National Security Perspective Research Articles

The Doklam Standoff and Importance of Strategic Border Infrastructures: A Critical Analysis from the National Security Perspective of India, China, and Bhutan

The Doklam Standoff and Importance of Strategic Border Infrastructures: A Critical Analysis from the National Security Perspective of India, China, and Bhutan

Societal Perceptions in Transition from a Borderland to a Frontline: Latvia’s Latgale During the War in Ukraine

This article follows a peculiar case of a sub-national region transitioning from an almost ordinary Western-Russia borderland to a frontline region during Russia’s war in Ukraine (since 2022 and ongoing). The region in question is Latgale, one of Latvia’s historical regions on the European Union’s (EU’s) edge, bordering not only Russia but also Belarus. The region has the highest share of Russian speakers among Latvia’s historical regions and the least favourable economic situation. For these and other reasons, Latgale has often been denoted as a potentially fruitful place for Russia’s destabilization acts. This article is one of the few studies and the first after Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine exploring societal perceptions and risks from the national security perspective in this frontline region. Data from three nationally representative surveys reveal that Latgale remains the most distinct of Latvia’s historical regions, also regarding national security since there is the lowest willingness to fight for Latvia and the lowest acknowledgement of Russia’s guilt over the war in Ukraine.

From active duty to activism: how moral injury and combat trauma drive political activism and societal reintegration among Israeli veterans.

This article deals with combat experiences and their consequences and could be potentially disturbing. Moral injury (MI) is a severe form of combat trauma that shatters soldiers' moral bearings as the result of killing in war. Among the myriad ways that moral injury affects veterans' reintegration into civilian life, its impact on political and societal reintegration remains largely unstudied but crucial for personal, community, and national health. 13 in-depth interviews examine combat soldiers' exposure to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) that include killing enemy combatants, harming civilians, and betrayal by commanders, the military system, and society. Interviewees also described their political activities (e.g., voting, fundraising, advocacy, protest) and social activism (e.g., volunteering, teaching, charitable work). Interviewees also completed the Moral Injury Symptom Scale. Two distinct narratives process PMIEs. In a humanitarian narrative, soldiers hold themselves or their in-group morally responsible for perpetrating, witnessing, or failing to prevent a morally transgressive act such as killing or injuring civilians or placing others at unnecessary risk. In contrast, a national security perspective blames an out-group for leaving soldiers with no choice but to act in ways that trigger moral distress. Associated with shame and guilt, the humanitarian perspective triggered amends-making and social activism after discharge. In contrast, a national security perspective associated with anger and frustration fostered protest and intense political activism. Despite its harmful health effects, moral trauma and injury can drive intense political and social activism, depending upon the narrative veterans adopt to interpret PMIEs. Aside from moral injury's personal, familial, and social effects, moral injury drives veterans' return to the political arena of civil society. As such, veterans play a central role in politics and dramatically affect post-war policy in democratic nations following conflict.

Anti-unmanned aerial vehicle detection system for airports: aviation and national security perspective

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles gained significant popularity in the last decade as demonstrated by their wide usage in various fields. From around the year 2001, the usage of unmanned aerial vehicles’ technology was mainly confined to law enforcement agencies such as the military, police, and customs. In the contemporary, terrorists have also been observed to be using unmanned aerial vehicles to attack aviation facilities. The current paper examines the levels of vulnerability of the Namibian airports to possible intrusion and attack from unmanned aerial vehicles, a situation that could pose a serious threat to aviation and national security. Adopting a qualitative research approach, the study made use of a questionnaire and semi-structured interview guide to collect primary data from the participants. Microsoft Excel was used to analyse the data. The study establishes that Namibian airports are prone to attacks from unmanned aerial vehicles as there are no anti-unmanned aerial vehicle detection systems installed at all airports in the country. Thus, there is clear evidence that the Namibia Civil Aviation Authority and the Namibian Airport Company’s regulations and policies on aviation safety and security did not prioritise the installation of anti-unmanned aerial vehicle detection systems at all airports in Namibia. The paper suggests that, in order to enhance aviation safety and security, a joint civil/military Information Technology Unit, responsible for spoofing, detection, and the monitoring of illicit unmanned aerial vehicle operations should be set up and operations activated at all airports and other public infrastructures in Namibia.

The Nexus of Refugees and Irregular Migrants in the Perspective of National Security in the Southern African Development Community

The Nexus of Refugees and Irregular Migrants in the Perspective of National Security in the Southern African Development Community

美 해외투자안보심사제도 도입의 주요 쟁점 및 전망

Since the inauguration of the Trump administration in 2017, it has been sensitive to foreign capital investments and mergers and acquisitions aimed at acquiring advanced core technologies in the country under the slogan “Make America Great Again”, The Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act of 2018 was enacted by strengthening the authority of the Foreign Investment Commission (CFIUS). “Resurrection of U.S. leadership” since the inauguration of the Biden administration in January 2021. In other words, part of the Global Supply Chain Reorganization (GVC) with the slogan that the U.S. is the only country capable of leading the international order, The “CHIPS and Science Act of 2022”, which took effect at the end of July 2022, and the “Inflation Reduction Act of 2022”, which took effect on August 16, 2022, are representative examples, while actively cooperating with allies and restoring relations, it shows the same trend as the previous government, which prioritizes national interests.
 On June 13, 2022, the United States released a draft bill to sanction specific overseas investment reviews and business activities to respond quickly to national security risks.This is the so-called “National Critical Capabilities Defense Act of 2022 (hereinafter referred to as 2022 NCCDA or revised NCCDA)” bill. The bill is intended to replace NCCDA 2021, which was included in the U.S. Competition Act (COMPETES Act), which passed the House of Representatives in February 2022. International attention and attention are focused on the case that the state directly applies a security review to foreign investment activities of companies, except for China.
 This study analyzes the characteristics of the U.S. NCCDA bill and presents a response strategy to protect its interests from a national security perspective by synthesizing previous studies of similar international law. In particular, as the control targets and standards that the U.S. government or Congress intends to regulate are broad and include provisions for offshore application, it intends to contribute to the establishment of a response strategy for Korean companies and the government and further technical means requiring international cooperation.

The position of the Nusantara Capital City from a national security perspective

The relocation of the capital city to East Kalimantan is a megaproject contained in the National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) for 2020-2024. Despite the pros and cons, this megaproject is targeted to be completed in the next 15 years. This research focuses on explaining the impact of the relocation of the Nusantara Capital City from a national security perspective for Indonesia in the future, considering that Indonesia is a large country in Southeast Asia and the backbone of ASEAN. To answer the question, this research uses an explorative qualitative approach, with library research as an analysis technique. This technique collects the information by collecting and analyzing the documents, journals, books, and media information related to the object of research. The theory used in this research is national security and it is found that the policy of relocating the capital city will have a positive impact on Indonesia in the future, as seen from various national security sectors such as from the economy to the environment. On the other hand, it can also pose a new threat to Indonesia from the socio-cultural sector.

Space From Perspective of National Security

Space is significant asset for prosperity and security of countries. Space brings noteworthy benefits in various areas from environment and weather monitoring, agriculture, to communications, navigation, science and exploration. Demands for space technology is increasing all over the world since particularly security issues are becoming even more prominent. Contrast to past, security issues are dramatically changed today since there are unorganised or organised, uncertain, unpredictable perpetrators that are threats to national securities. In addition to man-made threats, the effects of natural hazards such as climate change are felt more and countries have started experiencing unexpected and strange impacts. Many countries and organisations have been using satellite technologies effectively to cope threats to national securities for a while. Today it becomes apparent that investments in space technology and capability development will dramatically increase for the future prosperity of the nations. In this paper, benefits brought by satellite technologies are being articulated from the perspective of national security. In addition, emerging technologies that will become more prominent in space field for national security are also being introduced.

Riau Regional Government Collaboration in the Implementation of the P4GN National Action Plan

Indonesia is currently facing quite serious challenges in terms of the abuse of narcotics and illegal drugs. In general, narcotics and psychotropic substances can be used as medicinal ingredients in the medical field and in the development of science. The effects of this dependence can result in death. Not only that, other aspects such as moral and social are also affected by narcotics abuse. One of the biggest problems in Riau is the high circulation of drugs coming from abroad. The high distribution of drugs is influenced by various factors, in this case, geographical and demographic conditions in Riau. Based on the identification of drug-handling problems in Riau Province that have been explained, this paper has the objectives of, among others, analyzing efforts to implement P4GN, especially in the context of tackling drug trafficking and abuse in Riau Province; and analyze efforts to implement P4GN in Riau from a national security perspective. This research approach is qualitative with a descriptive research design. The research location is in Riau Province with the determination of informants using a purposive sampling technique. Collaborative governance focuses on the voluntary aspects of collaborative practice. From the voluntary aspect is expected that every actor involved can work optimally to achieve goals in the effort to implement P4GN in Riau Province. Communities, especially in Riau and throughout Indonesia in general, to correctly understand the concept of national security in a comprehensive manner.

Riau Regional Government Collaboration In The Implementation Of The P4gn National Action Plan

Indonesia is currently facing quite serious challenges in terms of the abuse of narcotics and illegal drugs. In general, narcotics and psychotropic substances can be used as medicinal ingredients in the medical field and in the development of science. The effects of this dependence can result in death. Not only that, other aspects such as moral and social are also affected by narcotics abuse. One of the biggest problems in Riau is the high circulation of drugs coming from abroad. The high distribution of drugs is influenced by various factors, in this case, geographical and demographic conditions in Riau. Based on the identification of drug-handling problems in Riau Province that have been explained, this paper has the objectives of, among others, analyzing efforts to implement P4GN, especially in the context of tackling drug trafficking and abuse in Riau Province; and analyze efforts to implement P4GN in Riau from a national security perspective. Collaborative governance focuses on the voluntary aspects of collaborative practice. From the voluntary aspect is expected that every actor involved can work optimally to achieve goals in the effort to implement the Prevention and Eradication of Drug Trafficking (P4GN) in Riau Province. With clear regulations and awareness of the importance of saving the nation's generation from the dangers of drugs, empirically the gray zones at the functional and operational levels can be mapped to the fullest so that the realization of a Drug-Clean Indonesia can be realized.

Research on the Security and Protection System of Biological Resources from the Perspective of National Security

<p>In 2014, General Secretary Xi Jinping put forward the concept of “overall national security concept”, which is another great innovation of China's socialist theoretical system. Based on the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the comprehensive national security interests, combined with the actual situation of the expansion of national security factors and the threat to national security interests, this paper explores the problems in the national security system exposed by the epidemic in order to improve the public security management system and epidemic prevention and control system represented by biological resources and public health security in China.</p>

A kibertér jellemzőinek biztonság központú vizsgálata

An absolute concept and definition of cyberspace is an impossible undertaking due to its multidisciplinary nature. The information technology, social and natural science aspects of cyberspace would have to be included in such a concept. Consequently, the aim of this paper is not to create a generalised concept of cyberspace. Rather, it is to explore the fundamental characteristics of cyberspace in a multidisciplinary way. However, identifying these characteristics is not an end in itself, but aims at a better understanding of cyberspace from a national security perspective. Indeed, for the development of an effective national security framework, it is also necessary to have an in-depth understanding of the social reality of cyberspace, as both technology and society have an impact on each other and necessarily on security processes in traditional space. It is essential for the development of modern defence and security arrangements to understand and synthesise these.

THE EUROPEAN UNION (EU) AND THE CLIMATE-SECURITY NEXUS: CSDP MISSIONS AND OPERATIONS

Since the mid-2000s, the climate-security nexus has come to the forefront of scholarly debates. For some scholars, the linkages between climate change and security should be analyzed from the national security perspective, whereas others from a human security perspective. Taking into consideration the implications of climate change on national and human security, international organizations worldwide started to develop policies in this field. The EU acknowledges climaterelated security risks and searches for new policies and tools to respond to them. Yet, the EU’s efforts remain mainly at the discursive level. On the practical level, the EU’s various policy tools have not yet incorporated climate-security nexus in their agenda. This paper aims to analyze the impact of the climate-security nexus on the EU’s CSDP missions and operations.

Keep Your Eyes on China’s Metaverse

While many people have been discussing the security implications of the development of the metaverse from a civilian or business perspective, very few discussions analyse the implications from a national security perspective. Thus, this article contributes to the security discussions by exploring how China can make use of the metaverse to maintain stability and international influence. This article argues that the metaverse provides an immersive and integrated environment, thus, facilitating the Chinese government’s spread of propaganda and invasion of the privacy of netizens accessing China’s Internet. This article will discuss China’s emphasis on Internet security; then, this article discusses how the metaverse assists China in influencing people’s mindsets and monitoring people’s behaviours. Finally, this article discusses the implication of China’s metaverse on individuals. As we sail into a new era of the digital world, everyone should maintain their independent thinking and be aware of their data security to enhance their resilience to government abuses.

The importance of mass urban transport from a national security perspective

The importance of mass urban transport from a national security perspective

일본의 중요토지조사규제법 제정과 쟁점

On the basis of national security and territorial integrity, can the state regulate the use of land and buildings around important defense facilities or on border islands? In response, on June 16, 2021, Japan promulgated ‘Important Land Survey Regulation Act.’ In enacting the Important Land Survey Regulation Act, the Japanese government suggested land acquisition in a specific area by foreign capital as a basis for legislation. Due to the cases of land acquisition in a water source, defense facilities, or border islands, anxiety among Japanese residents and the people is growing. As a background of legislation, the Important Land Survey Regulation Act refers to ‘concerned’ foreign capital and state. It is primarily considering Korea and China as regulatory targets. The Important Land Survey Regulation Act is a regulation law based on the maintenance of the base of national life, maritime sovereignty, and national security. In the future, I think the Important Land Survey Regulation Act will have a direct or indirect effect on Korea. From a national security perspective, laws that regulate direct investment in corporate purchases also exist in the United States and Japan. However, regulations on real estate transactions have recently been introduced from the perspective of national security. In the United States, the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act (FIRRMA) enacted in August 2018 is a representative law. Real estate transactions are being conducted as a subject of review by the US Foreign Investment Committee (CFIUS). From a national security perspective, Japan is reviewing the case of the United States, which regulates the sale of real estate. However, problems with the bill were pointed out in the process of enacting the Important Land Survey Regulation Act. The issue of unconstitutionality of the Important Land Survey Regulation Act was also raised. In this study, I reviewed the issues and the contents of the law in the legislative process of the Japanese National Assembly : the purpose of legislation and the existence of legislative facts, the subject of regulation and delegation of legislation, forest and water sources, enforcement decree and delegation legislation, resident movement regulation, designation of special zones, and pre-reporting system, etc. The following matters were reviewed on the issue of unconstitutionality inherent in the Important Land Survey Regulation Act : legislative purposes and the absence of legislative facts, violation of the principles of parliamentary legislation, principle of criminal justice, recommendations and orders and criminal penalties, land use investigation and personal information, privacy rights, freedom of thought and conscience, self-denial rights, property rights and compensation systems, etc. The Important Land Survey Regulation Act, like FIRRMA in the United States, is based on national security, Japan primarily aims to protect Japan’s Self-Defense Forces facilities and U.S. military facilities. To this end, ownership and use, and transactions of land and buildings in a specific area are regulated. Second, however, it is a law to prepare for border disputes or maritime disputes between Japan and China, Japan and Russia, Korea and Japan. From the perspective of borders, territories, and maritime sovereignty, the Republic of Korea needs to establish new border protection measures for uninhabited islands and islands.

Assessment of the Body Composition and Bone Calcification of Students of Police Schools and Police Training Centers in Poland-A Cross-Sectional Study.

The 21st century is considered the age of malnutrition resulting in the unprecedented frequency of civilization diseases. Among these disorders, obesity is particularly distinguished and considered an epidemic-scale disease. For this reason, conducting studies on obesity and counteracting this phenomenon is essential. Research from recent years indicates a problem of excessive body weight among officers of uniformed services, who should be characterized by good health and fitness level due to the specificity of the work. As the problem of obesity affects every fourth Pole, research in uniformed services seems to be essential from health and national security perspectives. The presented study aimed to determine the elements of nutritional status in 289 students of Polish police schools and police training centers. Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis, and bone calcification assessment was conducted by the DXA densitometric method. Based on BMI and body fat content, body weight disorders were found in 31.8% of all examined students. Densitometric test results showed changes in bone calcification of varying severity in 26.6% of the total number of respondents. The presence of obesity in students of police schools and training centers proves that the present nutrition model is energetically unbalanced, while the demonstrated disorders of bone calcification indicate an improper condition of mineral nutrition.

Bibliometric Analysis of the Main Concepts Associated with Resilience from a National Security Perspective

Abstract There is growing interest in deepening resilience building and development programmes that target both individuals and organisations, with implications in almost all areas of social, economic, and political life. The aim of our approach is to illustrate, in quantitative terms, both the place and importance in the literature of some of the most important concepts associated with resilience, namely security, critical infrastructure and security culture, and the links between these concepts.

Fluorescein based fluorescent and colorimetric sensors for sensitive detection of TNP explosive in aqueous medium: Application of logic gate

Rapid detection of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) in real samples has recently attained considerable attention from the perspective of national security, human health, and environmental safety. In this context, cost-effective and convenient detection of TNP explosive was accomplished through two new fluorescein based sensors F2 and F3. Sensors displayed effective fluorescence quenching response towards TNP in the aqueous medium. Highly sensitive fluorescence detection of TNP explosive (detection limit, 0.73 (F2) and 1.7 nM (F3)) was governed by ground-state charge transfer complex formation, facilitated by favorable H-bonding between sensor and TNP explosive. Fluorescence quenching mechanism for the detection of TNP explosive was investigated through UV–Visible absorption, dynamic light scattering (DLS), density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the Benesi-Hildebrand, and Job’s plots. Advantageously, sensors displayed selective and immediate colorimetric recognition of TNP explosive. Importantly, sensors exhibited quick response time towards TNP even in the presence of potential interferences that make them highly suitable for practical applications. Sensors were successfully applied for fluorescent and colorimetric detection of TNP explosive in industrial water samples and fabrication of logic gates. Further, convenient contact mode and instant surface sensing of TNP explosive were achieved through the fabrication of fluorescent strips and explosive responsive test kits.

Fluorescence turn-off sensing of TNT by polyethylenimine capped carbon quantum dots

In recent years, the determination of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) explosive residues in various matrices has attracted great interest from the perspective of national security and public health. Here, a fluorescent polyethylenimine capped carbon quantum dots (PEI-C-dots) probe was synthesized by a microwave-assisted technique using polyethylenimine and citric acid precursors and used to detect TNT. The sensing mechanism of TNT is based on fluorescence quenching as a result of the donor–acceptor interaction between Meisenheimer anion form of TNT and PEI on the PEI-C-dots surface. The fluorescence quantum yield of the synthesized PEI-C-dots was 54% and the detection limit for TNT was 93 μg/L. It was observed that neither the nitramine group (HMX and RDX) explosives with similar structures nor common soil ions and camouflage agents interfered with the determination of TNT. The interference effect of picric acid was eliminated by removing it with a basic anion exchanger before the determination. This nanosensor allows rapid, simple, selective, and sensitive determination of TNT residues in complex matrices and has the potential to be converted into a kit format.