bandung City, West Java Indonesia

Abstract Bandung as a metropolitan city barely has a resiliency system of food and nutrient provision. Almost 96% of food imported from the outside of the city, makes the city vulnerable. COVID-19 outbreak intensify these challenges as agriculture, which one of the main strategic sectors in Indonesia, affected as well. One of the solutions that the Bandung City government offered is an innovation called Buruan Sae (Sehat Alami dan Ekonomis). This research provides an insight for innovation from urban planning perspective in the context of Buruan Sae. It is found that Buruan Sae already has all four components and the key component of innovation. Althogh, there is opportunity to develop the innovation further by expanding the urban markets through utilization of ICT and engaging more stakeholders with communicative city concept to broaden the urban networks.

Challenges in the management of urban natural protected area systems and the conservation of ecosystem services in Guadalajara and Monterrey, Mexico

The manuscript analyses the importance of the integrated management of urban and ecological systems to achieve sustainable development from the perspective of various social actors linked to natural protected areas (NPAs) located in urban contexts. The literature has mainly taken an urban planning perspective; however, fewer studies have been conducted on the environmental governance processes and collective actions carried out by governmental and non-governmental actors to achieve management integrated at the territorial and institutional levels. The objective of the manuscript is to study the collective actions and proposals carried out by strategic social actors linked to the management of urban NPA systems in Guadalajara and Monterrey, Mexico, to solve the many problems they are facing. An exploratory mixed-methods study was conducted to analyse the perceptions of 64 governmental and non-governmental actors concerning the challenges they face in the conservation of urban NPA systems and ecosystem services that they provide. The initiatives of strategic actors regarding the metropolitan management of NPA systems were analysed and combined with proposed hypothetical green belts that integrate urban NPA systems. A multitemporal analysis of land use and vegetation changes was carried out in combination with a study of the political-administrative structure of metropolitan areas with regard to the interconnection among NPAs. The results indicate that strategic actors perceive the following: (1) metropolitan management is necessary to achieve the comprehensive management of territory and NPA conservation; (2) to do so requires cross-cutting or intersectoral policies from a metropolitan perspective; and (3) the participation of non-governmental actors is indispensable in generating information and innovative ideas to establish decision-making processes and democratic and participatory urban planning institutions. This research seeks to provide useful findings for decision makers and those in charge of public policy in the implementation of sustainable urban and metropolitan policies.

Co-operative Housing in Lithuania as a Field of Architectural Experimentation (1960s–1980s)

The paper is a study of house-building cooperatives in the Lithuanian SSR as a field of architectural experimentation in planning, design and construction of mass housing during the late Soviet period (1960s–1980s). The house-building co-operatives were re-introduced in the USSR in 1962 as a substitute for the cessation of private single-family houses in large cities. Politically and economically, house-building co-operatives were seen as a solution to the difficult situation posed by the well-known Soviet apartment shortage because co-operative apartment arrangements meant that residents contributed their own funds to the process of building their homes, thereby avoiding the waiting list. The important change that housing co-operatives offered was the possibility for better-to-do citizens to obtain housing luxuries that were previously available only to the privileged party nomenclatura. From an urban planning perspective such a concentration of previously single houses into multi-apartment buildings was meant to minimise the municipal land taken up for housing and reduce the cost of engineering infrastructure. At the same time the introduction of co-operative housing resulted in more varied residential building designs (including more comfortable apartment layouts and better selection of materials), engaging in the process departments of experimental design at the State Design Institutes. In this paper a hypothesis is proposed that the development of co-operative housing stimulated architectural experimentation for groups concerning both privileged residents (because the process of co-operative housing accelerated the concentration of more affluent urban dwellers) and architects, who wished to express more varied residential planning ideas.The paper is a study of house-building cooperatives in the Lithuanian SSR as a field of architectural experimentation in the planning, design, and construction of mass housing during the late Soviet period (1960s–80s). House-building co-operatives were re-introduced in the USSR in 1962 as a substitute for the stoppage of private single-family dwellings in large cities. Politically and economically, house-building co-operatives were seen as a solution to the difficult situation posed by the apartment shortage. The co-operative apartment arrangements meant that residents contributed their own funds to the process of building their homes, thereby avoiding the waiting list. The important change that housing co-operatives offered was the possibility for better-off citizens to obtain housing luxuries that were previously available only to privileged communist party elite. From an urban planning perspective, concentrating zones previously allotted to single-family dwellings into multi-apartment buildings was a means of minimizing the municipal land taken up by housing and reducing the cost of engineering infrastructure. At the same time, the introduction of co-operative housing resulted in more varied residential building designs (including more comfortable apartment layouts and better selection of materials). The departments of experimental design at the State Design Institutes were engaged in the process. In this paper, we suggest the hypothesis that the development of co-operative housing stimulated architectural experimentation for two groups of people: privileged residents (because the process of co-operative housing accelerated the concentration of more affluent urban dwellers), and architects, eager to implement more varied residential planning ideas.

Study on the Influence of Urban Built Environment Factors on the Social Behavior of ASD Children.

The use of urban space by vulnerable groups, especially ASD children with social anxiety, is an important part of building sustainable urban development. In this study, we focus on the play behavior of ASD children from the perspective of urban planning; then, we discussed how the urban built environmental factors affect the social behavior of ASD children. In this paper, 220 parents of ASD children were given questionnaires and 197 valid questionnaires were obtained after removing invalid ones. Stepwise regression was adopted to further accurately analyze the influence of each factor index in the built environment on children's social behavior. The results showed that multiple urban built environment factors had significant influence on the social behaviors (observation, participation, retreat, and concealment) of children with autism at three stages: before departure, during journey, and arrived at destination. The purpose of study is to fully consider the use of urban space by ASD children when urban researchers or urban planners construct sustainable urban forms, formulate urban design guidelines, and implement old city renewal strategies.

A sustainable pathway towards prioritization of multifunctional benefits in urban agriculture contributing to shrinking cities in developing countries - An empirical case of Sri Lanka

Even though currently at the growth stage, many developing countries are projected to experience urban shrinkage in the future, which demands long-term actions to improve urban sustainability. The study's objective is to investigate the feasibility of using urban agriculture as an open space management strategy under future shrinking and ageing scenarios in developing countries from the urban planning perspective. The study set a future urban shrinking and ageing scenario for the Colombo District, Sri Lanka, for the year 2100. It assessed the perceptions of 93 urban planning professionals about using urban agriculture as a strategy to manage open spaces in the study area in the given future scenarios. These respondents were assumed to be future urban planning professionals living in the year 2100.Results revealed that urban planning professionals highly accept that the multifunctionality of urban agriculture is vital for urban sustainability in future urban shrinkage, and higher preferences were shown for the non-cash benefits, including educational, health, and social benefits. The study also identified the sub-benefits that need to be prioritized under each benefit category and the inter-relationships between them. Finally, it was also found that when these multifunctional benefits are integrated into the urban planning under the future urban shrinkage and ageing scenarios, farmlands that are <1 acre in size, home gardens, community gardens, and privately owned lands are the most suitable land-use characteristics to be considered.

Local Narratives of Change Around Wastelands: An Inside View About Building Social-Ecological Transformation from the Urban Planning Perspective

Local Narratives of Change Around Wastelands: An Inside View About Building Social-Ecological Transformation from the Urban Planning Perspective

New Milan metro-line M4. From infrastructural project to design scenario enabling urban resilience

Resilience is an attitude of a system to cope with shock or stress and to guarantee its continuity. Referring to a city or a neighborhood, a resilient system is an urban body that can sustainably adapt to natural and climate hazards, economic, social, and technological shocks. Moreover, it can sustainably transform solving chronic problems such as traffic, air, and noise pollution.The city of Milan is the case study where trial the re-designing of sustainable, safe, and resilient urban space. The Green-blue backbone project re-shapes a chain of public spaces according to the development of the new metro line M4. The Green-blue backbone is a network of paths and public spaces for pedestrians and cyclists that cross the city center and connect two parks. Its design and implementation are tuned with historic heritage and peripheral neighborhoods and facing their resources through active mobility development. The paper discusses the Masterplan proposal aimed to convert a simple infrastructural project into a well-organized urban space design. Urban design priorities were a high visual appeal, easy and simple maintenance, high ecological function, cultural heritage protection, and sustainable mobility. The Green-blue backbone project pushes Public Administration to re-consider urban space design to implement new local connections and new metropolitan identities according to a sustainable transport system, and to re-think the common background where the community might be resilient. In particular focusing on ecological, functional, and perceptual aspects that are effective elements in creating urban resilience. From an urban planning perspective, Milan’s Green-blue backbone is the opportunity to realize safer and resilient public spaces and sustainable mobility, looking at the time-space design of the public transport and ecological network.

Ecosystem disservices in inclusive urban planning - the case of Mahiliou (Belarus)

Ecosystem services are the benefits that a society gains from nature. In the perception of nature, no less important are those functions and properties of ecosystems that cause discomfort or damage, the so-called ecosystem disservices. They, like ecosystem services, are fundamental to the interaction between the people and urban nature. In the practice of urban development, there is a need for decisions that would integrate into planning projects that provide a comfortable urban environment for citizens, not only ecosystem services, but also disservices. This study focuses on analyzing ecosystem disservices in urban landscapes and examines them from the perspective of inclusive urban planning. Based on a comprehensive stakeholder analysis conducted over the past decade in the city of Mahilioŭ (Belarus), a decision-making tool has been proposed that helps to identify ecosystem disservices and develop an appropriate strategy to reduce or eliminate them, which would ensure the development of urban green and blue infrastructure in terms of inclusive planning and in a participatory manner. The developed tool is illustrated by the three specific cases related to the urban development of the city of Mahilioŭ. The first case demonstrates the possibilities for transforming the position and attitude of stakeholders to the problem, which are worth being considered and which are still not taken into account when making decisions. The second case illustrates the situation of active public resistance to urban development projects, if during communication (public discussions) they could not be convinced. The third case shows the process of transforming public opinion about natural ecosystems in a city and converting potential ecosystem disservices into valuable ecosystem services.