Justice Perspective Research Articles

Climate change and cancer: the Environmental Justice perspective.

Despite advances in cancer control-prevention, screening, diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship-racial disparities in cancer incidence and survival persist and, in some cases, are widening in the United States. Since 2020, there's been growing recognition of the role of structural racism, including structurally racist policies and practices, as the main factor contributing to historical and contemporary disparities. Structurally racist policies and practices have been present since the genesis of the United States and are also at the root of environmental injustices, which result in disproportionately high exposure to environmental hazards among communities targeted for marginalization, increased cancer risk, disruptions in access to care, and worsening health outcomes. In addition to widening cancer disparities, environmental injustices enable the development of polluting infrastructure, which contribute to detrimental health outcomes in the entire population, and to climate change, the most pressing public health challenge of our time. In this commentary, we describe the connections between climate change and cancer through an Environmental Justice perspective (defined as the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of people of all racialized groups, nationalities, or income, in all aspects, including development, implementation, and enforcement, of policies and practices that affect the environment and public health), highlighting how the expertise developed in communities targeted for marginalization is crucial for addressing health disparities, tackling climate change, and advancing cancer control efforts for the entire population.

Catholic Jesuit educational mission: Catholic social teaching and Arrupian justice approach in pursuit of racial justice at traditional Jesuit schools

ABSTRACT Results from a case study school are reported. The mission of a Catholic, Jesuit High School consists of teaching and living the seven principles of Catholic Social Teaching as a way to love one’s neighbor. This involves ensuring the human dignity of all human beings. Traditional American Jesuit High Schools continue to pursue the human dignity and be in right relationship with all underrepresented and underserved communities despite societal and demographic challenges and political headwinds. This manuscript presents a perspective of racial justice that interweaves Catholic Social Teaching with the social justice vision of Pedro Arrupe. Arrupe is the former Jesuit Superior General of the Jesuits and the inspiration behind Traditional Jesuit high schools incorporating the principles of Catholic Social Teaching within their schools. This article explores how the Catholic Jesuit mission specifically as it pertains to issues of racial justice can be animated within the traditional Jesuit educational institutions in substantive and most transformative ways requiring greater prophetic governance and leadership.

The multiple injustice of fossil fuel territories in the Ecuadorian Amazon: Oil development, urban growth, and climate justice perspectives

Alongside growing awareness of the historical and ethical dimensions of climate change impacts, little is known about those territories both sources of fossil fuel extraction as well as not beneficiaries of its benefits, usually located in developing countries. Our study frames climate justice in the Ecuadorian Amazon Region (EAR), defined as “urban jungle”, due to urbanization processes linked to oil exploitation. By highlighting the multiple injustices for local communities, the general aim is showing how these areas are at the same time peripheries of fossil fuel extraction and national benefits, while also being entangled with the socio-environmental impacts caused and increased by oil activities. The methodology is based on spatial analysis carried out in GIS environment, combining different features (oil production, urban infrastructure, socio-environmental impacts), at different spatial and temporal scales. Results show that, since the beginning of oil exploitation in 1972 and until 2020, about 6.4 billion barrels were produced in the EAR, in 34 oil blocks located in the central-north sector. Moreover, between 1985 and 2020, oil exploited EAR has continued to be the most urbanized part, surrounding and involving indigenous territories and ethnic population in voluntary isolation. Finally, the results highlight the high density of recorded oil spills, pits and gas flaring sites in historically exploited oil block, and the extensive distribution of seismic lines in all the EAR, far from human rights obligations of enjoying a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment. In conclusion, our analyses highlight the multiple injustices of these territories. Hence climate justice should embrace these territories in its perspectives, by involving them in the climate justice discourse and promoting the rights for a non-toxic environment. By doing so, scholars, stakeholders and policymakers might frame clear and just phasing out fossil fuel strategies.

Moral conflicts from the justice and care perspectives of japanese nurses: a qualitative content analysis

BackgroundHealthcare professionals use the ethics of justice and care to construct moral reasoning. These ethics are conflicting in nature; different value systems and orders of justice and care are applied to the cause of actual moral conflict. We aim to clarify the structure and factors of healthcare professionals’ moral conflicts through the lens of justice and care to obtain suggestions for conflict resolutions.MethodSemi-structured interviews about experiences of moral conflict were conducted with Japanese nurses recruited using the snowball sampling method. Interviews were conducted based on the real-life moral conflict and choice interview. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim, then analyzed based on the interpretive method of data analysis. Verbatim transcripts were read four times, first to get an overall sense of the conflict, then to understand the person’s thoughts and actions that explain the conflict, and third and fourth to identify perspectives of justice and care, respectively. Each moral perspective was classified into categories according to Chally’s taxonomy.ResultsAmong 31 responses, 2 that did not mention moral conflict were excluded, leaving 29 responses that were analyzed. These responses were classified into six cases with conflict between both justice and care perspectives or within one perspective, and into two cases without conflict between perspectives. The “rules” category of justice and the “welfare of others” category of care were included in many cases of conflict between two perspectives, and they frequently occurred in each perspective.ConclusionsThe nurses in this study suggest that they make moral judgments based on moral values that are intertwined with justice and care perspectives complex manner.Organizational, professional, and patient-related factors influenced conflicts between justice and care. Additionally, multiple overlapping loyalties created conflicts within justice perspectives, and multifaceted aspects of care-provider’s responsibility and patient need created conflicts within care. Decision-making biased towards one perspective can be distorted. It is important to consider ethical issues from both perspectives to resolve conflicts, especially the effective use of the ethics of care is recommended.

Konstruksi Reforma Pajak Bagi Pemilik Tanah Dati Di Kota Ambon Dalam Perspektif Keadilan

Introduction: The land owner does not have real and legal evidence that has legal force, so Village Officials assume that the land still belongs to the village and can be given or sold by the Village.Purposes of Devotion: This service can produce a legal product in the form of a state regulation and even state regulations regarding the construction of tax reform for dati landowners in the perspective of justice, so that dati landowners can know the tax collection model that can be used as proof of tax payment so that there is proof of ownership that is legally and has legal protection for dati landowners. Method of Devotion: The implementation of this service uses the extension method, through discussion in which the presenter explains material related to the service and is followed by questions and answers between the presenter and the participants.Results of the Devotion: The owner of the Dati lands in Soya Village is state land granted by the Official, so it is necessary to prove ownership of the land under Indonesian law so that it does not become a dispute in the future, the speaker provides information regarding the payment of Land and Building Tax to protect the rights of the villagers including the ulayat rights of indigenous peoples, especially the owners of dati lands. In fact, the land owner in Soya Village has never paid his land tax (traditional land tax) to the tax office related to land tax or regional tax due to the lack of information and understanding regarding the Tax Payment Model which can be used or as proof of ownership and can be used as legal protection in the event of a dispute in the future. As for the gap, namely whether the form of tax reform construction can cover the process of paying taxes on customary lands in Ambon City. in accordance with state regulations in order to create justice.

Persistent Social Vulnerability in Washington D.C. Communities and Green Infrastructure Clustering

Cities worldwide are presently contending with the intricate task of formulating urban infrastructure that seamlessly blends sustainability and resilience to effectively tackle urgent challenges. An increasingly prominent strategy gaining swift traction is the deployment of green infrastructure (GI), heralding a multitude of advantages for the urban milieu. As a growing body of research highlights the emergence of a new equity issue in our infrastructures from the perspective of environmental justice, it becomes evident that there is a significant gap in comprehensive studies investigating the combined temporal and spatial evolution of green infrastructure (GI) distribution. This research aims to address this gap by adopting a novel approach that explicitly considers the temporal dimension of GI distribution. Unlike previous studies that often rely on cross-sectional snapshots, this study employs a panel data analysis, which allows for a comprehensive examination of how GI distribution evolves over time. The primary research question addressed in this study is whether GI distribution in Washington D.C. exhibits a propensity to concentrate within certain communities. This inquiry delves into the pressing concern of the potential exacerbation of existing disparities through GI implementation. The study’s findings may drive evidence-based policy recommendations that foster equitable distribution strategies, guaranteeing that socially vulnerable communities reap the rewards of GI’s positive impacts.

Moving beyond privacy and airspace safety: Guidelines for just drones in policing

The use of drones offers police forces potential gains in efficiency and safety. However, their use may also harm public perception of the police if drones are refused. Therefore, police forces should consider the perception of bystanders and broader society to maximize drones' potential. This article examines the concerns expressed by members of the public during a field trial involving 52 test participants. Analysis of the group interviews suggests that their worries go beyond airspace safety and privacy, broadly dis-cussed in existing literature and regulations. The interpretation of the results indicates that the perceived justice of drone use is a significant factor in acceptance. Leveraging the concept of organizational justice and data collected, we propose a catalogue of guidelines for just operation of drones to supplement the existing policy. We present the organizational justice perspective as a framework to integrate the concerns of the public and bystanders into legal work. Finally, we discuss the relevance of justice for the legitimacy of the police's actions and provide implications for research and practice.

In All Fairness: A Meta-Analysis of the Tax Fairness–Tax Compliance Literature

ABSTRACT We conduct a meta-analysis of the tax fairness–tax compliance literature from its inception in 1976 through 2021. We use an organizational justice perspective (Colquitt 2001) to differentiate between the dimensions of fairness that dominate tax fairness research. We find that the aggregate effect size of the fairness-compliance association is positive and of medium strength. We also find that distributive fairness has the strongest effect on taxpayers’ compliance and is largely driven by the subdimension of exchange equity. Other dimensions of fairness, namely, interactional (interpersonal and informational) and procedural, have smaller effect sizes. We also find a moderating effect of methodology. Our findings suggest both the importance of ensuring that tax dollars are used in ways that taxpayers value, while downplaying the effect of interactional aspects of tax administration, and the importance of carefully considering methodology when conducting tax fairness research.

PERLINDUNGAN PEREMPUAN PADA PENERAPAN SANKSI PIDANA HUKUM KELUARGA DALAM ADMINISTRATION OF MUSLIM LAW ACT 1966 SINGAPURA

This article discusses the protection of women based on the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) in the application of criminal sanctions under the Administration of Muslim Law Act 1966 (AMLA) in Singapore. The research aims to analyze to what extent criminal sanctions in Islamic family law in Singapore have met the standards of women's protection set forth by CEDAW. This study employs a literature review approach using a gender justice perspective on women's protection as defined by CEDAW. The research findings indicate that the implementation of criminal sanctions under AMLA represents a significant step in safeguarding women. The criminal sanctions applied within AMLA provide legal assurance for women who experience violations within the context of family law, such as domestic violence, unlawful marriages, or the neglect of women's rights in divorce.

Wage Equality in the Perspective of Justice for Women Workers

Labor problems in the world are not limited to problems between workers or workers and companies. Another issue that requires special attention is wages. The problem of wages is often the main discourse on the equality of wages for male and female workers. The type of research used in compiling this paper is juridical-normative. The normative juridical research method is a library law research conducted by examining secondary data including primary legal materials and secondary legal materials Labor law has not yet accommodated equal wages. The equality defined in this law is limited to work placements. Even though in Government Regulation Number 36 of 2021 equality of wages has been guaranteed, However, with no legal basis above it, this PP does not have a strong legal basis. Thus, it can be judged that the Manpower Law is actually not aligned with international legal instruments and the spirit of a decent living in the 1945 Constitution. In terms of the policy aspects carried out by the Ministry of Manpower in the national strategy, it is not yet aligned with the final objectives achieved and requires optimization in the future. Labor regulations in Indonesia have not accommodated equal pay. Equality that is accommodated is only equal in terms of opportunity and access to employment. policy, the Ministry of Manpower has not yet accommodated equal wages as a goal in the global instrument. This condition is possible because national legal instruments have not regulated gender equality.
 Keywords: Wages Equality, Employment, Women Workers

Spatial Green Space Accessibility in Hongkou District of Shanghai Based on Gaussian Two-Step Floating Catchment Area Method

Green space in urban areas is one of the most critical infrastructures for the well-being of residents, and its spatial accessibility configuration is a key indicator of urban planning layout and ecological civilization construction. Using the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area (G2SFCA) method, K-means cluster analysis, and Kriging spatial interpolation, this study examines the spatial characteristics of green space accessibility in the Hongkou District, focusing on the relationship between “green space-community” supply. The findings indicate the following: (1) green space accessibility in Hongkou District decreases as the level of green spaces decreases. Higher levels of accessibility are associated with smaller variations in spatial distribution. (2) The green space accessibility in Hongkou District is affected by the surrounding large green space. Compared to other areas, the community green spaces near Lu Xun Park and Peace Park have higher accessibility. (3) The green space accessibility in Hongkou District is impacted by the mismatch between population density and green spaces. An overlay analysis of accessibility and population density reveals that high accessibility areas have average or low-average population density. Based on the results of the green space accessibility analysis, recommendations are proposed to optimize the green space layout in Hongkou District from the perspective of spatial justice. These suggestions are aimed at promoting the equalization of green space services in Hongkou District, improving the overall level of urban green space services, with a view to improving the quality of urban living environment and creating a green and livable urban area.

Conservation Policy, Indigeneity, and Changing Traditional Hunting Practices in West Papua

Regional governments are increasingly developing conservation policy initiatives that are framed alongside the empowerment of Indigenous Peoples. This paper examines the case of Tambrauw, West Papua, that set out to establish one of the first ever Conservation Regencies in Indonesia. To understand the implications of conservation policy developments, we explored from an environmental justice perspective the ways that one of the most important forest-based activities of local communities – hunting – has changed in recent years. Data was collected using qualitative methods of participatory observation and interviews between 2015-2018 across three Tambrauw districts. The study shows how policy changes are increasing clashes between local hunters and conservation officials. This has implications for broader issues of conservation policy and local livelihoods, and sheds light on the more recent trend of foregrounding Indigenous identity in forest management. Although on the face of it the emergence of conservation regencies represents a trend in downscaling authority to empower local communities, findings shows that place-based and more locally responsive policies need to be established to address emerging conflicts that can also meet broader conservation outcomes.

Ethical issues arising from the government allocation of physicians to rural areas: a case study from Japan

The geographically inequitable distribution of physicians has long posed a serious social problem in Japan. The government tackled this problem by establishing and managing Jichi Medical University (JMU) and regional...

Flexibility for whom? Householder and stakeholder perspectives on justice regarding the introduction of dynamic grid tariffs in Norway

This paper presents the results from a qualitative research project in Norway on a forthcoming change in electricity grid tariffs. As a form of Demand Side Management to avoid capacity constraints in the grid, the new tariff seeks to reduce consumption peaks by incentivising householders to even out electricity use and shift to nighttime. We examine the perspectives of 13 representatives from grid companies as well as 22 householders and study the process of developing the tariffs, in which the researchers took part at certain times. We draw on previous studies on experts’ perceptions of end-users, social practice theory, and energy justice, and we employ the concept of flexibility capital to examine the situation of the participating households. The findings partly confirm results from previous studies showing that experts may have a simplistic view of end-users and by observing an unequal distribution of flexibility capital across the studied households. However, the study contributes to the field by observing a link between householders’ sentiments towards the new tariff and their respective levels of affluence and flexibility capital. Then, we explicitly address justice perspectives related to the tariff’s introduction as perceived by grid companies and householders and find that both groups voice a need to acknowledge the situation of different kinds of end-users. We discuss the results from an energy justice perspective and observe that details in the design of a DSM mechanism may dampen its negative effects.

Politik Hukum Tindak Pidana Perpajakan dalam Perspektif Restorative Justice

The purpose of the study is to analyze the conceptual punishment with the principle of restorative justice in connection with the legal politic of criminal taxation. The method of research conducted in this paper is a normative juridical method. The approach method used in this research is a conceptual approach and a statutory approach. The results of the study concluded that the legal politic of tax crime in the perspective of restorative justice is in the form of expanding the ultimum remedium opportunity which was originally only up to the investigation stage, extended to the trial stage. Furthermore, to promote restorative justice, recovery of losses to state revenues must be prioritized over imprisonment by taking into account: Prosecutor's authority to prosecute; Judge's decision authority; Criminal fines are not subsidized; Authority of Tax Investigators to confiscate assets. From the perspective of restorative justice, recovery of losses to state revenues is prioritized over imprisonment. In solving tax crimes that prioritize restorative justice, it is in line with the government's efforts to increase taxation for the benefit of development. The concept of restorative justice can provide a way out for efforts to increase state revenue from the tax sector.

전통적 정의론에 따른 범죄피해자 개념의 고찰

The laws and systems that have not grasped the essence of the purpose of recovering the damage of “crime victims” without accurately organizing the concept of crime victims are very dangerous. Fundamentally, the concept of crime victims is relative. It is also the reason for the relativity of the concept that a crime victim can be defined only when it is determined who is a criminal and what is a crime. However, the reason why it is difficult to define the concept of crime victims is that the concept is inevitably different depending on which theory of justice is selected.
 Traditional justice theories do not define the social role of crime victims or even their definitions. Furthermore, traditional justice does not see criminals as social evils or objects that should be permanently separated from society, but also criminals as members of society who pursue individual freedom and interests as rational human beings with free will.
 In the theory of retribution justice, the existence of crime victims seems to be only a means of determining the amount of punishment in the active aspect of requesting that the degree of disadvantage deserved be proportional to criminal damage. However, in the negative aspect, retaliation is a disadvantage that only justifies the existence of punishment and is not related to the amount of punishment, so crime victims are not considered.
 Utilitarianism can be said to be the sum of human responses to the distribution result, not the distribution method of goods. Maximizing the subjective value of utility, in terms of goods, the distribution of goods and the objective sum of goods are always constant. Therefore, it is not possible to confirm how crime victims are defined and what values and respect should be received within society. In Hegel's theory of absolute punishment, there is no room for a crime victim to intervene in the national punishment right, and his absence becomes clear. The state should never reflect the victim’s subjective sense of damage in punishment. If a criminal is approved as a right holder to be punished by his/her criminal act itself as an existence of immediate will, there will be no room for the criminal victim to exist in the action of the right to punish.
 Furthermore, it was confirmed that the distribution of fair resources is emphasized as a matter of welfare, resources, and opportunities if it is approached in terms of means of equal distribution for the purpose of guaranteeing more equal freedom.
 As such, traditional criminal theories approach how to punish criminals from the perspective of justice, so they do not consider the concept of crime victims at all, or the treatment of crime victims is not a matter of justice. However, it can be seen that the principle of proportionality presented as a means of pursuing justice in most justice theories cannot be fully explained by excluding crime victims.

Analysis of Spatial Patterns Among Vulnerable Groups in the Community Vulnerable to Heat Waves from the Perspective of Environmental Justice

Currently, the number of human casualties and damages is continuously increasing owing to increases in the daily maximum temperature and number of heat wave days caused by climate change. Therefore, considering the class vulnerable to heat waves and setting standards for the vulnerable class expected to suffer substantial damage are essential. Therefore, in terms of time and space, this study selected heatwave-vulnerable areas according to the heatwave vulnerability index, targeting cities, counties, and districts nationwide from 2010 to 2018, and performed spatial analysis using Moran's I spatial autocorrelation analysis and LISA cluster map analysis. proceeded. The spatial correlation between socially vulnerable living and activity areas and the heat wave risk area was confirmed, and the area of environmental negativity for applying an extreme heat shelter policy was derived.

When nursing education becomes political: Norm-critical perspectives in a campus-based clinical learning environment.

Nursing education is in the process of incorporating critical thinking, social justice, and health inequality perspectives into educational structures, aspiring to help nursing students develop into professional nurses prepared to provide equal care. Norm criticism is a pedagogical philosophy that promotes social justice. This qualitative case study aimed to gain an understanding of and elaborate on an educational development initiative in which norm criticism was incorporated into the composition of a new campus-based clinical learning environment for nursing education. By analyzing documents and interviews with the help of reflexive thematic analysis three themes were generated: "Intention to educate beyond nursing education," "Educating in alliance with society," and "The educative ambiguity of the Clinical Learning Centre." The case study indicates that the incorporation of norm criticism into a campus-based clinical learning environment may encourage nursing students to evolve social skills for nursing practice that support health equality within healthcare. By collaborating with society, nursing education can considerably improve its educational frameworks in alignment with societal demands. However, the inclusion of norm criticism in a setting such as a campus-based clinical learning environment entails a clash with established institutionalized norms and being perceived as too proximate to politics.

Zoos and aquaria: dark tourism or light fun? A post-humanist perspective

Non-human animals in the field of Dark Tourism (DT) is an area of recent discussion. While DT initially described tourist sites of human suffering and death, this field undoubtedly encompasses nonhuman malaise. Some activities are unmistakably DT experiences, like bullfighting and hunting, whereas zoos and aquaria are considered more ambiguous. Using Fennel's post-humanist prototype, animals in zoos and aquaria are highlighted as examples of dark tourism objects who endure pain, suffering and thwarted flourishing. It is argued that animal-based DT activities arise from anthropocentric domination narratives of human exceptionalism and entitlement. In the captive context, nature and nonhumans are conceptualized as “other”, extending the dominant, progress-driven misapprehensions of human-nature separation, allowing people to deny the true and far-reaching effects of human impacts on nonhumans and the earth. Dark tourists seek the artificial manifestations of the captive utopia of zoos and aquaria and the collusion provided, permitting the dismissal of animal rights, biodiversity loss and climate change. An alternative perspective of deep justice is offered, where the wellbeing, interests and rights of animals are inherently valued. Embracing this perspective would allow the rejection of captive-animal dark tourism sites such as zoos and aquaria and for the flourishing of all beings to be to be upheld.

Social Justice in Education: Perspectives of Disadvantaged Schools Principals from Chile

The article presents the results of an investigation that identified and analyzed the perceptions of school leaders on some criteria that should be met by institutions operating under the social justice perspective. A multiple-case study was carried out with eight principals who had taken office recently in disadvantaged schools and had completed their first year in that position. The aim was to know their vision regarding aspects related to justice, optimism, empathy, and democracy —presented by other authors— to describe how an educational center works from the perspective of social justice. The results showed discourses that partially incorporated these criteria and indicated a stronger presence of the distribution component over those of recognition and representation, which belong to the concept of social justice.