Perspective Of Social History Research Articles

Hungarian health care in the 1930s and 1940s: health care at a crossroads in East Central Europe before World War II

ABSTRACT The relationship between the Horthy era (1920–44) and the communist era shows continuities from a social historical perspective. The paper contributes to the reinterpretation of these relations by examining Hungarian health care in the 1930s and 1940s with a focus on the relationship between international transfers and path dependency in forging health care reforms. The author argues that the achievements communists regarded as inventions of socialism in health care and the welfare state had already been developed in the 1930s and 1940s. It was only because of the strict wartime budget of the early 1940s that these welfare reforms had not been realized. With the help of internal affairs documents, essays on health care, official statistics records in the National Archives of Hungary and the Semmelweis Library and Archives of Medical History as well as press material, Cora demonstrates that, even if communists depicted the interwar period as ‘fascist and imperialist’, the health care system of the so-called ‘productive social policy’ showed continuities. Moreover, social policy makers of the 1930s and early 1940s, such as Béla Johan, Ferenc Keresztes-Fischer and Béla Kovrig also designed welfare and health care reforms for the post-war period by both developing already existing Hungarian programmes and selectively adapting foreign welfare models (American management principles, the Alsace scheme and the Beveridge Plan). The study investigates Hungarian health care in view of the theory of path dependency and the macrohistorical convergence thesis developed by Tomka (on East–West convergence). It is within this framework that the paper addresses the issue of health care transfers to better understand the development of twentieth-century European health care systems by identifying similarities and differences in their development as well as to speculate on the trajectory of various political solutions to social challenges, including health care.

Whitewashing of Social Work History

Severe racial inequity has characterized the incorporation of ethnic minorities’ contributions to U.S. history and advancements (Sandoval et al., 2016). These disparities are inextricably connected to White Supremacist ideologies and practices, and are perpetuated in higher education through textbooks, pedagogy, and research. Social work, like many disciplines, teaches about its early roots with a whitewashed historical lens. Indeed, review of the social work literature reveals the scarcity of attributions to Black, Indigenous, and other People of Color (BIPOC). Without a more racially diverse perspective on social work’s history, social work scholars promote and sustain White Supremacy. The implications of this are crucial since social work education is predominantly populated by privileged White students who adopt this mentality, unaware of Black, Brown, Latino, Asian, Native or Other ethnic “Jane Addams” who have massively promoted the social welfare of communities for decades without historical recognition or the privileged positions of Addams and Richmond. Historical distortions also potentially discourage BIPOC social work students’ self-efficacy and future efforts to contribute and excel in the discipline. To properly address this issue, social work history must be refaced with a more equitable and just lens. This review seeks to address the gap in the literature pertaining to the need for a greater integration and infusion of racially diverse social work historical contributions in several ways. Recommendations will be made for future research in this area to dismantle racist perspectives in social work history, and strategies will be offered to help social work educators and researchers address this critical issue.

Flexland in wording.

Internationally, the 1980s marked a shift in economic policy. In the Netherlands, it was the decade of the supposedly moderate neoliberal turn and of the first round of flexibilization. Nowadays, the degree of flexibility of the Dutch labour market is exceptionally high compared to neighbouring countries. This article examines how the trade union movement in the 1980s responded to increasing flexibilization, which strategy was used, and how this contributed to early Dutch flexibilization. In contrast to the literature with an institutional perspective, this article analyzes the trade union movement from a social-historical perspective and as a social movement organization. As a result, it argues that the effects of rising flexibilization were signalled very early on within the trade unions. Be that as it may, both the priorities that followed from the agreements with employer organizations and the internal dynamics, were decisive for the trade union movement’s relatively late and unassertive responses towards the flexibilization of labour in the 1980s.

Dos experiencias históricas de inclusión educativa: siglos XIX y XXI

Este trabajo surge de los hallazgos de dos investigaciones concluidas, la primera en donde se estudió la historia de la Escuela Nacional de Sordomudos, fundada en México en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, y la segunda en donde se analizó el desafío que enfrenta el docente de educación primaria ante la atención a estudiantes con discapacidad en el aula regular. El objetivo de este artículo se centra en exponer las características y fundamentos generales de dos modelos educativos de educación especial: uno gestado en el siglo XIX y que en realidad fue el primer proyecto educativo financiado por el erario del gobierno federal, que brindó instrucción especializada a niños con discapacidad auditiva y del habla, y el otro generado a partir de la última década del siglo XX y que ha derivado en el actual modelo de educación inclusiva que se ha implementado en todas las escuelas públicas y privadas del sistema educativo mexicano. Estos dos referentes fueron la base para poder reflexionar sobre los alcances, logros y vicisitudes de cada unos de estos modelos y dimensionar las bondades y limitaciones de ambos. Las dos investigaciones fueron de corte cualitativo, y fueron abordadas desde la perspectiva teórica de la historia social (Tanck); la metodología fue el análisis histórico-documental y la herramienta metodológica de la historia oral. Las fuentes primarias emanaron principalmente de los Archivos Históricos del Distrito Federal y de Salubridad y Asistencia, y de las entrevistas de historia oral.

Drumul nostru către Dimitrie Gusti

This short paper is, in fact, a brief presentation of the independent research group the “Gusti Cooperative”, which has been investigating, for twenty years, the history of the Sociological School of Bucharest from a social history perspective. In the article a take a critical stance towards the diachronic practice of the history of sociology promoted from the 1960s onwards, advocating, instead, for a synchronic approach to the Gustian phenomenon. Therefore, in this short exploration, I emphasize that it is necessary to continue in-depth research of the contexts in which the School was active, as well as the need for auxiliary tools, while not attempting to make any kind of synthesis. ##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##

Trends and Prospects of Studies on the Modern History of Medicine in Korea: the Rise of Socio-historical Perspective and the Decline of Nationalist Dichotomy

In the 2010s, research on modern history of medicine in Korea has yielded notably outcomes. There have been social historical inquiries investigating the organic relationship between medicine and society, and there has been a study overcoming the traditional nationalistic dichotomous approach. A social historical perspective has been used to analyze the issues of knowledge and politics; the time period of its application was clustered around the colonial period. The condition of colonialism is both important and convenient for analyzing how and to what extent medicine, which is usually deemed neutral, contains a will of authority. Building on existing research, an attempt to understand a subject based on a combination of various elements or from various angles is needed. Accumulating empirical data is important to further advance related research. It is necessary to verify the accuracy of basic facts and build up verified facts. Sometimes theories are applied to research on the history of medicine. However, they are merely a passive application of existing theories and fail to lead to modification and fortification of the theories based on the case of Korea, let alone the establishment of an independent theory. Accumulating empirical studies would help create a unique theory for the Korean case. To establish a new theory, characteristics of the Korean case need to be identified, which have been formed by the Korean tradition. An understanding of the modern situation inevitably leads to an interest in the tradition. Another necessary effort is to expand territories, and one of them would be to develop interests in patients and consumers.

Pharmaceutical Ethics and Grassroots Activism in the United States: A Social History Perspective.

Women's health activists laid the groundwork for passage of the law that created the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1906. The pharmaceutical and food industries fought regulatory reforms then and continue to do so now. We examine public health activism in the Progressive Era, the postwar era and the present day. The women's health movement began in the 1960s, and criticized both the pharmaceutical industry and the medical establishment. In the 1990s, patient advocacy groups began accepting industry funds; thousands of commercially-funded groups now dominate the advocacy landscape. As pharma funding became normalized, concerns arose regarding a) the lack of transparency and public accountability regarding funding, b) the distortion of groups' agendas, and c) the ability of pharma-funded groups to dominate the discourse and override less well-resourced patient and health advocacy groups. Although industry-funded groups argue that funding allows them to provide useful services, the trade-off in health risks, exorbitant prices and distorted information is far too high. Sincerity is beside the point; patients and the industry have differing interests when it comes to drug safety and efficacy, drug information and drug prices. A growing resistance movement is asserting the values of its activist predecessors and opposing the prevailing culture of pharma-funded advocacy.

Conhecimento e mendicância como epicentro do embate entre Boaventura de Bagnoregio e Guilherme de Santo Amor no século XIII

O objetivo desse artigo é refletir sobre o embate travado na Universidade de Paris entre os mestres seculares e os mestres mendicantes. Essa querela ocorreu porque os seculares sentiramse ameaçados com a entrada dos mendicantes na Universidade. Para realizar essa reflexão, elegemos como fontes para o estudo o escrito de Guillherme de Santo Amor intitulado Tractatus brevis de periculis novissimorum temporum (Breve tratado sobre os perigos dos últimos tempos) como representante dos mestres seculares e três escritos de Boaventura de Bagnoregio: Cuestiones disputadas sobre la Perfeccion Evangélica, A perfeição da vida e Itenerário da Mente para Deus. No epicentro dessa disputa estavam a mendicância e o conhecimento. A partir dessas duas questões, os contentadores escolheram como arma de combate a pena e a Universidade tornou-se a liça. Procuraremos explicitar que, por meio desses escritos, poderemos compreender as mudanças sociais e teóricas que ocorriam no Ocidente medieval, colocando na ordem do dia uma nova visão de mundo, da qual os mendicantes eram seus expositores. Observamos, também, que nossas reflexões consideram os escritos da perspectiva da história social e teremos a memória como nosso fio condutor.

The Role of Trans-Disciplinary Research in Sustainable Renovation

The paper discusses the role of trans-disciplinary research networks tackling the challenges of sustainable renovation such as; environmental impact of substitute building materials and waste, relocation of tenants, lack of skilled labor, rent increase due to high renovation costs, and provides a detailed perspective on the effects in terms of both new forms of collaboration and research results obtained by the researchers and practitioners within the network. The research network Sustainable Integrated Renovation SIRen has become a platform for researchers and actors such as building owners, housing companies, facility managers, contractors, consultants, architects, building conservationists, authorities and tenants’ organisations to meet and work together on technical, environmental, economic, social and cultural historical aspects on renovation of buildings, as well as to identify and discuss new challenges. A multi-aspect process covering all aspects that must be considered by the various actors during different stages of the renovation process has been developed and implemented in four ‘Living Labs’ in real renovation projects. This involved using new modes of work in early stages to place the focus on sustainability aspects and work on new dialogue methods and using methods to evaluate the various renovation options based on technical, environmental, economic, social and cultural historical perspectives.

Emancipación y guerra en el Río de la Plata, 1840-1865: hacia una historia social de las relaciones internacionales

Las causas de la guerra grande o guerra del Paraguay (1864-1870) han sido discutidas desde el final de ésta y continúan siendo objeto de polémica entre los historiadores. En este artículo analizo la relación entre la coyuntura política brasileña y el proceso de abolición de la esclavitud en Uruguay entre las décadas de 1840 y 1860. Pretendo argumentar que la presencia de individuos esclavizados y de terratenientes y dueños de esclavos brasileños en territorio uruguayo afectó las relaciones internacionales entre los países de la región de la Plata en el siglo XIX, contribuyendo fundamentalmente en el crecimiento de las tensiones que llevaron al inicio de la guerra. Más allá de este argumento, al utilizar documentos y métodos típicos de la historia política tradicional y de la historia social, también busco defender la pertinencia del análisis de las relaciones internacionales a partir de la perspectiva de la historia social. Así, pretendo demostrar que los fenómenos de tránsito de individuos por las fronteras, de la fuga de esclavos, de la violencia del reclutamiento de ejércitos y milicias uruguayos y brasileños y de los ataques a las comunidades de negros libres y libertos ocurridos en este periodo tienen una importante dimensión internacional, cuya comprensión es fundamental para el entendimiento de los orígenes de la guerra del Paraguay.

Pietismus: Eine Anthologie von Quellen des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts

Pietismus: Eine Anthologie von Quellen des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts

필담: ‘사회사 시야’ 하의 중국현당대문학 (下)

필담: ‘사회사 시야’ 하의 중국현당대문학 (下)

The Albanian Nationalism: between the National Revival and the Security Prospects in the Adriatic Region

The study will address the phenomenology and the processes that marked the Albanian independence movement, concomitantly illustrating it as an integrated stage into the Balkan trend of nation-state edification during the decline of the Ottoman Empire, hence enforcing the debate over the mechanism that had been used in administrating the territorial possessions of the quasi-defunct caliphate. On this occasion, the research will highlight the external involvement in supporting the Albanian independence movement, mentioning in this way the Italian Kingdom, the actor that assumed the role of protecting independent Albania as a result of Rome`s primordial interests in assuming a predominant role in the Adriatic security architecture.Simultaneously will be pursued Tirana`s nationalist projects and the points of tension from the relations with Greece and Yugoslavia as a result of overlapping the territorial expansionist ethnic agendas of these three states. Therefore, it will illustrate how the Albanian state`s interactions with proximity are influenced by the regional climate of state-building on ethnic backgrounds, with a major impact on the security perspectives over the divergent energies of militant nationalism. In this way, the paper will analyze both the Albania – Greece – Italy triangle, with Rome inoculating the moderation in the Athens – Tirana relationship and mentioning the main the Italian foreign policy objective of assuming the role of a Mediterranean power.Last but not least, the Albanian National Revival Movement is presented from the perspective of social history and ideology, legitimizing Albania's independence, highlighting the domestic lines of rupture and the societal manifestations that could be framed in post-Ottomanism. Differentiating from the Balkan space by Albanian Kemalism eradicated by Ismail Kemal, the Albanian nationalism marked also by a modernization dichotomy: on the one hand by the desire of building a state based on the West-European model, by the agrarian reform and by overcoming the religious differences, and on the other hand the outstanding nationalist conservative revolution of returning to Albania's national values under Skanderbeg`s flag of the two-headed black eagle.

On the margins of the Canadian literary canon: the case of Magdalena Raskevich-Eggleston

In the fall of 2002, Anne Goddard, at the time the archivist at the Library-Archives Canada, and her colleague Amy Tector had to make a decision: What to do with the personal archive of the famous Canadian journalist, Wilfrid Eggleston. It was not an easy task, because the documentary heritage which fit in six boxes contained not only Eggleston’s personal archive but also that of his Lithuanian- Canadian wife, the poet and writer Magdalena Raškevičiūtė (Raskevich) Eggleston. Her archive consisted of diaries, letters, poems, manuscript drafts, a travel journal, an autobiography, etc. After some deliberation and thorough analysis, both archives were preserved. The decision is important because it presented researchers with an opportunity to explore the archives of Raškevičiūtė from the perspective of social history, everyday life history, and diaspora history. In addition, it is very likely that in the near future, the preserved archive will allow the Lithuanian-Canadian author to finally leave the margins of the Canadian literary canon and appear as a female writer in her own right without any social or marital constraints. The first step has already been made: in 2014, Raškevičiūtė-Eggleston was included in a preliminary database of early Canadian women writers.

Revisiting the Dissemination of Marxism in May Fourth China: A Perspective of Cultural Field

The dissemination of Marxism in May Fourth China has always been a heated topic among Chinese historians, and the perspective of social history has influenced this issue over the last 20 years. Current opinion tends to regard the spread of Marxism as a rebellion of marginalized intellectuals against the whole establishment while the cultural elite tried to return to the center of society. Nevertheless, I argue that the dissemination of Marxism in the May Fourth period relied heavily on the existing cultural hierarchy and that a three-tiered configuration began to form among intellectuals that was dominated by top-down rather than bottom-up flow of knowledge of Marxism. The farewell to existing authority had to wait until these intellectuals gradually transformed themselves into revolutionaries after 1922.

Arab Keturunan di Indonesia; Tinjauan Sosio-Historis tentang Arab Keturunan dan Perannya dalam Kehidupan Masyarakat Indonesia

The role of Arabic-Indonesian community in Islamic da 'wah in Indonesia is quite important. However, there are few studies of their role that have been conducted It is for this reason that the writer would like to observe the role and the existence of this community from the social-historical perspective. There are two theories in understanding their relationship with indigenous people. The first is identical theory which perceives that historically Islam is identical with Arab and therefore cannot be separated from Arabic people. The second theory is that the arrival and the development of Arabic community in Indonesia, on the perspective of anthropological history, is closely related to the history of conversion to Islam and the development of Islam in society. The writer tries to observe their social life and their active role in the development of Indonesian society.

Counting the Population and the Wealth in an “Unruly” Land: Census Making as a Social Process in Ottoman Kurdistan, 1830–50

Abstract This article examines the earliest modern Ottoman censuses in Kurdistan in the mid-nineteenth century from a social history perspective. Echoing the efforts of its contemporaries, the Ottoman state set out to conduct its first modern population census in 1830. This early census reflected the state’s aims for standardization and centralization, yet it was conducted “successfully” only in provinces geographically close to the capital. In Kurdistan, a border area controlled by ancient Kurdish chiefdoms and tribes, the census remained a herculean task for over four decades. Following recent society-centered views of global census history, this article approaches the modern Ottoman census experience in this early period as a social process rather than a top down enterprise. It argues that what determined the content, structure, and the format of these early censuses was not the discussions in the meeting rooms of the Ottoman imperial bureaucracy but social encounters between local and central, state and nonstate actors situated in the locality.

The Role of Women in Tunisia from Bourguiba to the Promulgation of New Constitution

Abstract The question of women became one of those fundamental issues used by North African nations in order to demonstrate to Western countries just how “democratic” they were. In this regard, the legislation in favour of women’s emancipation in Tunisia undoubtedly reveals an important peculiarity. In 1956 Tunisia underwent an important modernisation following the independence obtained from France. This produced a social emancipation not found in other Islamic countries, resulting in the acquisition of women’s rights, for example, the abolition of polygamy. Since the 1970s, women have felt as if they are hostages to politics and, through some feminist associations, denounce inequalities despite enjoying certain rights, becoming aware of their subordination in a male-dominated society. With Bourguiba’s successor, Ben ʿAlī, assuming power in 1987, a policy emerged in which the rights of women seemed to be guaranteed, without guaranteeing human rights. And Tunisia revealed, much like other countries, a sort of mutilated modernity, in which the modernisation process was put in motion, without the modernising state committing itself to promoting a political modernity with the adoption of true democratic principles. Moreover, how much did the secularism of the Ben ʿAlī regime coincide with the transformation of Tunisian society? Perhaps the abuse of power by the dictator neutralised the paradigm of human rights? Social and cultural transformation beginning with Bourguiba and continuing with Ben ʿAlī produced an “Islamic-secular” country also as it relates to gender issues. But, with the victory of the Islamic party al-Nahḍayn the 2011 elections, will there be a radical transformation of women in society? And with Tunisia’s new constitution finally being adopted in January 2014, has it been considered a victory for women? This paper seeks to stimulate debate on the issue in the context of post-colonial studies through a social-historical perspective.

Hate Speech: Concept and Problem

Hate speech issues have become one of interesting topics disscussed by academics of different disciplines since two decades ago. The studies employ various perspectives such as linguistics, sociology, anthropology, psychology, politics, law and even media and communication, making the theme an interdisciplinary study. One of prominent and comprehensive studies on hate speech in US from 1920s to the end of twenty century using social and political history perspective is one written by Samuel Walker (1994), a professor in University of Nebraska, Omaha, AS. Walker focused the study on social context and groups interrelation, prejudice and discrimination as political issues, and attempts to control hate speech through legal institutions. Started from terminology analysis like “race hate”, “group libel”, or “racist speech”, Walker then proposed a definition of hate speech and its related expressions such as race, ethnic, religious groups, minority, age, marital status, physical capacity, sexual preference and sex

Rosa Congost, Jorge Gelman, Rui Santos (Edits.) Property Rights in Land: Issues in Social, Economic and Global History. Número 48 de Perspectives in economic and social history. London and New York: Routledge, 2017.

Rosa Congost, Jorge Gelman, Rui Santos (Edits.) Property Rights in Land: Issues in Social, Economic and Global History. Número 48 de Perspectives in economic and social history. London and New York: Routledge, 2017.