Philosophical Perspective Research Articles

Integrating David Humes Philosophy with Contemporary Psychology: A Dynamic Approach to Understanding Self-Identity

The exploration of self-identity is a central theme in both philosophy and psychology, offering crucial insights into personal continuity and the nature of the self. David Hume's A Treatise of Human Nature presents a groundbreaking view that challenges the traditional notion of a stable, enduring self. Hume argues that the self is not a singular, unchanging entity but a fluid collection of perceptions, including sensory experiences, thoughts, and emotions, all in constant flux. This contrasts sharply with traditional psychological theories, which emphasize a consistent self-concept and stable personality traits. This paper integrates Hume's philosophical insights with contemporary psychological frameworks to develop a more nuanced understanding of self-identity as a complex, fluid, and context-sensitive construct. Hume's ideas on memory, imagination, and reflexive impressions extend traditional models of self-identity, offering a dynamic perspective that aligns with modern psychological theories emphasizing the evolving nature of personal identity. The integration of Hume's perspective has significant implications for clinical practice, suggesting the need for more flexible therapeutic approaches that acknowledge the dynamic nature of self-identity. This includes supporting individuals through identity transitions and embracing the variability in self-concept. By merging philosophical and psychological perspectives, this paper contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of self-identity, providing valuable insights for both theoretical exploration and practical application in psychological practice.

Defending Relational Autonomy

Abstract Relational accounts of autonomy such as those advanced by Rebekah Johnston (2017. “Personal Autonomy, Social Identity, and Oppressive Social Contexts.” Hypatia 32 (2): 312–28) and particularly Marina Oshana (1998; “Personal Autonomy and Society.” Journal of Social Philosophy 29 (1): 81–102. 2006; Personal Autonomy in Society. Aldershot: Ashgate; 2015. “Is Social-Relational Autonomy a Plausible Ideal?” In Personal Autonomy and Social Oppression: Philosophical Perspectives, edited by M. Oshana. New York: Routledge) are often thought to be distinctively vulnerable to paternalist and perfectionist objections, as well as implying in a troublesome and/or implausible way that many of us are much less autonomous than is standardly thought. I argue that although constitutively relational accounts are indeed perfectionist, they are so in such a “thin” way that we should not be concerned by it; that they are not paternalist (and indeed are necessarily hostile to the sorts of power relations necessary for paternalism); and that the charge that relational accounts demand an unattractively high bar for autonomy is misdirected – we really do lack autonomy in perhaps surprising but plausible ways and for the account to imply this is a problem for the world rather than the theory.

Sustainability of Infrastructure Development in Indonesia: A Legal Analysis of Price Adjustments in Construction Contracts

This study examines the mechanism of price adjustments in construction contracts in Indonesia from philosophical, juridical, and practical perspectives. The background of this issue stems from fluctuations in construction material prices, which often threaten the sustainability of infrastructure projects. To address this issue, this study aims to analyze the philosophical foundations and legal doctrines underlying the price adjustment mechanism, evaluate the regulatory framework in Indonesia, and formulate recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of dispute prevention and resolution mechanisms. Employing a juridical-normative research method, this study analyzes the principle of contractual fairness and the doctrine of rebus sic stantibus as the foundation for price adjustments. The results show that Law Number 2 of 2017, Presidential Regulation Number 16 of 2018, and their implementing regulations have regulated the mechanism of price adjustments; however, their implementation still faces obstacles in the form of administrative complexity and transaction costs. To increase the effectiveness of this mechanism, the standardization of price adjustment clauses referring to international best practices, such as the FIDIC contract standards, is needed. In addition, optimization of a digital technology-based price information system, capacity building for stakeholders, and development of effective dispute resolution mechanisms, mainly through arbitration, are necessary. In conclusion, this study affirms that harmonising philosophical foundations, legal doctrines, adaptive regulations, and effective dispute prevention and resolution mechanisms is the key to optimizing price adjustments in construction contracts to support the investment climate and sustainable infrastructure development in Indonesia.

Design, Anthropology, and Sociology. A Possible Transdisciplinarity?

This contribution aims at critically examining the evolving role of design in contemporary society, integrating insights from sociology, anthropology, and design theory. It discusses the shift from long-term ethical objectives to economic and technological imperatives. Emphasizing interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches, it highlights the necessity for enhanced collaboration to address complex societal issues. The article advocates the re-evaluation of design ethical dimension and its potential for shaping future narratives; it stresses the importance of promoting sustainable and ethical behaviors through design to enhance collective well-being. Drawing on philosophical and sociological perspectives, it proposes proactive design interventions to envision and shape desirable futures. Lastly, it calls for the establishment of transdisciplinary research centers to analyze future scenarios and guide societal transformations towards preferred outcomes.

Towards a Holistic Approach to Sustainable Development: Inner Development as a Missing Link for Sustainability Transformation

The discourse on understanding and implementing sustainable development has so far focused primarily on the external aspects, neglecting the internal dimension of people. The main purpose of our paper is to contribute to addressing this research gap. Therefore, we intend to (1) substantiate existing aspects of the Inner Development Goals (IDGs), (2) complement them, and (3) link the concept of the IDGs to normative discourses in Christian Social Ethics and Social Philosophy. Our results show that the dimensions of Being, Relating, and Collaborating in the IDG Framework can be substantiated by the normative discourse on spirituality and by reference to the social principle of personality in Christian Social Ethics, as well as by the Indian Social Philosophical Perspective of Vimala Thakar which focuses on a value-based approach. This paper suggests that the concept of the IDGs will be strengthened by adding the dimension of Caring—understood as the concern and responsibility for the wholeness in the combining of the inner and outer dimensions. By linking the concept of the Inner Development Goals to the existing normative discourses in Christian Social Ethics and Social Philosophy, our research contributes to making the concept connectable and deepens the discussions on a practical and theoretical level.

Restrepo, Mariluz. The Postcards Radical Openness: A Philosophical Perspective of its Inception, Impact, and Traits, Ethics International Press, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom, 2024, 276 pp.

Book Review

Tokyo to Lahore: The transnational journey of Thundering Dawn

ABSTRACT Thundering Dawn, an English-language journal, was first published in Tokyo (Japan) and later in Lahore (colonial Punjab) in the early twentieth century. Known for its acute oriental wisdom, it is a significant archival source for understanding Puran Singh’s early philosophical perspectives. His profound appreciation for that period’s culturally rich milieu prompted the journal's inception for articulating his spiritual exploration. The journal's trajectory paralleled its founder’s, reflecting an extraordinary evolution. This study aims to delve into this relatively obscure journal and its transnational journey, providing a comprehensive content analysis of the presently accessible editions to reveal its true essence and character.

The Unity of Virtue and Body: Moral Realization in Mencius’ Theory of Embodying Virtue

Mencius’ “Theory of Embodying Virtue 踐形說” is an important theory that combines moral cultivation and physical practice, emphasizing that virtue is externalized and realized through concrete physical actions. This paper explores the theoretical foundation of the “Theory of Embodying Virtue 踐形說”, examining its internal connections with Mencius’ doctrines of “Innate Goodness”, “Four Beginnings 四端”, and “Nurturing Qi 養氣”. Through self-cultivation, individuals can gradually transform their inner virtues into outward behaviors, ultimately achieving the unity of virtue and the body. This not only serves as an essential path for personal moral cultivation but also embodies the Confucian moral ideal. Additionally, the paper analyzes the contemporary significance of the “Theory of Embodying Virtue” from the perspectives of modern ethics and body philosophy, particularly in terms of its implications for moral education, the improvement of social ethics, and the shaping of leaders’ moral images. By conducting an in-depth discussion, this paper reveals that Mencius’ “Theory of Embodying Virtue” still holds significant theoretical and practical value in contemporary society.

Exploring the conceptual history of validity in nursing diagnoses: A Koselleckian perspective.

This purpose of this article was to use the method of conceptual history to analyze the evolution of the concept of "validity" in nursing diagnoses and to identify key transformations, theoretical influences, and implications for contemporary clinical judgment and decision-making. Five stages derivate from the approach proposed by Reinhart Koselleck, including: identify the concept and its relevance, historical contextualization, contextual use, semantic changes over time, and synthesis and interpretation. The concept of "validity" in nursing diagnoses is essential for accurate diagnostics, interdisciplinary communication, and evidence-based decision-making, though its interpretation varies due to differing philosophical perspectives and methodological challenges. Historically, "validity" in nursing evolved from empirical methods to theory-driven approaches incorporating psychometric and clinical frameworks. Validation processes have adapted, integrating scientific rigor, ethical considerations, and practical utility, while also reflecting societal, technological, and cultural shifts. Today, the focus is on balancing methodological diversity and evidence-based practice, with a need for continuous quality improvement, interdisciplinary collaboration, cultural sensitivity, and patient involvement. The concept of "validity" in nursing diagnoses has evolved from early empirical methods to its current focus on evidence-based practices, interdisciplinary integration, and cultural sensitivity, emphasizing the need for accurate, technologically informed diagnostics to enhance patient care and guide clinical decision-making. Nursing must integrate diverse perspectives, cultural sensitivity, and technology into its diagnoses, and professionals should be trained in both scientific and ethical aspects to improve patient outcomes.

Preschool Education and Maria Montessori: A Review

Maria Montessori is one of the prominent philosophers in the field of early childhood education, noted for her innovative perspectives and contributions. In this paper, the researcher aimed to investigate Maria Montessori’s educational philosophy as it pertains to preschool education, with a specific focus on the model she developed, the principles she advocated, the curriculum derived from her philosophy, and the teaching methods she recommended. Additionally, the article evaluated the perspectives of other philosophers on Montessori’s preschool model and assessed the impact of her insights on the evolution of preschool education. The researcher employed a qualitative approach, drawing upon existing studies conducted by other scholars in the field of preschool education. The findings indicated that Montessori’s educational philosophy presents a distinct and innovative approach to preschool education. Her model, characterized by foundational principles, a thoughtfully designed curriculum, and effective teaching methodologies, has marked a significant advancement in the discipline. Moreover, the research illustrated that Montessori’s approach fosters independent thinking among students while enhancing their sensory awareness, self-esteem, and social skills. While her work has been influenced by other prominent figures in the field, Montessori has established a unique educational philosophy that stands independently. It is also important to note that critiques of her model often originated from a superficial understanding of her philosophical framework. Montessori’s philosophy has served as an exemplary model for preschool education, advocating for a child-centered learning environment that emphasizes the collaborative involvement of parents and educators, as opposed to a narrow focus on assessment-driven standards.

(Epistemic) Injustice and Resistance in Canadian Research Ethics Governance

ABSTRACTThis article brings a philosophical perspective to bear on issues of research ethics governance as it is practiced and organized in Canada. Insofar as the processes and procedures that constitute research oversight are meant to ensure the ethical conduct of research, they are based on ideas or beliefs about what ethical research entails and about which processes will ensure the ethical conduct of research. These ideas and beliefs make up an epistemic infrastructure underlying Canada's system of research ethics governance, but, we argue, extensive efforts by community members to fill gaps in that system suggest that these ideas may be deficient. Our aim is to make these deficiencies explicit through critical analysis by briefly introducing the philosophical literature on epistemic injustice and ignorance, and by drawing on this literature and empirical evidence to examine how injustice and ignorance show up across three levels of research ethics governance: research ethics boards, regulations, and training. Following this critique, and drawing on insights from the same philosophical tradition, we highlight the work that communities across Canada have done to rewrite and rework how research ethics as a site of epistemic resistance is practiced.

포스트모던 시대의 상담 효율화를 위한 단기상담 모듈화 가능성 탐색

This study was conducted to reconstruct brief counseling into a structured module counseling from the perspective of post-modern philosophy. When dealing with newly emerging issues in modern society, the limitations of traditional counseling methods of exploring past experience and original family dynamics were examined, and the core theme of “alienation and isolation” that penetrate four areas of social relationships, family relationships, career & study, and self was extracted from the cases of brief counseling. In addition, the direction of counseling in modern society was divided into five factors of burnout society, attention economy, consumerism, structural &cultural violence, and rights of minorities from the perspective of post-modern philosophy, and the roles of counselors and questions performed at each stage were modularized by focusing on the progress of the present, past, and future sessions of brief counseling. In conclusion, the modern meaning and implementation method of brief counseling were combined with post-modern philosophy to present a highly efficient structured module, which was intended to be helpful to counselors who study and practice counseling.

Epistemology of Islamic Inheritance Law Justice in the Perspective of Islamic Legal Philosophy

Penelitian ini mengulas tentang Epistemologi Keadilan Hukum Waris Islam dalam Perspektif Filsafat Hukum Islam bahwa Hukum kewarisan Islam pada dasarnya berlaku untuk umat Islam di mana saja di dunia ini. Sungguhpun demikian, corak suatu negara Islam dan kehidupan masyarakat di negara atau daerah tersebut memberi pengaruh atas hukum kewarisan di daerah itu. Pengaruh itu adalah pengaruh terbatas yang tidak dapat melampui garis-garis pokok dari ketentuan hukum kewarisan Islam tersebut. Namun pengaruh tadi dapat terjadi pada bagian-bagian yang berasal dari ijtihad atau pendapat ahli-ahli hukum Islam sendiri (Sajuti (1995)). Dalam ajaran Islam tidak membedakan gender baik itu laki-laik maupun perempuan semuanya sama rata kedudukannya dalam hal apapun, kecuali kodrat yang dianugerahkan Allah yang membedakannya yang merupakan fitrahnya itu. Demikian juga dalam hal waris semuanya itu berimbang dan adil dalam hal pembagian harta warisan, tidak ada lagi yang namanya 2: 1 tapi semuanya itu dibagikan sama rata, berdasarkan faktor sosiologis dan perubahan status sosial yang berkembang dalam masyarakat. Karena pada hakekatnya ayat-ayat al-Qur’an yang berkaitan dengan waris itu sifatnya bilateral/parental bukan yang selama ini dipahami secara patrilineal.Dari hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat member kegunaan secara akademis dan praktis, dari sisi akademis kegunaan penelitian di samping berguna bagi pengembangan ilmu penulis juga dapat bermanfaat bagi peneliti-peneliti yang akan datang. Pentingnya hasil penelitian ini bagi peneliti-peneliti yang akan datang terutama terletak pada sisi ketersediaan data awal, karakteristik termasuk masalah-masalah yang belum mendapatkan analisis yang fokus. Secara praktis penelitian ini berguna bagi informasi. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian pustaka (library research), bersifat kualitatif, deskriptif analitis.

Meaningful Learning in Philosophical Perspective: A Review of Ontology, Epistemology, and Axiology

Meaningful Learning is a learning approach that emphasizes the meaning and relevance of material to students' lives. This study aims to explore Meaningful Learning through a philosophical perspective, namely ontology, epistemology, and axiology. The method used is a data-based literature review from Lens.org, focusing on relevant articles, journals, and policy reports. This study found that ontologically, Meaningful Learning is rooted in an understanding of the nature of meaningful learning as a close relationship between subject matter and student experience. From an epistemological perspective, Meaningful Learning emphasizes how to gain knowledge through active experience, reflection, and dialogue. Meanwhile, axiologically, Meaningful Learning provides added value in the form of developing 21st-century competencies such as critical thinking, creativity, and collaboration. The results of this study provide an important contribution to the development of more contextual and transformative learning theories and practices in education. Recommendations are also given for the application of Meaningful Learning in various educational contexts in Indonesia.

The Evolution of Environmental Ethics in the Anglican Church

This paper aims to establish the evolution of environmental ethics in the Anglican Church. The paper employs a critical analysis existing literature using the interpretivist paradigm. Interpretivism focuses on describing meaningful social action and gaining an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon under study. In this study, phenomenological description was applied to understand the evolution of environmental ethics in the Anglican Church through a detailed exploration of individuals’ experiences. Although many philosophers have contributed different philosophical perspectives on the environmental ethics, there is a need to also consider the evolution of environmental ethics from a theological perspective. Theologians and ethicists have been inspired to look for another perspective from the scriptures and theology which can enable the ecological sustainability and environmental ethics in the natural world which experiences rapid destruction and dilapidation. This study therefore is a critical exploration on how the Anglican Church has positioned itself in relation to the environmental ethics debate.

The Value Implication of Digitalization to Empower the Modernization of Ideological and Political Courses in Colleges and Universities

In the new era and new journey, the construction of ideological and political courses is facing new situations and new tasks, and there must be new atmosphere and new achievements. Digital empowerment of the modernization of ideological and political courses in colleges and universities is the need to promote the party's innovative theories to be deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, the need to better serve the construction of a strong country in education, and the need to promote the development of Chinese-style modernization. From the perspective of Marxist philosophy, this paper examines the value implication of digitally empowering the modernization of ideological and political courses in colleges and universities. Second, from special to general: the digitalization of ideological and political courses promotes the modernization of education; The third is from the object to the subject: the modernization of ideological and political courses promotes the modernization of teachers and students. Explain its value implication from three dimensions, enrich the connotation of the times of ideological and political courses, continuously improve the pertinence and attractiveness of ideological and political courses, and strive to cultivate more newcomers of the era who can reassure the party, love and dedicate themselves, and take on the important task of national rejuvenation.

The Idea of Time and the Evolution of History. Thoughts on a Dialectic in Spanish Medieval Judaism

From its origin, Israel has been determined by history. The Jewish people was shaped historically as such around the Torah. However, Jewish history itself witnessed in its bosom the birth of spiritual experiences that go beyond historical and chronological boundaries. Aside from history and temporality, some experiences, paradoxical to its collective existence, appear continuously in Jewish history throughout time. In the present article we will analyze, from the perspective of philosophy and theology of history, this duality in a time and place that are key to its understanding: The Middle Ages in the Iberian Peninsula. Our research is a transversal outlook in which this topic is addressed from a broad analysis ranging from tradition and scripture, to mystique, philosophy and eschatology.

CONNOTATIONS OF CONTEXTUAL SYNONYMS IN TEXTUAL COHERENCE

The article examines various approaches to the classification of connotation as a semantic component of linguistic units within the communicative domain. It also analyzes the classification of connotation from the perspectives of linguistics, stylistics, logic, and philosophy. Connotation is regarded as a significant means of semantic construction in discourse. From a typological standpoint, the study identifies expressive, emotional, evaluative, duration, and other semantic components within the semantic structure. At the level of connotation and modality expression in texts, the issue of contextual synonyms is also addressed. Synonyms are considered tools for text cohesion, and their usage is analyzed within specific textual frameworks. Additionally, the expression of semantic properties is discussed concerning the genre characteristics of the text and the communicative situation. The functional significance of synonyms as textual creation tools is explored from the perspective of semantic cohesion. Furthermore, synonyms are examined in terms of their role in ensuring content accuracy and the selection of linguistic expressiveness. In studying the linguistic and textual modalities of synonyms, it is deemed appropriate to analyze them from structural, semantic, and functional perspectives. Observations from these perspectives should incorporate necessary contextual inclusivity, account for linguistic, i.e. stylistic features, and clarify the pragmatic “value” of discourse. Such approaches not only refine the practical material of the research but also enhance the robustness of the evidential basis presented.

Portraying my Research Journey from Positivist to Post-Modernist

This paper delves into the philosophical underpinnings of various educational research paradigms, spanning from Positivism to Post-Modernism. Through an exploration of the researcher's pedagogical journey, it aims to elucidate the interconnections between epistemology, ontology, axiology, and methodology within each paradigm. Beginning with Positivism, characterized by its emphasis on empirical observation and objective truths, the paper navigates through the evolution towards Post-Positivism, which acknowledges the role of subjectivity and context in knowledge production. Interpretivism is examined next, highlighting its focus on understanding the subjective meanings and interpretations individuals attach to their experiences. Criticalism emerges as a paradigm that critiques power structures and seeks to empower marginalized voices in research. Finally, the paper delves into Post-Modernism, which challenges grand narratives and embraces pluralistic perspectives. Each paradigm is illustrated with examples from the researcher's own experiences, demonstrating how research within each framework is justified and legitimized. Through this exploration, the paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the diverse philosophical perspectives that inform educational research methodologies.

Kyai and Nyai’s Views on the Right to Ijbar in the Jombang Islamic Boarding School Community: A Legal Philosophy Perspective

In legal philosophy there are principles of morality, justice and human rights for each individual in regulating human ethics with in-depth reflection regarding the laws that exist in society. This means that women also need to pay attention to their role in choosing their life partner. However, the practice of ijbar rights in marriage is currently still found in the Islamic boarding madzhab community in Jombang, so the voice of the Kyai and Nyai is needed to express their opinion because they are figures who play an important role and are embraced by the Islamic boarding madzhab community. The research carried out to answer the above questions, the author used a qualitative field research method consisting of main data, namely legal philosophy and interviews with several Kyai and Islamic boarding madzhab caregivers in Jombang. While secondary data is classical jurisprudence books, journal articles and others. The results of the research are (1) according to the views of the Kyai and jiai, the right of ijbar or mujbir guardian may be carried out on girls provided that there is a benefit between the child and the parents (guardian), but it is better not to carry out ijbar. (2) In legal philosophy with the views of Kyai and Nyai regarding the right to ijbar, there is a binding relevance where the views of Kyai and Nyai, although guided by fiqh law, still provide principles of legal philosophy including the right of women to choose their partners.