Perspective Illusion Research Articles

The magnitude of the Ponzo illusion as a function of age for large and for small stimulus configurations

The magnitude of the Ponzo perspective illusion was determined with stimulus configurations of two sizes for 428 Ss from 3 to 90 years of age. The magnitude of the illusion increases rapidly in childhood, reaches a maximum in adolescence, stabilizes in adulthood, and tends to decrease in old age. There were no differences in illusion magnitude observed for the different-sized stimuli.

The Effect of Separation between Test and Comparison Objects on Size Constancy at Various Age-Levels

The effect of separation between test and comparison stimuli on size constancy at various distances was determined for children and adults. Separation slightly reduced the tendency toward size constancy at the longer distances. The data are interpreted as supporting the assumption that size constancy and the Ponzo illusion share common mechanisms, since the developmental size-distance function is independent of whether the comparison is successive, as in most size-constancy experiments, or simultaneous, as in the Ponzo illusion. A number of investigators have suggested that size constancy and the Ponzo perspective illusion share common mechanisms.1 Specifically, it is assumed that one of the factors underlying size constancy is that subjects make depth inferences from converging lines, which are ordinarily associated with distance in the normal environment. When converging lines are presented in the twodimensional Ponzo figure, distance is falsely indicated, resulting in an inappropriate correction of the upper or 'more distant' line of the Ponzo figure. Evidence for this hypothesis is presented by the similar increase in both measures as a function of chronological age.2 Received for publication December 2, 1969. The research was supported by Grant MH-08061 from the National Institute of Mental Health. Dr. Brislin is now at Western Washington State College. 1 R. Tausch, Optische Tiiuschungen als artifizielle Effeckte der Gestaltungsprozesse von Groissenund Formenkonstanz in der naturlichen Raumwahrnehmung. Psychol. Forsch., 24, 1954, 299-348; E. von Holst, Aktive Leistungen der menschlichen Gesichtswahrnehmung, Stud. Gen., 10, 1957, R. L. Gregory, Eye and Brain, 1966, 145-156. 2H. W. Leibowitz and J. M. Judisch, The relation between age and the magnitude of the Ponzo illusion, this JOURNAL, 80, 1967, 105-109; H. W. Leibowitz, S. W. Pollard, and D. Dickson, Monocular and binocular size matching as a function of distance at various age levels, this JOURNAL, 80, 1967, 263-268.

Effect of instructions upon a perspective illusion

A drawing containing outline-perspective information was shown to 36 Ss and was identified to half as a flat figure, viz, a pennant (perspective-minimizing instructions) and to half simply as a figure (perspective-neutral instructions). All Ss were required to draw a line within the figure equal in length to a standard. A significant size-matching error was exhibited by each group, with a significantly smaller error for those Ss receiving the perspective-minimizing instructions. A replication involving 71 Ss confirmed this result. A third group of 32 Ss bisected a distance within the same figure under similar labeling conditions. The magnitude of the bisection error, although significant, was unaffected by instructions.

Ponzo Perspective Illusion as a Manifestation of Space Perception

The Ponzo perspective illusion, a special case of space perception, is influenced by contextual factors, texture, stereopsis, and familiarity in addition to perspective cues. The importance of familiarity is demonstrated by cultural differences obtained with photographs of natural settings which emphasize depth cues.

Geometric illusions. I. Effects of figure type, instruction, and pre- and intertrial training on magnitude and decrement of illusion.

The effects of instruction and training on the magnitude of illusion were investigated using as stimuli Müller‐Lyer, Müller‐Lyer‐Ebbinghaus, and Oppel's figure, and a perspective illusion. The subjects estimated the difference between the standard and the variable. The results suggest that changes in judging attitudes, and perceptual learning, contribute to the decrement of illusion during repeated presentation; adaptation to a two‐dimensional stimulus world seems to affect the size of illusions which can be explained on the basis of constancy theory. The interactions between the treatments were fairly high.

The perspective illusion: perceived size and distance in fields varying in suggested depth, in children and adults.

The perspective illusion: perceived size and distance in fields varying in suggested depth, in children and adults.

A note on the measurement of reversals of perspective

The contradictory findings in the classical literature on the rate of reversal of perspective illusions stem, at least partly, from a failure to isolate three major sources of variance: set, subjects, and sequence. This paper provides a model for the statistical isolation of these variables. It consists of the square-root transformation of reversible data which appear to constitute a Poisson distribution. Such a transformation permits the full utilization of the analysis of variance.

Some Special Problems of Post-Synchronization Mixing*

The history of post-synchronization as a technique is briefly described, with special reference to its use in the process of language conversion. The means by which the illusion of acoustic perspective is obtained within the confines of a limited stage are described.

Perspective and Optical Illusion

Perspective and Optical Illusion

Television Studio Technic<!--<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1-10.5594_J11974">*</xref>-->

The studio operating technic as practiced in the NBC television studios today is discussed and comparisons are made, where possible, to motion picture technic. Preliminary investigations conducted to derive a television operating technic revealed that both the theater and the motion picture could contribute certain practices. — The problems of lighting, scenic design, background projection, and make-up are discussed, with special emphasis on the difficulties and differences that make television studio practice unique. — An explanation is given of the functioning of a special circuit used in television sound pick-up to aids in the creation of the illusion of close-up and long-shot sound perspective without impracticable amount of microphone movement. The paper concludes with a typical television production routine showing the coördination and timing of personnel and equipment required in producing a television program.

Perceptual fluctuation as a fatigue index.

Evidence is presented which shows that the effect of fatigue on the fluctuation of illusions of reversible perspective is to increase the rate of fluctuation, thus shortening the intervals of appearance, rather than prolonging them, as reported by McDougall. The author believes that better explanations of the phenomena are needed; particularly, better than current demonological interpretations in terms of field forces and the ethical aspirations of Gestalten. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

The Problem of Perspective in Moral Reasoning

Egocentric beliefs and reasoning methods of young children can be dynamically conceived in terms of illusions of perspective. Starting from this general postulate, three specific factors of perspective in psychosocial space are here distinguished and scrutinized: empathic capacity, the ability to resist various prestige suggestions, and the ability to resist various sociocentric suggestions. The ability to anticipate or guess the likely interests and relative positions of observation of various dramatis personae in a social situation increases progressively from about eight years on-at about the time when the child's reasoning in general is about to become less absolutistic. Resistance to the prestige of majority opinion increases but slightly, as does resistance to the prestige of seniority. Absolute valuations, favorable and unfavorable, concerning members of various in-groups and out-groups show a differential decrease which is apparently in inverse proportion to the degree of intimacy in such group relations. The relatively static role of certain psychosocial factors which distort moral perspective suggests the essentially limited scope of the process of socialization. The correlative configuration of the three factors in individual cases may offer a clue to social personality types in young children, in terms of specific cultural conditions to which the influence of these factors may be functionally related.

On the Realistic Reproduction of Sound with Particular Reference to Sound Motion Pictures<!--<xref ref-type="other" rid="fn1-10.5594_J07426">*</xref>-->

The criteria for realistic reproduction of sound are discussed, showing how directional sound-collecting and dispersing systems may be employed to give results comparable with those of an ideal binaural system of reproduction. The use of a directional sound-collecting system, together with a directional sound-dispersing system, establishes: a “center of gravity” of the action; an illusion of depth or perspective; an acoustical or reverberation characteristic compatible with the picture; a large ratio of direct to reflected sound in the theater, emphasizing the acoustical properties of the theater; in musical reproduction, a correct balance and reverberation characteristic by the use of the two parameters.

The Influence of Complexity on the Fluctuations of the Illusions of Reversible Perspective. (Amer. Journ. Psychol., October, I931.) Donahue, W. T., and Griffiths, C. H.

The Influence of Complexity on the Fluctuations of the Illusions of Reversible Perspective. (Amer. Journ. Psychol., October, I931.) Donahue, W. T., and Griffiths, C. H.

The Influence of Complexity on the Fluctuations of the Illusions of Reversible Perspective

The Influence of Complexity on the Fluctuations of the Illusions of Reversible Perspective

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON LOCAL FATIGUE IN ILLUSIONS OF REVERSIBLE PERSPECTIVE

Local fatigue as manifested in the ‘Windmill’ or ‘Revolving Cross’ Illusion. McDougall's observations confirmed. Local fatigue not manifested by all subjects. Differences of local fatigability in the same subject. Experiments showing the extremely specific nature of this local fatigue. Local fatigue unaffected by other simultaneous mental processes. The rôle of local fatigue in illusions of reversible perspective. The general interest of local fatigue. Summary.

Illusions of reversible perspective.

Illusions of reversible perspective.

Review of Optical Illusions of Reversible Perspective: A Volume of Historical and Experimental Researches.

Review of Optical Illusions of Reversible Perspective: A Volume of Historical and Experimental Researches.

Optical Illusions of Reversible Perspective. A Volume of Historical and Experimental Researches.

Optical Illusions of Reversible Perspective. A Volume of Historical and Experimental Researches.

Perspective Illusions from the Use of Myopic Glasses

Perspective Illusions from the Use of Myopic Glasses