Perspective Of Athletes Research Articles

Some like it hot? Elite female athlete perspectives on competing in extreme climatic conditions at world championship sports events

PurposeThis paper explores perspectives of elite female athletes competing at world championship sports events, hosted in extreme climatic conditions. From the athlete perspective, it examines the implications of decisions by global sports federations when selecting host cities and the subsequent impacts upon elite athletes competing in unfavourable climates.Design/methodology/approachUsing an exploratory case study approach at the 2019 IAAF World Athletics Championships in Doha, Qatar, this paper explores insider perspectives of four elite female participants competing in the Marathon. Adopting the “elite interviewing” technique, and based on event participant experiences, the paper prioritises the perspective and “voice” of the athlete.FindingsFour key themes emerged from the data. These were (1) the importance of training and preparation; (2) unique challenges of competition day; (3) elite athlete retrospection; and (4) prioritising the perspectives of elite athletes at international sports events. The findings highlight the challenges of managing athlete preparation and performance at world championship events hosted in extreme climatic conditions.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample size for this study whilst relatively small is unique. This reflects challenges accessing elite athletes, their reluctance to be interviewed, and the small pool of elite athlete talent available. Given these practical barriers, this represents a good sample size.Originality/valueThis paper secures unique insider access to elite level female endurance athletes competing at world championship events. The study makes a contribution to knowledge in event studies by introducing concepts of “elite event interviewing” and the “athlete-event paradox”.

Athlete perspectives on the enablers and barriers to nutritional adherence in high-performance sport

ObjectivesPoor adherence to nutritional guidance by athletes may compromise their health and performance. Enhancing adherence is therefore an important performance and welfare strategy. The aim of this study was to qualitatively explore the barriers and enablers of elite athletes' adherence to nutritional guidelines. DesignUnderpinned by our constructionist epistemological position and our relativist ontology, we conducted a qualitative study using focus groups. MethodsWe used the Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation Behaviour (COM-B) model and the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) to conduct focus group discussions with a purposive sample of 39 UK-based funded athletes (mean age = 23 ± 3.81), participating in either Olympic and Paralympic sport (n = 30) or professional sport (n = 9), who had access to a nutritionist. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. ResultsAthlete adherence to nutritional guidance was seasonal and included inadequate energy intakes and episodes of binge eating. Underpinning these behaviours, athletes' emotional barriers (motivation) are reinforced through their social interactions within the high-performance environment (opportunity) and athletes' training environment limits developmental opportunities for food planning (capability). However, a holistic-developmental approach by the sports nutritionists (opportunity) supports athlete wellbeing and nutritional adherence. ConclusionThese findings advance theoretical understanding of the barriers and enablers of nutritional adherence amongst elite-level athletes in high-performance sport and present a number of significant implications for athlete support personnel seeking to enhance performance in demanding sporting contexts. Drawing on the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW), recommendations include the need to 1) train and educate sports nutritionists in human behaviour, 2) update regulations for sports nutrition profession practice to acknowledge the skills required to support athletes' emotional wellbeing, 3), educate coaches on the sensitivity of body weight and composition and develop guidelines for monitoring athletes' body weight and composition in sport, 4) persuade influential leaders to develop culture guidelines that shift the performance-narrative of high-performance (i.e., environmental restructuring).

WITHDRAWN: WADA’s Prohibited List from the perspective of elite athletes

This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal .

Beslenme, Kimlik ve Erkeklik: Et Yemenin Sosyolojisi

The biological need for nutrition is also a cultural practice involving many convergences and inequalities, especially with regard to gender. One of the most common practices of gender-based nutritional inequalities is meat eating. Indeed, meat eating has traditionally been a masculine practice in many cultures from past to present and is associated with a number of characteristics attributed to masculinity such as hunting, aggression, strength, and domination over nature. Vegetables, fruits, and grains, on the other hand, have been engendered as feminine by referring to the characteristics of gathering, submission, and sensuality that patriarchal societies attribute to women. This study aims to examine from the perspective of male athletes the relationship the masculine identity has with meat eating, which many cultures have socially constructed as a patriarchal symbol. The study was conducted in 2019 using the qualitative method and phenomenological design. Data have been collected from semi-structured interviews held with 14 men who play various sports and live in Eskişehir. The findings indicate some men to eat meat as a reproduction of masculinity and veganism/vegetarianism to be perceived as feminine; therefore, men who do not eat meat are excluded from patriarchal and sexist emphases. Moreover, another finding of the study reveals that barbequing reproduces hegemonic masculinity as a homo-social association.

Sustainable elite sport: Swedish athletes’ voices of sustainability in athletics

ABSTRACT Elite sport is a precarious context and as athletes are pushing their physical and mental boundaries to enhance performance, consequences can be devastating. In contrast to arguments that elite sport cannot be sustainable, some scholars have argued that with certain considerations and precautions, elite sport can have fewer unsustainable consequences. However, the current literature has missed to capture athletes’ voices regarding sustainability in elite sport. Therefore, this article aims to give voice to athletes and their needs and concerns regarding sustainable elite sport and through this, to extend the existing elite sport sustainability conceptualisation with knowledge from the athlete perspective. Focus-group interviews were conducted with 15 high performance athletes. The findings suggest that athletes need athlete-centred coaching, focus on holistic perspectives, and co-creation of their overall development. However, athletes also seem to adapt and accept commodity structures, as their focus on results overrules most aspects regarding long-term health and well-being.

Developing an Athlete Brand Identity Scale using Rasch analysis

PurposeThis study identifies important dimensions of the athlete brand identity construct incorporating the athlete perspective. It also uses Rasch analysis to provide a practical tool (the Athlete Brand Identity Scale) to measure how closely an athlete's personal brand identity is aligned with their perceived brand image.Design/methodology/approachReference to existing athlete branding measurement tools and consultation with ten athlete experts generated (74) items considered important to an athlete brand. Two different response scales were then used to test those items in wider surveys of athletes and consumers. This allowed for further scale development and measurement of congruence between an athlete's self-image and the brand image held by consumers (within the same survey). Factor analysis and Rasch analysis were carried out to refine the item pool and assess item measurement properties to establish a concise scale for determining athlete brand identity.FindingsResults show successful identification of four dimensions of athlete brand identity measurement: athletic integrity, athletic success, fan engagement and character traits, informed development of the Athlete Brand Identity Scale (ABIdS). The unique and significant aspect of the ABIdS is its capacity to incorporate the athlete's perspective into brand management.Practical implicationsThe ABIdS can be utilised by early-career athletes to plan and prioritise branding efforts whilst established athletes can identify incongruence between self-image and consumer perceptions. Such gaps can be evaluated and branding activities modified accordingly. This will enable athletes to better access corporate support/sponsorship thereby reducing reliance on public funds.Originality/valueThe major difference between the ABIdS and other existing scales in the athlete brand research domain is the focus on the athlete perspective, as opposed to the consumer perspectives. Evaluating consumer perspectives does not explain how athletes perceive their own brand or how their own perception of their brand compares to that of people external to the brand (fans and consumers). The ABIdS developed in this study has the potential to achieve this objective as its design was driven by athlete perceptions but tested on both athletes and consumers.

The relationship between peer servant leadership, social identity, and team cohesion in intercollegiate athletics

Servant leadership is characterized by a leader’s emphasis on serving their followers first. Within the sport context, servant leadership has been studied primarily in coaches and has been associated with positive athlete outcomes, such as increased athlete satisfaction, motivation, and performance. However, the impact of servant leadership from an athlete perspective (e.g., formal team captains) has been underexplored. As such, the purpose of the present study was to examine the relationships between peer servant leadership, cohesion, and social identity within intercollegiate athletes. Two hundred and eighty-eight Division I and Division III NCAA intercollegiate athletes participated in the present study (female n = 165; male n = 123; Mage = 19.41, SDage = 1.09) and completed the Revised Servant Leadership Profile for Sport (RSLP-S; Hammermeister et al., 2008), Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ; Carron et al., 1985; Eys et al., 2007), and Social Identity Questionnaire for Sport (SIQS; Bruner & Benson, 2018). Structural equation modeling was used to assess the relationships between peer servant leadership, cohesion, and social identity. Results revealed that peer servant leadership positively predicted cohesion, and this relationship was fully mediated by social identity. The current study supports the effectiveness of peer servant leadership in sport contexts and provides theoretical support for the social identity approach to leadership.

Parents’ Motivations for Enrolling their Children in Recreational Sports

Extensive literature covers reasons for participation in sports from the perspective of youth athletes. However, athletic involvement starts early and is determined in part by parental support. The purpose of this study was to learn more about parents’ motivations for enrolling their children in sports. A 49-item parent motivational scale of reasons for enrolling child(ren) in sports was created as part of the study first as a pilot and later tested with 84 parent participants who had school-aged children enrolled in recreational sports. An open-ended question on primary reasons why parents enrolled their child in sports was also included in the study. Exploratory factor analysis of the motivational scale indicated a four-component solution for types of reasons parents enrolled their children in sports: 1. Extrinsic/parent-focused; 2. Child growth and development; 3. Social benefits; and 4. Health/well-being. Parents rated the latter three types of beneficial reasons for enrolling children in sports more highly than extrinsic/parent-focused ones and were more likely to list beneficial than extrinsic reasons in the open-ended question. Scores on several individual motivational items varied by child’s, not parent’s, gender and parent’s marital status. Implications for use of self-determination and expectancy-value theoretical perspectives, understanding parents’ motivations to encourage children’s sports participation while considering family structure and gender of child, and study limitations with ideas for future research are discussed.

Impact and meaning of the postponement of Tokyo 2020 from an athlete perspective

Rescheduling the Olympic Games was an unprecedented decision, justified by the rapid contagion of a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and the need to prioritize the health, safety, and well-being of all people expected to attend the Games. The group arguably most affected by this decision is the group that is at the heart of the Olympic Games and the Olympic Movement: the athletes. The postponement of Tokyo 2020 generated uncertainty for athletes, as well as their support networks, something even more intensely experienced by athletes who are still in the qualification process. In all, this unprecedented disruption to athlete’s routines and daily expectations leads to feelings of loss of control and stress. The manner in which athletes cope effectively with change-events plays a significant role in their performance and even the longevity of their athletic careers. This paper explores the complexities of some of the expectations athletes have had to redefine, as well as the impact of this process in itself, from an athlete’s perspective.

Serious Leisure Perspectives in Sports: Professional Athletes’ Career Progress via Serious Leisure

The aim of this study is to determine serious leisure perspectives of professional athletes. 689 athletes selected through random sampling participated in the study. The data were collected with the “Serious Leisure Inventory and Measure (Short Form) (SLIM)’’, developed by Gould et al. (2011) adapted to Turkish by Ozdemir, Ayyıldız Durhan, and Akgül (2020) which consisting of 12 items and 3 sub-dimensions. It was determined that the data were not distributed homogeneously and non parametric tests were applied. In the analysis of the data, descriptive statistics, Man Whitney U, Kruskall Wallis, Tukey (HSD-LSD) and Pearson Correlation test were used for within-group comparisons. In this study, total internal reliability coefficient of SLIM (short form) scale was determined as .93. Participants had higher SLIM scores (89,60 ± 15,76), the highest subscale score was ‘’identification with pursuit and social outcomes’’ sub-dimension (37,39 ± 7,35), and the lowest subscale score was ‘’individual outcomes’’ (22,30 ± 4,39). Significant relationships and differences were found among the variables of gender, sports, age of athletics, number of trainings per week, participation status of international competitions, perceived challenge of duties, perceived skill development and perceived total development. As a result of the research, it was determined that professional athletes had high serious leisure perspectives and this situation being in interaction with certain variables.

CONCUSSION REPORTING IN YOUTH SPORTS: A GROUNDED THEORY APPROACH

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to generate a grounded theory that explained concussion reporting in youth sports from the perspective of the young athletes.BackgroundParticipation in youth sports is increasingly popular with estimates of 35 – 40 million U.S. children playing an organized sport each year. Current concussion education has not been shown to be consistently effective. The risk of concussion exposure is present in a number of youth sports. Much of the research surrounding concussion reporting has targeted older adolescents. A better understanding of the reporting process among younger athletes is needed.Design/MethodsA grounded theory approach was used to gather and analyze data from semi-structured interviews with soccer players ages 5 to 12. The sample consisted of eleven athletes (8 male, 3 female) from non-elite soccer leagues in two counties; Maricopa, Arizona and Santa Barbara, California.ResultsData analysis induced four conceptual categories; trusted environment, self-monitoring, being a player and incentive structure. The resultant theoretical model explains injury reporting from the perspective of young athletes. This study suggests that there is an incentive structure related to injury reporting, that young athletes have a good understanding of the incentives in relation to their perception of self as a player. Athletes demonstrate self-agency in terms of self-monitoring, however important adult others provide a trusted environment that makes children feel safe with their decisions.ConclusionsThis study suggests that a better understanding of the incentive structure embedded in the reporting process is needed to design effective prevention and education strategies. Important other adults such as parents and coaches may play a pivotal role in injury reporting among younger athletes when compared to adolescents.

Letting the cat out of the bag: athletes, coaches and physiotherapists share their perspectives on injury prevention in elite sports

ObjectivesTo explore how sports injury prevention takes place in elite sport practice and to describe the perspectives of athletes, coaches and physiotherapists regarding the most critical factors that help prevent...

‘My desire to play was stronger than my fear of re-injury’: athlete perspectives of psychological readiness to return to soccer following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery

ABSTRACT The aims of this qualitative study were to understand how athletes (a) defined psychological readiness and (b) knew when they were ready to return to soccer following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery. Data were collected from a group of 21 (male and female) athletes who had undergone ACL reconstruction surgery and returned to playing soccer. An open-ended, in-depth online survey was created to gather data on athlete understandings of psychological readiness, their experiences of overcoming psychological barriers when returning to sport, and any emotions or complications associated with their return to sport. Two main themes were uncovered in this study: ‘Having Confidence’ and ‘Love of the Game’. This research offers a greater understanding of how psychological readiness is defined from the perspective of soccer players, (particularly those returning to lower levels of competition, such as local and regional amateur clubs), than has been found in previous research.

Athlete Perspectives on 8-Weeks of Yoga Practice

Abstract Introduction: Over the past few decades yoga participation has been enjoyed by a wide range of individuals, including athletes looking for new and effective ways to improve performance. With little evidence to suggest the positive impact that yoga may have on athletic endeavors, such participation is met with varied success. Methods: For this qualitative inquiry 19 male college athletes (baseball and soccer players) participated in a weekly yoga program for 8 weeks which included a 60 minute class with both asanas and pranayama; and they were interviewed by researchers upon the completion of the 8-week program using semi-structured interview questions. Results: In an effort to identify best approaches this study looked at perceptions of athlete’s (N=19) reflection in taking part in 8-weeks of yoga. Findings from this inquiry suggest that overall, athletes saw yoga as being as beneficial for joint flexibility and range of motion, improved body awareness, improved ability to concentrate, sense of relaxation, and a sense of support from the coaching staff. Interestingly, soccer players (n=9) believed they were more energized while baseball pitchers (n=10) believed they gained a greater comradery with teammates. When considering reflection themes overall, athletes reported benefits in stress management and physical ability, however, they were less likely to report gains in athletic performance and social interactions. Conclusions: As the Yoga Sutra denotes how the practice of yoga enhances connections between mind, body and spirit, it would seem that the opportunities for the benefits in yoga in athletics is at best being underutilized. Practitioners wanting to more readily assist athletes may want to consider the demands of a specific sport and proactively assist athletes to integrate holistic gains to performance. Keywords: yoga, sport, athlete, mind-body, performance

If You Must Cut Athletes from School Sports Teams, Consider Best Practices

Previous and current literature tends to overlook the practice of deselecting, or “cutting,” athletes from school sport teams. In particular, the perspectives of those directly involved in the cutting process have been largely unexplored in research studies, and the practice of cutting has not been addressed in terms of which methods are best for the athletes involved. This article aims to provide an understanding of the practice of cutting from the perspectives of teacher-coaches, parents and athletes. The authors explored cutting practices and perspectives; the physical, social and emotional effect on athletes; and strategies for best practice. This process involved surveying and interviewing teacher-coaches and athletic directors, as well as interviewing student-athletes who had been cut and their parents — all with a goal to further understand the varied perspectives and effects of cutting as a practice. Finally, for those coaches who have to cut athletes from their teams, best practices will be shared. These clear and concise strategies and examples will help coaches and athletes cope with what are often difficult decisions for all involved.

The effects of rheumatoid arthritis on Cypriot recreational athletes

Introduction: Recreational athletes may be hindered by systemic pathologies that appear as sport related injury, however on closer inspection they are later diagnosed with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). The aims of this study endeavour to investigate the effects of RA on recreational athletes in the Cypriot population, more specifically physical ability, mental perceptions, behavioural choices and the use of alternative therapeutic modalities of treatment. Methods: Six recreational athletes (3 males and 3 females, mean ± SD 41.33 ± 15.85 years) diagnosed with RA were selected for this study. All participants were of Cypriot nationality and were involved in physical activity of 5+ hours per week. Participants were required to undergo a Multi-Dimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire (MDHAQ) and a semi-structured reflective interview. Results: The data collected from both the interview and the MDHAQ are directly related to the participant’s current state (present time evaluation) of disease. Participants in this study had a mean score of 3.04 resulting in a moderate severity rating on the MDHAQ. Seven prominent reoccurring themes were present amongst the six participants. Discussion: Themes indicate an overlap in patient phenomenon and perspective. The detailed insights may possibly aid the future development and research into the effects of RA on patient well-being, a more optimal treatment and care plan for therapy and support. Conclusion: Recreational athletes suffering from RA may be limited in daily physical activity and participation in recreational activity. The purpose of this study intended to draw themes between RA, physical activity limitations and recreational athlete perspectives.

Mental Health in Equestrian Sport

Equestrian media is showing an increasing interest in the impact of mental health on performance and general wellbeing of equestrian athletes. This study explores the awareness of mental health difficulties and psychological wellbeing within equestrian sport from the perspectives of equestrian athletes, instructors/coaches and parents. The exploratory nature of the research offered opportunity to use a dual approach including e-surveys and semi-structured interviews. Analysis of the qualitative data identified five key themes (Emotional Wellbeing in Balance; Emotional Wellbeing Imbalance; Wellbeing Imbalance—Impact on Equestrian Sportspeople; Impact of Equestrian Sport on Wellbeing; Regaining Balance) and 22 sub-themes. The findings determine a compelling need for education, promotion of sharing experiences, facilitation of specialist (clinical and sport) professional training and intervention as well as a review of regulations from equestrian Governing Bodies.

Coaching Behaviors That Enhance Confidence in Athletes and Teams

Confidence is a well-known psychological quality that is relevant for performing at one’s best. Previous literature examined sources from which athletes derive their confidence, what behaviors coaches perceive to be the most effective at building confidence, and the level of congruence between athletes’ and coaches’ perceptions on confidence-building techniques. However, research has rarely asked athletes what they believe are the most important behaviors coaches can do to build confidence in both individuals and teams. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to explore athletes’ perceptions of what coaches can do to build confidence from the perspective of athletes. Collegiate student-athletes (n = 264) completed two open-ended questions regarding specific behaviors that coaches do to build confidence in athletes and teams. A total of 649 interpretable meaning units were analyzed into 13 lower-order themes and 5 higher-order categories. Results revealed that creating a nurturing positive environment, responding to athletes productively, developing effective practices for training, developing interpersonal relationships with athletes, and possessing effective intrapersonal qualities themselves are all behaviors identified as important for building confidence. Many of the behaviors were common to building confidence in both athletes and teams, though there were confidence-building behaviors unique to either group.

Perspectives of athletes and pharmacists on pharmacist-provided sports supplement counseling: An exploratory study

ObjectivesTo identify athletes’ interests in receiving advice about sports supplements from a pharmacist in a supermarket setting and to identify pharmacists’ knowledge, confidence, and enthusiasm for providing counseling on various sports supplements. MethodsTwo cross-sectional surveys were developed and administered. One survey was administered to athletes at local northwestern Ohio fitness facilities, and 1 survey was administered to pharmacists in chain pharmacies during mid-February to mid-March 2017. The athlete survey gathered demographic information, information sources, products purchased, including their location and selection factors, and perceptions of pharmacists providing sports supplement counseling. The pharmacist survey gathered demographic information; knowledge, confidence, and enthusiasm for providing sports supplement counseling; perceptions of counseling benefit; and barriers to implementation of providing a sports supplement counseling service. ResultsThe athlete survey had 129 participants. Athletes primarily reported obtaining sports supplement information from supplement stores, and only 2% indicated using a pharmacist. Although 52% said they would talk to a pharmacist about sports supplements, 66% said their perception of a pharmacist’s fitness level would influence whether or not they would approach him or her.The pharmacist survey had 143 participants. On a 5-point Likert-type scale (1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree), the mean (SD) of their knowledge, confidence, and enthusiasm statements were 2.49 (0.89); 2.61 (0.94); and 3.54 (0.87), respectively. Ninety-two percent (n = 130) of pharmacists thought it would be beneficial to provide counseling on sports supplements. Perceived barriers included lack of knowledge, evidence, and time. ConclusionPharmacists were not identified as a primary resource for sports supplements, but athletes would be willing to discuss this topic with knowledgeable and physically fit pharmacists. Pharmacists felt that they lacked knowledge and confidence regarding sports supplement products but noted enthusiasm to provide counseling. Sports pharmacy counseling could be a viable expansion of pharmacy services in community pharmacies with proper education and tools.

Integrated: The Lincoln Institute, Basketball, and a Vanished Tradition by James W. Miller

Reviewed by: Integrated: The Lincoln Institute, Basketball, and a Vanished Tradition by James W. Miller Derrick E. White Integrated: The Lincoln Institute, Basketball, and a Vanished Tradition. By James W. Miller. (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2017. Pp. xii, 275. $29.95, ISBN 978-0-8131-6911-8.) James W. Miller uses high school basketball as a lens to examine the Lincoln Institute, an African American boarding school, and desegregation in Kentucky. Miller has written an informative, albeit narrow, history of the school and its basketball teams aimed at nonacademic audiences. Miller's examination of the Lincoln Institute focuses on the "paradox of integration" after the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) decision (p. 212). The narrative centers on two individuals in the school's history. The first is [End Page 791] Whitney Young Sr., one of the school's first students and later the school's president. Young stabilized the school during the Great Depression, increased its enrollment and prestige during Jim Crow, and navigated the school through desegregation. The second person Miller follows is Walter Gilliard, Lincoln's athletic director and basketball coach from 1956 to 1960. Gilliard directed Lincoln athletics into the desegregated Kentucky High School Athletic Association in 1956 and coached Lincoln to the state basketball tournament in 1960. From an institutional and athletic perspective, Miller describes Lincoln's growth during segregation and how desegregation ultimately led the school to close its doors in 1966, a few years after the school lost in the 1960 state tournament on a controversial call. He relies on Lincoln Institute archival collections at various Kentucky universities. Miller also conducted more than a dozen oral histories and used the Lincoln Institute Oral History Project housed at Berea College. He concludes, "Integrated education was long overdue and was the proper course to take, but the price was the loss of traditional institutions such as African American high school basketball" (p. 212). This was a "small price to pay," according to Miller (p. 212). As a Kentuckian, I find that the story of the Lincoln Institute is informative and provides insight into why African Americans held the school and other segregated black high schools in such high esteem. However, as a scholar of African American history and sports, I am left wanting. Miller too often fails to explicitly make the connections between Lincoln's travails and the broader issues facing black education and athletics in the 1960s. The lack of scholarly analysis limits the value of the book to historians. For instance, Miller's analysis of school desegregation focuses on violent white resistance. Yet he fails to explore the effect of desegregation on black teachers in Kentucky. Miller, despite his research on the Lincoln Institute, too readily accepts integration as unquestionably good. He does not seem to take seriously African American alumni who touted segregated black high schools as better than their integrated counterparts. Miller's bibliography is missing texts from Derrick Bell, Adam Fairclough, Sarah Garland, and others who question the effectiveness of educational integration. He fails to separate the improvements in material resources from the decline in human resources. It was the teachers, administrators, and coaches like Whitney Young Sr. and Walter Gilliard who made Lincoln great. Nonetheless, when read with a critical eye, Integrated: The Lincoln Institute, Basketball, and a Vanished Tradition sheds important light on the quality segregated high schools and their athletic programs. Derrick E. White Dartmouth College Copyright © 2018 The Southern Historical Association