Consumption Perspective Research Articles

Analysis of the Chinese Cosmetics Market

In recent years, China's cosmetics market has maintained a high growth rate, with numerous consumers supporting its development and the emergence of well-known brands. in 2017, the total value of China's cosmetics market exceeded 1.8 trillion yuan, an increase of approximately 14.3%, of which the major share was occupied by skin care revenue of 1.06 trillion yuan; color cosmetics revenue of 450 billion yuan; and perfume revenue of 180 billion yuan. In terms of the composition of the number of consumers, the population of mainly women occupies the vast majority of the number of consumers, and women's consumption perspective of consumption to support the overall makeup market to maintain continuous growth. As the consumer base continues to expand, the acne market develops in an orderly manner, and products continue to hit the market with new technologies, personalized beauty is being implemented among the younger generation, all of which makes the outlook for the Chinese cosmetics market very positive. In the 2018 annual figures, for example, the total value of the Chinese cosmetics market is estimated to exceed RMB 2.1 trillion, up 14.7% from 2017. With the release of overall domestic consumption potential and the application of new technologies in skincare, the Chinese cosmetics market will also continue to grow at a faster pace in the future.

Winner-Take-All and Loser-Take-All Circuits: Architectures, Applications and Analytical Comparison

Different winner-take-all (WTA) and loser-take-all (LTA) circuits are studied, and their operations are analyzed in this review. The exclusive operation of the current conveyor, binary tree, and time-domain WTA/LTA architectures, as the most important architectures reported in the literature, are compared from the perspectives of power consumption, speed, and precision.

Multiperspective Decoupling Analyses between Global Embodied Carbon Chains and Global Value Chains.

Decoupling global economic growth from carbon emissions is essential for mitigating global climate change while maintaining continuous economic growth. Traditional production-side decoupling analysis alone is insufficient to capture the decoupling status between carbon emissions and the value added throughout global supply chains. This study investigates the decoupling status between value added and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during 1995-2019 from consumption and income perspectives. We find that the decoupling statuses of 17 regions (especially Russia, Australia, and Malta) show significant differences across multiple perspectives. For example, Malta's direct GHG emissions decreased with its GDP growth from a production perspective (i.e., achieved strong decoupling). However, its consumption-based GHG emissions increased with the growth of consumption-based value added (i.e., expansive negative decoupling). Moreover, most international pairs have not yet achieved strong decoupling from consumption and income perspectives. International multilateral cooperation is crucial for decoupling global GHG emissions from economic growth across global supply chains. This study provides insights into the decoupling between embodied GHG emissions and value added from consumption and income perspectives. The findings of this study can complement existing policies on global GHG emission mitigation and sustainable development.

Consumption Trends and Perspectives for Milk and Dairy Products in Slovakia

Milk and dairy products are an essential food and their position has been strengthened due to current trends and consumers’ lifestyles. The objective of this paper was to examine dairy consumption trends in Slovakia and to study consumer behavior of dairy products. Dairy consumption trends were analyzed based on secondary data obtained from the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. Primary data were obtained from an online survey conducted on a sample of 1,138 respondents. The results showed that annual dairy consumption is at a level of approximately 190 kg per capita. Slovak consumers consider dairy products to be healthy foods, and the older generations consume them relatively often. The importance of functional dairy products is constantly growing, and they are preferred by the younger consumers. Moreover, freshness, quality, taste, health effects and a type of product are key factors determining the purchase and consumption of functional dairy products.

Energy-efficient data collection over underwater MI-assisted acoustic cooperative MIMO WSNs

Underwater magnetic induction (MI)-assisted acoustic cooperative multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) has been recently proposed as a promising technique for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). For the more, the energy utilization of energy-constrained sensor nodes is one of the key issues in UWSNs, and it relates to the network lifetime. In this paper, we present an energy-efficient data collection for underwater MI-assisted acoustic cooperative MIMO wireless sensor networks (WSNs), including the formation of cooperative MIMO and relay link establishment. Firstly, the cooperative MIMO is formed by considering its expected transmission range and the energy balance of nodes with it. Particularly, from the perspective of the node's energy consumption, the expected cooperative MIMO size and the selection of master node (MN) are proposed. Sequentially, to improve the coverage of the networks and prolong the network lifetime, relay links are established by relay selection algorithm that using matching theory. Finally, the simulation results show that the proposed data collection improves its efficiency, reduces the energy consumption of the master node, improves the networks' coverage, and extends the network lifetime.

Bringing Children into the Sociology of Consumption: A Symbolic Consumption Perspective

This article explores children’s consumption practices from a sociology of consumption perspective. The aim is to discover whether South African children, in their consumption of clothing, engage in symbolic consumption and to identify the ways in which they do so. Existing studies on children and symbolic consumption have largely excluded African children, hence this study represents an attempt to include their voices in the conceptualisation of childhood consumer behaviour. Data were collected through a survey of 192 children aged 10–14, using a questionnaire developed from the literature on symbolic consumption. The article presents the design and implementation of a quantitative empirical study into children’s engagement in symbolic consumption. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to tease out the factors representing the ways in which children engage in symbolic consumption, while confirmatory factor analysis was used to verify the factor structure and test whether the data fit the model. The EFA revealed four factors that represent the ways in which children engage in symbolic consumption: identity, affiliation, perception, and image. The findings reveal that children use their clothing to create their individual identities, fit in with social groups, draw inferences about others through their clothing, and as a yardstick to gauge social image. This research furthers the enquiry into children as consumers while addressing the paucity of research related to African child consumers. The results of the study have implications for marketing practitioners, while also providing directions for future research.

Reuse of engineering waste soil and recycled fine aggregate to manufacture eco-friendly unfired clay bricks: Experimental assessment, data-driven modeling and environmental friendliness evaluation

In order to explore the possible application of engineering waste soil (EWS) and recycled fine aggregate (RFA) in cement-based unfired clay bricks (CUCB), this paper utilizes the orthogonal experiment to investigate the combined utilization of EWS and RFA to fabricate eco-friendly CUCB. The study employs an L9 (34) orthogonal table with four factors and three levels for designing mix proportions. The factors include the ratios of water-to-cement (w/c), cement-to-EWS (c/e), RFA-to-EWS (r/e) and additive content. CUCB were tested for density, compressive strength, and flexural strength; and the impact of each factor on these properties was analyzed. The test results reveal that the eco-friendly CUCB exhibit lightweight characteristics and desirable mechanical properties. The ratio of flexural strength-to-compressive strength for eco-friendly CUCB ranges from 0.23 to 0.28, indicating that eco-friendly CUCB have good toughness. Data-driven models were developed to construct the relationships between target properties (i.e., density, compressive strength, and flexural strength) and four factors. The optimal mix proportion for physical and mechanical properties was determined to be w/c= 0.55, c/e = 0.3, r/e = 0.4 and additive content= 10%, with predicted compressive and flexural strengths of 19.68 MPa and 5.19 MPa, respectively. In addition, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was performed to figure out the strength enhancement mechanism of eco-friendly CUCB with varying mix proportions. Environmental friendliness evaluation shows that the optimal mix pro-portion is more environmentally friendly to fabricate CUCB from the perspective of strength-normalized carbon footprint and energy consumption. Using large quantity of cement cannot increase the compressive strength and only acts as filler in the microstructure of eco-friendly CUCB.

The impact of digital inclusive finance on the growth of the renewable energy industry: Theoretical and logical Chinese experience

The development of renewable energy is the key to tackling climate changes and ensuring energy security. Meanwhile, the process is usually associated with a huge investment and financing gap, especially for transitional countries like China. Hence, developing and innovating the traditional financial system is urgent. However, existing studies have mainly focused on traditional financial perspectives, and few papers have critically examined how digital financial inclusion affects the growth of renewable energy industries. To this end, using Chinese provincial data from 2011 to 2020 and applying Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) method, this study explores the effect of financial inclusion on renewable energy and its underlying mechanisms from the production and consumption perspectives. It is found that the impact of financial inclusion on the production side of the renewable energy industry is significantly better than on the consumption side, and there is heterogeneity effect in different energy resource varieties, different regional locations, and different financial regulation intensities. The financial inclusion on renewable energy has a significant pulling effect in photovoltaic and wind provinces, but not in large hydropower provinces. Then, its driving effect is particularly pronounced in the northern region. Nonetheless, it is not significant for renewable energy consumption in the southern region. Besides, this positive effect cannot be achieved without stronger financial regulation. The mechanism of action assessment finds that optimizes the consumption pattern, increase the competition of commercial banks, and improve technological innovation all contribute to the positive effect whereas, FDI shows the negative effect. This study provides new evidence on China's achievement of the energy transition, suggesting the need to further improve incentives for FDI firms and to strengthen consumption-side guidance.

Increasing temporal resolution in greenhouse gas accounting of electricity consumption divided into Scopes 2 and 3: case study of Germany

PurposeAs renewable energy sources (RES) experience short-term variability, electricity greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions also fluctuate. Increasing temporal resolution in electricity emissions accounting allows capturing these fluctuations. However, existing time-resolved models either neglect indirect impacts, adopt a generation perspective, or are based on non-public country-specific data. We provide an approach for calculating time-resolved GHG emission factors (EFs) of electricity consumption based on open access data for European countries and examine the temporal variability of German EFs.MethodsTime-resolved electricity GHG EFs are calculated within the framework of attributional life cycle assessment (LCA) with up to quarter-hourly resolution. The approach involves top-down calculation of annual combustion emissions, validation and scaling of time-resolved electricity generation data, as well as calculation of inland consumption EFs for each interval throughout a year. The EFs are divided by the stages of net generation, consumption by hydro-pumped storage (HPS), and transmission and distribution (T&D) losses, as well as Scopes 2 and 3, enabling GHG Protocol Corporate Standard-compliant reporting. The approach is exemplarily applied to Germany and its transmission system operator zones at quarter-hourly resolution for the years from 2017 to 2020 to investigate the relation between grid mix composition and temporal variability of EFs.Results and discussionThe annual average EF of the German consumption mix, encompassing direct and upstream emissions, declined from 499 (2017) to 377 g CO2e/kWh (2020), while quarter-hourly variability increased by 12%. Neglecting upstream emissions and intermediate steps between generation and consumption in Germany in 2020 resulted in an underestimation of 13% on an annual level, while quarter-hourly Scope 3 EFs reached up to 100 g CO2e/kWh. On a sub-national level, annual average EFs varied between 157 g CO2e/kWh (TenneT zone) and 505 g CO2e/kWh (50Hertz zone) in 2020. Temporal variability is the greatest in electricity systems with both fossil-fuel and renewable capacity sufficient to dominate short-term electricity generation. At an advanced level of RES integration, the fluctuations of EFs start declining, as demonstrated by the TenneT case.ConclusionAn increased temporal resolution in electricity emissions accounting can enhance a posteriori LCA results’ accuracy during the energy transition phase. The provided EFs link the life cycle-based perspective with time-resolved emissions accounting. With increasing reliance on RES, indirect emissions, including those related to energy storage, will gain in significance. The next step should focus on integrating physical cross-border electricity exchanges to complete the consumption perspective, as well as examining practical implementation to other countries.

Informative reels on Instagram in the face of new ways of reporting to attract new audiences

In recent years, the current media ecosystem has been transformed owing to the adaptation to digital media, affecting all genres and audiovisual formats. As a result, from the point of view of participation, the viewer-user has acquired an unprecedented protagonism owing to the possibility now offered by social networks. The informative genre, far from turning its back on this reality, has allied itself with it and is exploring new ways of reaching audiences, and one of the latest trends has to do with informative television channels and the use of Instagram reels. This research focuses on the case of RTVE Noticias (@rtvenoticias), with the purpose of analyzing the use and communication strategy that they make of Instagram reels on this platform, precisely because it is the feature that has achieved more popularity of late. The findings show that RTVE Noticias does not currently have a clear strategy when it comes to informing through this medium, which translates into content being reused from other media without really taking advantage of the narrative potential of the network, resulting in low interaction with followers. The main results obtained allow us to continue a rich academic debate related to the media’s use of social networks from the perspective of information and consumption, mainly among the youngest users.

Comparative Analysis of Trade’s Impact on Agricultural Carbon Emissions in China and the United States

Accelerating economic globalization is a major driver of the transfer of embodied pollutant emissions from trade. China and the United States are currently the largest importers and exporters of agricultural products, respectively, and are also major producers and consumers of these products. This paper aims to analyze and compare the patterns of embodied agricultural carbon emissions (ACE) in the two countries, which is crucial for understanding how trade influences the transfer of such emissions. In this study, we calculated the embodied ACE of China and the United States from the perspectives of production and consumption for the years 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2016 by establishing a multi-regional input–output (MRIO) model. Additionally, we employed the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition method to analyze the driving factors behind the changes in embodied ACE over time. The findings indicated that the embodied ACE associated with imports and exports in China and the United States followed a pattern of increase and subsequent decrease during the period 1970–2016, with net imports escalating from −18.79 million tons and −3.62 million tons to 40.35 million tons and 51.22 million tons, respectively. This study identified two main factors contributing to the reduction in embodied ACE in both countries: the declining intensity of embodied ACE per unit of traded products and the diminishing proportion of the primary industry. The growth in GDP per capita, population expansion, and an increase in the proportion of agricultural products in international trade are predicted to promote an increase in embodied ACE imports and exports in both countries. This paper advocates for the reduction of embodied ACE through the continuous promotion of research and application of energy-saving and emission-reduction technologies, an optimized industrial structure, and the implementation of relevant energy-saving and emission-reduction policies.

Regional inequality and urban-rural difference of dietary water footprint in China

Food system is the primary consumer of water resources, and dietary water footprint (DWF) provides insights into exploring food-water nexus from a consumption perspective. Previous studies mostly examine Chinese urban and rural DWF nationwide, but fail to quantify regional inequalities and urban-rural differences at province level when considering China is a vast country. Here we explore provincial inequalities using Gini index and concentration index, and employ Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition method to identify drivers influencing urban-rural differences in DWF. Results show animal-based foods have higher DWF and regional inequalities, though plant-based foods consumption is larger. Greater regional inequalities of DWF across provinces are observed in rural area compared with urban area. Consumption level is a predominant factor driving urban-rural differences whichever food category is chosen. This study integrates methods originated from economics into evaluating regional and urban-rural disparities in DWF, and can be further applied to environmental inequality assessment.

The impact of FDI on ecological unequal exchange in China’s manufacturing industry

This paper uses the panel data of manufacturing subdivision industry from 2000 to 2014 to calculate the exchange of ecological inequality through MRIO model. On this basis, the systematic GMM model is used to investigate the direct and indirect effects of Foreign Direct Investment on the unequal exchange of manufacturing ecology. In addition, the ecological unequal exchange in China’s manufacturing industry is decomposed into ecological unequal exchange on the production side, on the consumption side, with developed regions and with lessdeveloped regions. The study finds that: 1) Industry-wide research indicates that FDI inflows have a significant positive impact on reducing the unequal exchange in the manufacturing sector. This finding contributes to the existing literature on the effects of FDI on ecological inequality. 2) Path-specific studies reveal that FDI primarily reduces ecological inequality in the manufacturing sector through technological effects. However, the scale and structural effects of FDI exacerbate ecological inequality, confirming the findings of some scholars. This nuanced understanding of the effects of FDI on ecological inequality adds to the existing body of research. 3) From the perspective of FDI sources, FDI from Asian countries and regions is more beneficial for improving China’s ecological unequal exchange. This finding provides guidance for China’s FDI attraction policies. 4) Assessing pollution emissions inventories based on the principle of production responsibility is unfair to China from both the production and consumption perspectives. 5) From a regional perspective, FDI effectively reduces the impact of ecological unequal exchange in the manufacturing sector between China and developed economies. These findings confirm that China bears an unequal exchange in the trade process and enrich the understanding of the impact of FDI on ecological unequal exchange.

Neural energy computations based on Hodgkin-Huxley models bridge abnormal neuronal activities and energy consumption patterns of major depressive disorder

Limited by the current experimental techniques and neurodynamical models, the dysregulation mechanisms of decision-making related neural circuits in major depressive disorder (MDD) are still not clear. In this paper, we proposed a neural coding methodology using energy to further investigate it, which has been proven to strongly complement the neurodynamical methodology. We augmented the previous neural energy calculation method, and applied it to our VTA-NAc-mPFC neurodynamical H–H models. We particularly focused on the peak power and energy consumption of abnormal ion channel (ionic) currents under different concentrations of dopamine input, and investigated the abnormal energy consumption patterns for the MDD group. The results revealed that the energy consumption of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the NAc region were lower in the MDD group than that of the normal control group despite having the same firing frequencies, peak action potentials, and average membrane potentials in both groups. Dopamine concentration was also positively correlated with the energy consumption of the pyramidal neurons, but the patterns of different interneuron types were distinct. Additionally, the ratio of mPFC's energy consumption to total energy consumption of the whole network in MDD group was lower than that in normal control group, revealing that the mPFC region in MDD group encoded less neural information, which matched the energy consumption patterns of BOLD-fMRI results. It was also in line with the behavioral characteristics that MDD patients demonstrated in the form of reward insensitivity during decision-making tasks. In conclusion, the model in this paper was the first neural network energy computational model for MDD, which showed success in explaining its dynamical mechanisms with an energy consumption perspective. To build on this, we demonstrated that energy consumption levels can be used as a potential indicator for MDD, which also showed a promising pipeline to use an energy methodology for studying other neuropsychiatric disorders.

Specific energy consumption based comparison of distributed additive and conventional manufacturing: From cradle to gate partial life cycle analysis

The additive manufacturing (AM) paradigm, especially in the distributed manufacturing setting, is a novel paradigm that can bring production of components closer to the consumers, at potentially lower economic and environmental costs. In this paper, we present a comparative analysis of AM with conventional manufacturing (CM) from the energy consumption perspective to assess under what conditions AM is better—a key gap in the area. Leveraging an energy consumption survey between CM and AM supply chains, this paper analyzes the significance of transportation in a cradle-to-gate partial life cycle analysis. Though the decentralization of AM has been discussed in energy consumption assessments, it has not been discussed in terms of how the distributed components and their transportation would affect the two supply chains' scenarios. This gap motivated this research to conduct energy efficiency assessment of AM and its comparison with CM in a distributed supply chain. Our analysis showed that transportation contributed 3x to 4.5x increase in the overall energy impact in CM compared to corresponding transportation in the AM setting. In effect, from our analysis, for every three CM parts, the transportation energy consumption approximately equaled the energy needed to manufacture one similar part in AM. Our analysis leverages the solid-to-envelope ratio “α”, defined as the volume of solid material within a part's envelope. Based on our analysis, AM would be the preferred production method for α values falling within the range of 0.08–0.22 (8–22% of raw material efficiency in CM). Hence part geometry, where AM has greater potential for energy savings by reduction in the amount of material waste, is a good indicator for using AM over CM for energy efficiency. We also discuss several future directions for better assessment of AM versus CM under different settings and upcoming innovations such as Industry 4.0.

The influence of technology improvements and the consistency of environmental and economic indicators on decoupling of greenhouse gas emissions and economic growth

Decoupling analysis examines the “green growth” of regions by assessing the relationship between their economy and resource use from both production and consumption perspectives. However, the effects of technology disparity and the consistency between environmental and economic indicators on regional decoupling degree, especially from the consumption perspective, remain unclear. This study re-visited the decoupling processes in forty-four economies between 2005 and 2015. “Technology-adjusted consumption-based GHG emissions” (TCBEs), instead of conventional CBEs, were quantified for decoupling analysis to reveal the impacts of technology disparity on decoupling results from the consumption perspective. We also incorporated the supply chain-wide value added of economies' final demand for consumption-perspective decoupling analysis. Results showed that economies with lower GHG intensities or more substantial reductions in GHG intensities exhibited higher decoupling degree. In other words, these economies were fully “credited” for their efforts in improving local production efficiencies. We also argued that using gross domestic product (GDP) as the economic indicator for quantifying decoupling degree from CBEs did not align with the consistency between environmental pressures and economic activities causing those pressures. By ensuring the consistency, decoupling degrees increased by 2–52 % for TCBEs and 1–19 % for CBEs. Our study raised a discussion on more accurate assessments of regional decoupling processes and enhances our understanding of the impact of technology disparity on global emissions.

Green perspectives of finance, technology innovations, and energy consumption in restraining carbon emissions in China: Fresh insights from Wavelet approach

ABSTRACT Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission is a major contributor to global climate change and needs an instant reduction to preserve the environmental quality of the planet. To ensure this, our study examines the role of green factors in terms of finance, technology, and energy in reducing CO2 emissions in China using quarterly data spanning 2001Q1-2020Q4. A recently developed frequency- and time-varying technique named “Wavelet Local Multiple Correlation” is applied to examine the impact of considered factors on CO2 emission dynamics in short-, medium-, and long-term. Thus, our study is the first to provide detailed insights into the role of green factors in reducing CO2 emission in China in a multivariate context. The outcomes confirm the long-term positive connectedness among green finance, green technology, and green energy consumption. Secondly, all these factors are asymmetrically and negatively correlated to CO2 emissions in long-term frequencies. However, green energy and green finance are highly affecting the CO2 in long-term, while green technology in medium-term. Finally, the multivariate analysis confirms that all the explanatory variables follow a similar trend in affecting CO2 emission; though, green finance is the dominant factor in the correlation. Based on the findings, the study recommends promoting green innovations, financial measures, and renewable energy that help China to limit CO2 emissions and promote environmental quality.

Material productivity and material intensity as drivers of environmental sustainability in G-7 economies

ABSTRACT To further understanding the perspective of sustainable consumption and production, which is one of the key elements of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this study examines the environmental effects of material domestic productivity, material footprint and material intensity in the world’s most advanced economies – the Group of Seven (G7) countries by using the dataset that spans over the time 1970 to 2019. The environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis was used as a theoretical framework. By applying the mean group dynamic least squares (DOLSMG) estimation approach and using carbon and greenhouse gas emissions as environmental indicators, the outcome validates the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis but only in the United States and Germany. Material productivity, footprint and intensity exert a significantly negative impact on the environmental indicators, thus demonstrating the existence of a feasible sustainable consumption and production approach among the countries. By contrast, especially for the country-specific results, material productivity and intensity aggravated environmental degradation by increasing carbon and greenhouse gas emissions in France, Italy, and Japan. A robustness check using the Dumitrescu-Hurlin Granger causality approach aligns with the above-mentioned results. The findings suggest policy recommendations for a more effective approach to reducing material intensification across economic sectors in advanced economies.

Global food trade alleviates transgressions of planetary boundaries at the national scale

Food systems are among the leading causes for transgression of planetary boundaries globally, which define the safe operating space for humanity. We quantify unsustainable environmental impacts of food systems, indicated by the transgression of national-scale planetary boundaries (i.e., the safe operating space for food production in each country), from both production and consumption perspectives of 189 countries/regions around the world. A multi-regional input-output model is used to map the global transfers of the national-scale transgression of planetary boundaries, including freshwater use, land change, and biogeochemical flows (nitrogen and phosphorus). Our results show that China is a major global unsustainable water and nitrogen exporter and an unstable land and phosphorus importer. This means that water and nitrogen uses in China are used to support food demands in other countries, and food consumption in China requires unsustainable land and phosphorus uses elsewhere. In contrast, the US is a major exporter of unsustainable water, land, and nitrogen uses but only an importer of unsustainable phosphorus for food consumption. Globally, compared to a counterfactual scenario where there is no food trade among any countries, food trade saves massive transgressions of planetary boundaries (270km3 of water, 18 million tons of nitrogen, 7 million tons of phosphorus, and 5,431 million km2 of land). Alleviation of national-scale planetary boundary transgression has been achieved primarily in the US, China, Saudi Arabia, etc., while aggravation was incurred in Pakistan, Australia, Argentina, and so forth.

The Impact of China's Urban Per Capita Disposable Income on Education, Culture and Entertainment Services

This study is from the perspective of China's cultural consumption, to study the impact of China's urban per capita disposable income on education, culture and entertainment service expenditure, with local financial budget revenue, consumer price index, regional GDP as control variables, so as to more accurate China's urban per capita disposable income on education, culture and entertainment service expenditure, Then explore how to expand China's cultural consumption in order to enhance the country's soft power. In this paper, the multiple regression model of economic variables and expenditure on education, culture and entertainment services is established, and the data of each year are found to form time series data, called panel data, and the necessary tests are carried out to obtain a more suitable and reliable model and the final regression results, which can provide direction for the government's economic policy.