Historical Perspective Research Articles

Insights from the Evolving Model of Two Cortical Visual Pathways.

The two cortical visual pathways framework has had a profound influence on theories and empirical studies of the visual system for over 40 years. By grounding physiological responses and behavior in neuroanatomy, the framework provided a critical guide for understanding vision. Although the framework has evolved over time, as our understanding of the physiology and neuroanatomy expanded, cortical visual processing is still often conceptualized as two separate pathways emerging from the primary visual cortex that support distinct behaviors ("what" vs. "where/how"). Here, we take a historical perspective and review the continuing evolution of the framework, discussing key and often overlooked insights. Rather than a functional and neuroanatomical bifurcation into two independent serial, hierarchical pathways, the current evidence points to two highly recurrent heterarchies with heterogeneous connections to cortical regions and subcortical structures that flexibly support a wide variety of behaviors. Although many of the simplifying assumptions of the framework are belied by the evidence gathered since its initial proposal, the core insight of grounding function and behavior in neuroanatomy remains fundamental. Given this perspective, we highlight critical open questions and the need for a better understanding of neuroanatomy, particularly in the human.

State of Israel – Republic of Korea relations in a historical perspective and at the present stage

This study delves into the evolution and current state of relations between the State of Israel and the Republic of Korea. It aims to uncover the key factors driving their socio-political and economic ties, and project their future interaction. Through examining Israeli and Korean sources, the research reconstructs the historical development of their relationship, highlighting key points for understanding their progress. The structure of the article meets the task of reflecting the most significant factors for the relationship between the two countries. The research methods and reviews of existing literature on the topic are considered. The retrospective analysys of the development of Israel-South Korea's political and diplomatic relations is done. It sheds light on the Arab-Israeli conflict's role as a past hurdle in their rapprochement. Moving forward, the study examines the United States' influence as a significant external factor, highlighting similarities and differences in US policy towards both nations. Finally, the analysis shifts to the economic dimension of their cooperation. Beyond exploring basic patterns in their economic ties, the study delves into their collaboration in the sphere of innovation, holding significance for both countries. The authors conclude that despite their relatively late start in collaborating, Israel and South Korea possess substantial potential for growth in their diplomatic, political, and economic relations.

From ‘dankgevingsdag' to 'turkey party’: Historical sociolinguistic perspectives on loan strategies in Flemish-American heritage newspapers

Within the domain of historical sociolinguistics, attention for heritage languages has been on the rise in the last decade (see e.g., Brown 2019; Litty 2019). The goal of this paper is to contribute to that growing body of research studying the role of sociolinguistic factors in heritage language use in the past, by looking at the lexical output of Belgian emigrants in the United States using heritage newspapers. We will investigate the borrowing patterns in three Flemish-American newspapers that were published in the 19th and 20th centuries and circulated widely within the Flemish-American communities. We focus on (1) borrowing rate (how many English-origin lexemes are transferred?), and (2) borrowing type (which loan processes are involved?). The findings are interpreted in terms of the social variables time and space to chart diachronic as well as regional differences, besides looking at differences between the newspapers more generally.

To what extent can oracy education and student dialogue support historical thinking skills in Year 7?

Abstract During the course of my teacher training, I have encountered two distinct classroom contexts for oracy: a term that refers to the ability to express oneself in speech. At my first placement school, very few students were willing to answer questions or present arguments in front of their peers. Conversely, the majority of students at my second placement school are keen to demonstrate their knowledge, yet often speak over one another during discussion tasks. In both schools, dialogue is mainly directed towards the teacher; students rarely offer extended answers during lessons, and oral reasoning and argumentation generally take place as a precursor to written work. I therefore wanted to implement a sequence of lessons where the learning was intentionally carried out and measured through student talk and cooperation. In particular, I wanted to examine how far teaching specific oracy skills and providing informal scaffolded opportunities for presentational and exploratory talk can support the development of historical thinking skills in Year 7 (age 11): in other words, students' ability to consider multiple historical perspectives; to appreciate the difference between modern and ancient values; to critically engage with historical terminology, and to present and justify an argument. Students' responses were generally positive and engagement raised. I conclude with further thoughts about future practice.

Rethinking the classification of non-digestible carbohydrates: Perspectives from the gut microbiome.

Clarification is required when the term "carbohydrate" is used interchangeably with "saccharide" and "glycan." Carbohydrate classification based on human digestive enzyme activities brings clarity to the energy supply function of digestible sugars and starch. However, categorizing structurally diverse non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) to make dietary intake recommendations for health promotion remains elusive. In this review, we present a summary of the strengths and weaknesses of the traditional dichotomic classifications of carbohydrates, which were introduced by food chemists, nutritionists, and microbiologists. In parallel, we discuss the current consensus on commonly used terms for NDCs such as "dietary fiber," "prebiotics," and "fermentable glycans" and highlight their inherent differences from the perspectives of gut microbiome. Moreover, we provide a historical perspective on the development of novel concepts such as microbiota-accessible carbohydrates, microbiota-directed fiber, targeted prebiotics, and glycobiome. Crucially, these novel concepts proposed by multidisciplinary scholars help to distinguish the interactions between diverse NDCs and the gut microbiome. In summary, the term NDCs created based on the inability of human digestive enzymes fails to denote their interactions with gut microbiome. Considering that the gut microbiome possesses sophisticated enzyme systems to harvest diverse NDCs, the subclassification of NDCs should be realigned to their metabolism by various gut microbes, particularly health-promoting microbes. Such rigorous categorizations facilitate the development of microbiome-targeted therapeutic strategies by incorporating specific types of NDCs.

The Isotopic Limit of Recycling

Despite advances in recycling technologies and practices, the world still mostly operates on a once-through materials use cycle. The once-through approach to the materials supply chain cannot work into perpetuity. The vast majority of current recycling efforts focus on mechanical or chemical separation-based techniques and are often subsequently limited on the number of times a component can be recycled or upcycled. By looking at things from a particle physics and nuclear history perspective, we propose a thought experiment to determine the physical limit of recycling and propose subsequent limits and standards to evaluate all recycling efforts. This uncommon approach to analysis demonstrates that the current limits to recycling are not physical in nature but engineering.

Jewish Responses to Copernican Thought: A Conceptual Replication of John Hedley Brooke’s Chapter on Scientific and Religious Reform

This article explores how replication might work in the study of history through the presentation of a test case. Specifically, chapter 3 of historian John Hedley Brooke’s seminal book Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives (1991) was chosen for this experiment by an interdisciplinary team, as it is a cornerstone study in the history of science and religion. This article details the “conceptual replication” undertaken, that is, a study in which the research protocol of the original study was modified while the main research question stayed the same. Brooke studied the responses of Protestants and Roman Catholics to Copernican thought to examine the widely held belief that those who had recently gone through the Protestant Reformation would be more open to the new astronomy than Catholics. Our conceptual replication investigates what historians have written about Jewish responses to Copernican thought and how these findings impact the question of the relationship between religious and scientific reform. The preliminary conclusion of this replication study is that historians of the Jewish responses to the new astronomy seem to support Brooke’s view that such responses were determined by more than just theological or denominational considerations, since other factors (e.g., social ones) played a more constitutive role.

Introduction: Replicating John Hedley Brooke’s Work on the History of Science and Religion

In this introduction, we first briefly describe the replication crisis as it occurred primarily in the biomedical and social sciences. We then argue for the possibility and desirability of replication in the humanities, particularly historiography. After that, we clarify why we opted for the replication of John Hedley Brooke’s 1991 book Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives, specifically its third chapter. We elucidate why we chose to do both a direct and a conceptual replication. Finally, we lay out the procedures we used to conduct the two replication studies and look ahead to what is to come in this thematic section.

Sociocultural and Historical Perspectives on Diversity in Spain

The image of Spain in the 21st century is defined by the coexistence of the descendants of different peoples who have arrived in the region over the past centuries and decades. Since prehistoric times, the history of the Iberian Peninsula has been marked by interactions between the groups that settled there; sometimes these relationships have involved a certain type of subordination and domination (for example, conqueror versus conquered), and at other times they have been characterised by the peaceful or conflictual coexistence of different societies. Thus, immigration, coexistence and assimilation have always been fundamental to the social and cultural life of Spain. To this day, cultural historians and philosophers have not been able to agree on whether the diversity of society has been an advantage or a disadvantage for the development of Spain. In this article, I will examine the approaches to this social and cultural diversity in different historical periods and the basic arguments used by scholars and scientists to support their beliefs. In analysing the issue, we look at prominent works and authors in Spanish cultural history, searching for and comparing possible arguments. We try to answer the question to what extent the search for homogeneity or diversity has been part of the Spanish self-definition in a given historical period.

Beauty as duty: a study of the feminist movement “rejecting beauty duty” on RED

ABSTRACT RED, as a platform primarily focused on visual imagery to drive consumption, has been a bastion of pseudo-feminism in China, propagating standardized beauty ideals like the “wanghong face.” However, the active engagement of numerous women in shaping discourse on these platforms has also witnessed the resurgence of feminism on the Chinese internet. In 2023, a notable trend emerged on RED under the banner of “rejecting beauty duty.” Represented by this movement, these women are referred to as “radical feminists” on the Chinese internet, a group that has become quite emblematic in the current feminist movement in China. This movement disrupted existing forms of female expression and catalyzed a fresh wave of feminist dialogues. Through the application of Critical Discourse Analysis, this article explores how Chinese feminism seeks to reconceptualize the narrative of neoliberal feminism within the context of the post-socialist era. By juxtaposing historical perspectives with contemporary realities, this article sheds light on the intricate dilemmas inherent in Chinese feminist discourse that warrant attention.

Research on Ecological Culture in Mongolian Folk Songs from the Hetao Region

Mongolian folk songs are deeply rooted in the vastness of the grasslands and the rhythm of nature. The lyrics reflect a profound reverence and love for the ecological environment, demonstrating a strong awareness of ecology and environmental protection. Especially in the Hetao region, Mongolian culture along the Yellow River's bend showcases a rich and diverse uniqueness, forming a distinctive cultural phenomenon in this area. By deeply analyzing Mongolian folk songs from the Hetao region, this study, through the combined perspectives of literature, linguistics, ethnology, history, and ecology, discusses the ecological values and educational significance of the harmonious relationship between humans and nature as embedded in these songs.

Naming droughts: Historical perspectives on the scientific coining of “the Tinderbox Drought”

Most droughts go unnamed. At the time they are happening, they are generally referred to simply as “the drought.” After the fact, they are typically designated by a year or run of years rather than by a name: 1927–29, for instance. But in recent decades, proper names have increasingly been bestowed on droughts in southeast Australia in an informal although widely accepted practice. Examples include the Federation Drought, the World War II Drought, the Millennium Drought and, most recently, the Tinderbox Drought. This paper positions the practice of naming droughts within a longer history of naming weather extremes. It examines the implications of the naming practice for the investigation of droughts as complex objects of interdisciplinary knowledge that call for analysis from across the sciences, social sciences and humanities. And it considers the qualities and meanings attributed to the drought of 2017-19 by the name “Tinderbox.” Using the word “tinderbox” to describe environmental conditions has been criticised for naturalizing landscape flammability and so effacing human agency. But in fact the name “Tinderbox Drought” potentially enacts a semantic reversal that allows human-caused climate change to be reassociated discursively with recent and future drought events.

Adalékok az abortusz büntetőjogi megítélésének történetéhez

Aim: To examine how the social and, at the same time, legal perception of induced abortion has changed since the Middle Ages. Examining the criminal law norms seems to be a good indicator of this because these norms are meant to play the role of a capstone for the protection of social values. Methodology: Processing and analysis of legal norms and literature data from a historical perspective. A value-oriented analysis of the mentioned sources accompanies this. Findings: The normative system of the middle ages was permeated by the Christian religion and the morality based on it. Thus, at this age, there was no doubt that taking away the life of the fetus was a sin and a crime as well. This rule prevailed in later times until 1945. The abortion ban that remained after the communist takeover was based on entirely different moral foundations. It was based on the fact that workers are needed for social development, and taking away fetal life deprives socialist society of this resource. State socialism later relaxed the rules. This change was followed by the criminal law with a significant lag until finally, in 1962, only illegal abortion was punishable. The changes after the regime change consolidated the legislative attitude according to which the fetus is not a human being. The criminal law norms are also in line with this. Value: Historical outline of the protection of fetal life, with particular regard to its protection under criminal law. Changes in European culture led to the development of different images of people. An imprint of these is the protection of fetal life.

Resilience Against Resistance: Exploring Cutting-edge Therapies for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] stands as an enduring threat within healthcare landscapes, characterized by its ability to rapidly evolve and develop resistance to conventional antibiotics. This comprehensive review embarks on a journey through the historical landscape of MRSA, elucidating its initial emergence and subsequent evolution of resistance mechanisms over time. The narrative unfolds to underscore the profound impact of MRSA on patient outcomes and healthcare systems globally. Current trends in MRSA therapies come under meticulous scrutiny, spotlighting the limitations and challenges associated with existing treatment modalities. This analysis underscores the critical need for transformative and innovative therapeutic strategies to effectively combat the ever-growing spectre of drug resistance in MRSA from the exploration of novel antibiotics designed to overcome resistance mechanisms to the promising potential of phage therapy and immunotherapies. Amidst the exploration of innovative therapies, the review identifies and discusses emerging issues and challenges in MRSA management. Insights are provided into the intricate web of obstacles hindering the adoption and implementation of new therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, the socio-economic implications of MRSA and drug resistance are brought to the forefront, emphasizing the broader impact on public health and healthcare systems. In parallel, historical perspectives on MRSA research illuminate key milestones in scientific understanding and technological advancements. The evolution of research strategies and their impact on our ability to comprehend and combat MRSA is examined, providing context for the current state of the field. In conclusion, this review summarizes major findings and drawing implications for the future of MRSA treatment. Recommendations for further research and clinical practice are outlined, encapsulating a holistic overview of the resilient efforts against resistance in the ongoing battle against MRSA.

Review of One Health in the Galápagos Islands (Part 1): historical perspective, invasive species, and emerging infectious diseases

The Galápagos archipelago is a vast reservoir of terrestrial and marine biodiversity, owing in large part to its relatively recent volcanic genesis and colonization by humans. This unique ecological system is particularly susceptible to human, animal, and environmental impacts. Climate change, globalization, and the blurring of human-domestic animal-wildlife interfaces are poised to bring new threats and challenges to the region. A One Health perspective that simultaneously considers human, animal, and environmental health is imperative in assessing and mitigating the challenges facing the Galápagos Islands. In Part I of this review, we provide the historical context for biodiversity in the archipelago; discuss the role of invasive species in habitat destruction, fragmentation, and competition with endemic species; and summarize the established and emerging infectious disease threats. We also discuss the imperative to implement research, surveillance, and preventative measures to identify and manage future threats from a One Health perspective, with a specific emphasis on implications for wildlife health. In Part II of this review, we outline the socioeconomic context of life in the Galápagos Islands, evaluate the current and predicted effects of climate change, and discuss direct anthropogenic factors affecting Galápagos biodiversity, such as tourism, fishing, pollution, and the illegal wildlife trade. We also examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the region. We build a cohesive picture of One Health in the Galápagos Islands by integrating past work, current needs, and emerging threats. We also consider overarching goals for conservation, ecosystem management, and socioeconomic sustainability that have been previously defined by both governmental and non-governmental stakeholders, and we identify discrete, implementable, and interdisciplinary recommendations that will facilitate achievement of those goals.

Scabies: a historical perspective.

Scabies: a historical perspective.

Stroganov, M. (2023). Tver and environs after Pushkin: Essays on regional history through Pushkin studies. Tver: SFK-Ofis. (In Russ.)

The review discusses M. Stroganov’s new book of essays devoted to the problems of Pushkin studies by Tver-based scholars. The book includes written records about Pushkin’s contemporaries penned by the regional historians V. Mirolyubov and S. Fessalonitsky and treated as original sources, as well as N. Zhuravlyov’s account of the preparations for the centennial anniversary of Pushkin’s death in 1936. It is worth mentioning that the book also features documents invaluable from historical and literary perspectives: namely, family legends in the reminiscences of the Vulf clan: A. Ponafidina, O. Vulf, A. Bolt, and V. Bubnova. In his preamble to their publication, the author specifies the characteristics of family legend as a type of memoir and their genesis. Polemizing with the 20th-c. Pushkin scholars from Tver (G. Khodakov, N. Tsvetkov and others), Stroganov deconstructs the popular mythological notion of Pushkin’s itinerary in the Tver region and corrects the attribution of a whole host of poems allegedly written during Pushkin’s stay in the area.

Ecology stereotypes exist across societies and override race and family structure stereotypes.

Perceivers hold ecology stereotypes-beliefs about how the environments others live in shape their behavior. Drawing upon a life history perspective, we examine the stereotypes people hold about those who live in relatively harsh and unpredictable ecologies. First, across diverse demographic groups and societies (the United States, India, Japan, Romania, the United Kingdom), people believe that individuals who live in harsh and unpredictable environments engage in "faster" behaviors (n = 2,078; ds from .80 to 2.14)-that they are more impulsive, sexually unrestricted, opportunistic, and invest less in education and their own children (Studies 1, 2, and 3). Second, these ecology stereotypes seem to underlie certain Black/White race stereotypes held by White perceivers in the United States (Study 1) and family structure stereotypes (i.e., growing up in a single-mother home) held by perceivers in both Japan and the United States (Studies 4a and 5a). Supporting this, the application of these race and family structure stereotypes is overridden or attenuated when perceivers are presented with direct information about a specific person's ecology (Studies 1, 4A, and 5B). Third, beliefs that there is high ecological mobility within a society reduce the magnitude of ecology stereotypes (Study 3), as one would expect if ecology stereotypes function to help perceivers better predict others' behavior. Last, ecology stereotypes do not seem to be just general valence biases or to simply reflect social class stereotypes. In sum, ecology stereotypes may be an influential but relatively unexamined type of stereotype, with broad implications for thinking about other group stereotypes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

No Evolution Without Revolution: Historical Revelations for LIS Education

As the field evolves and adapts to emerging technologies and societal changes, the rich historical context and radical changes that have shaped libraries and information systems risks being overshadowed. This SIG panel presentation will feature presentations ranging from understanding the role of caucuses in the LIS field, using creative storytelling to illuminate LIS history, and how AI will impact our ability to tell, know, and make history. Following the presentations, we expect to have a conversation about how we preserve and share LIS history in the face of technological change. National Associations of Librarians of Color Provides Historical Context to Teach Social Justice Work - Long Before DEI and social justice were integrated into statements, core principles, standards, or competencies for LIS education, there were efforts conducted by BIPOC library leaders who moved the needle in the profession by establishing professional associations that represented their communities. This presentation makes the connection between diversity efforts in LIS history and LIS pedagogy, by proposing the use of the specific historical context of social movements to substantiate and inform the social justice work that current LIS graduates will encounter. Demystifying the Past to Examine the Present and Shape the Future: Historical Research and Creative Storytelling in LIS Education - Ely-Ledesma Unpacking the complicated history of libraries in the United States, and recognizing historical threads that connect past to present, is vital as the profession continually adapts to emerging technologies and societal changes. When considering implementing historical perspectives into LIS education, we must ask a basic question: How can we infuse historical perspectives into LIS courses in an effective way? Historical research and creative storytelling are one way to address this question. To this end, I propose a three-step process for a project suitable for foundational courses or courses on library history. Teaching the History and the Evolution of the Information and Knowledge Profession - Hawamdeh According to Marcus Garvey “A person without the knowledge of their past history, origin, and culture is like a tree without roots." Understanding the LIS history, evolution and the radical changes is a key to the continued transformation of the information and knowledge profession. The continued expansion, evolution, and the emergence of concepts such as knowledge management, data science and generative AI are raising questions like how these concepts are related to LIS, how can they be woven into LIS curriculum, and how historical perspectives can be used to shape the future of the information and knowledge profession.

Lethal and sublethal concentrations spirodiclofen stress may increase the adaptation of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae).

Panonychus citri is one of the most destructive pests in citrus orchards, exhibiting varying degrees of tolerance to numerous insecticides, such as spirodiclofen. To effectively manage pests, this study explores the response of P. citri to spirodiclofen stress from the perspectives of life history, enzymatic parameters, and reproduction. The effects of two concentrations (LC30 and LC50) of spirodiclofen on the biological parameters of P. citri were evaluated by the life table method. The results showed that the development duration, fecundity, oviposition days, and lifespan were shortened, though the pre-oviposition period of two treatments was prolonged in comparison with the control. A significant decrease was recorded in the net reproductive rate (R0) and the mean generation time (T) for the two treatments. Nevertheless, the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and the rate of increase (λ) were not significantly affected in the LC30 treatment, whereas they declined in the LC50 treatment. The enzyme activity assay resulted in higher activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and carboxylesterase (CarE), among the treatments than the control. In contrast, the treatments recorded lower cytochromeP450 (CYP450) and Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities than the control. Furthermore, the study detected that relative mRNA expression of Vitellogenin (Vg) and Vitellogenin receptor (VgR) for two treatments were lower than the control. In summary, two concentrations of spirodiclofen inhibited progeny growth and fecundity of P. citri. Additionally, the results of this study may support further research on tolerance of P. citri in response to spirodiclofen stress.