Personality Types Research Articles

Keystroke Logging for Activity-Monitoring using Python

Cyberwarfare is observed very frequently as always some or the other country is targeting to ruin its enemy country by hacking confidential data from vital computer systems. This has led to dangerous international conflicts. Hence, to avoid illicit entry of other than military person or a government official several tools are being used today as spyware. Keyloggers are one of the prominent tools which are used in today’s world to obtain secret or confidential data of a legitimate and contradictory a malicious user too. These keyloggers are advantageous and taken up positively for monitoring employee productivity, for law enforcement and the search for evidence of the crime. While it’s negative illegitimate use includes data theft and passwords. The keylogger is today witnessed as a malicious attack and is looked upon as a security threat. But every coin has two sides. Keylogger actually helps in avoiding several security breaches and also aids in detecting several crimes across the net world followed by other fellow countries. This fact has motivated to write this paper and as a consequence, an experimental analysis too was carried out in order to conclude that keyloggers’ log file helps identify the person by analyzing proper pattern of the words entered in the file. This paper focuses majorly on the aspect of natural language processing, where a log file obtained thru keylogger software is thoroughly processed via the algorithm as described in the paper. The results yielded a fair understanding of the results obtained as one can easily identify the words used and on the basis of that can also know the type of person on the other end with his ideas, malicious one or of a legal kind

How COVID-19 Information Fear of Missing out Increases the Risk of Depression and Anxiety: Roles of Resilience and Personality Types.

During major health emergencies (e.g., the COVID-19 pandemic) people often fear missing relevant information. COVID-19 information fear of missing out (FOMO) is a phenomenon where people feel anxiety about losing control of COVID-19-related information. The present study aimed to examine how COVID-19 information FOMO relates to mental health (e.g., depression and anxiety), the mediating role of resilience, and the moderating role of personality types during the COVID-19 pandemic. We surveyed 1442 Chinese undergraduates (Mage = 21.68 ± 2.35 years) on the relevant variables. The results showed that COVID-19 information FOMO was positively associated with depression and anxiety, and resilience mediated these associations. Latent profile analysis (LPA) identified three personality types (undercontrolled, adaptive, and overcontrolled). Personality types moderated the mediation models, in which the indirect effects were only significant in the participants classified in the undercontrolled group rather than the participants classified in the other two groups. This study told us that undergraduates' mental health, particularly that of the undercontrollers, should be paid attention to when responding to a major public health emergency (e.g., the COVID-19 pandemic).

Associations of type D personality with amplitude-time ECG parameters

Negative affectivity (NA) and social inhibition (SI) inherent in type D personalities produce chronic distress, which leads to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Currently, a search is underway for mechanisms that mediate the psychosomatic connections of a type D personality. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of amplitude-time ECG parameters in type D personalities and to establish associations of amplitude-time ECG patterns in a non-cardiological sample of women with type D indicators and its components — NA and SI. ECG records were obtained from 68 women with gynecological pathology without a history of CVD and at the time of the study, and all of them completed the questionnaire DS 14. Personality type D was confirmed in 39.7%, on the ECG recording in this group, the average amplitude of the R wave, the duration of the QT and RR intervals turned out to be significantly higher than in individuals without type D, and the duration of the QRS complex was significantly lower in the group of respondents with higher scores against a group with low scores. The group with higher NA values showed a significantly higher R wave amplitude, and with higher SI values, a significantly shorter QRS duration than the corresponding groups with low values of these D-type components. More than a third of a non-cardiac sample of women exhibits type D personality. Analysis of amplitude-time ECG patterns in type D personalities indicates increased ventricular excitability and excessive sympathetic reactivity. A specific pathogenic contribution of the synergism of negative affectivity and social inhibition of the expression of negative feelings to the functional organization of electrophysiological processes in the myocardium was found. Amplitude-time ECG patterns of type D individuals indicate an autonomous imbalance of cardiovascular reactivity at the basis of increased vulnerability to CVD.

Beyond Gender: How Personality Types Affect Pre-Service EFL Teachers' Speaking Skills

This study examines the impact of gender and personality on the English-speaking skills of pre-service EFL teachers at an Islamic Higher Education institution. The fourth semester of pre-service EFL teachers at an Islamic Higher Education institution who programmed Public Speaking Course are involved in this research. By utilizing an ex post facto with an application of 2 x 4 factorial design, this research involves questionnaire and oral speaking test to collect the needed data. The questionnaire which is taken from standardized personality test by Florence Littauer is used to get the data of students’ types of personality. The results show that gender has a significant impact on English-speaking skills, with females outperforming males. Personality types also have a significant impact on English-speaking skills, with differences observed among choleric, sanguine, melancholic, and phlegmatic pre-service EFL teachers. However, there is no significant interaction effect between gender and personality types on English-speaking skills. These findings emphasize the importance of considering individual differences when designing language learning programs and interventions in EFL teaching and learning.

The wide base bipedicled (WIBB) flap in nipple-sparing skin-reducing mastectomy

In this article, we present a modification of the NS/SRM technique in which the mastopexy design for skin reduction is undertaken with a wide-base bipedicled (WIBB) flap. The WIBB flap can be applied in both autologous and implant-based breast reconstruction. Our reconstructive algorithm is also presented. The clinical data of patients operated on from June 2017 to November 2022 were collected: 51 patients for a total of 71 breasts. Personal data, BMI, type and volume of implants used, and major and minor complications were analyzed by descriptive statistics. The mean age was 48.3 years. BMI ranged between 21.5 and 30.9 kg/m2. Thirty-one patients underwent unilateral mastectomy, while twenty patients underwent bilateral surgery. In 25 breasts, immediate reconstruction was performed with implants and ADM. In 40 breasts, reconstruction was performed with a subpectoral tissue expander, and in 6 breasts, reconstruction was performed with a DIEP flap. We observed only one case (1.4%) of periprosthetic infection requiring implant removal under general anesthesia. Minor complications occurred in 14.1% of patients. The use of both the WIBB flap and our algorithm maintained a low complication rate in our series, ensuring oncological radicality and a good aesthetic result at the same time.

Structural aspects of personality typology of patients suffering from cardiovascular pathology associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus started as a metabolic disorder, but finished as a vascular pathology, which determines the prognosis and outcomes of disease. The research of personality psychotypes of patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with cardiovascular pathology was undertaken in order to study one of the basic components of system-forming factor of the pathological nervous regulation system.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: 148 patients were examined (49 men, 99 women), divided into 2 groups: 1) patients with combined cardiovascular pathology and type 2 diabetes mellitus (monitoring group), 2) patients with cardiovascular pathology without type 2 diabetes mellitus (comparison group). Additional control group: 30 practically healthy volunteers. We conducted a questionnaire and a clarifying interview with profile patients undergoing a planned course of treatment in the therapeutic clinics. The domestic version of the psychological questionnaire test mini-mult AMPQ (Abbreviated Multifactorial Personality Questionnaire), which is an abbreviated form of MMPI, as well as “M. Lusher Color Selection Method” were used. The Nickstormsoftware computer software package “Oskord” (version 1.2) was used for statistical processing of the results.
 RESULTS: It was found: there are three main psychotypes — asteno-neurotic, epileptoid-exitable, hyperthymic — prevail in the total population of patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with cardiovascular pathology. The most favorable clinical situation is observed in patients with hyperthymic personality type, what demonstrates the systemic level influence of the psychotype. The definition of the personality structure implements a personalized approach to the patient, because it allows you to take into account the characteristics of each psychotype.
 CONCLUSION: Psychical factors affect the treatment of diabetes and concomitant pathology to the same extent as the treatment itself can affect the psychic state. Such a psychophysiological nature of interaction determines the modeling, possibly organizing role of psychotype components in the work of central link of the nervous regulation pathological system — the basis of the cardiovascular pathology associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus pathogenesis, which requires further scrupulous research, analysis and generalization.

The Influence of MBTI Personality Types on College Students' Academic Performance: The Mediating Role of Learning Motivation

The Influence of MBTI Personality Types on College Students' Academic Performance: The Mediating Role of Learning Motivation

The Interactive Effect of Personality Types and Learning Setting on Performance in Accounting Courses

ABSTRACT This paper examines whether students’ personality types influence their performance in two masters-level accounting courses: one traditional lecture setting (Financial Accounting) and one active learning setting (Accounting Research). Research has shown that accounting student performance is related to personality types (Nourayi and Cherry 1993; Lawrence and Taylor 2000). However, the accounting profession is pushing for active learning to emphasize the importance of communication and critical thinking skills (Pincus, Stout, Sorensen, Stocks, and Lawson 2017). Our study is the first to relate personality types to performance in learning settings in the accounting area. We also extend prior personality type research to examine masters-level accounting student performance. We find that Extrovert students outperformed Introvert students in the active learning setting and Sensing students outperformed Intuitive students in the traditional lecture setting. Combining personality types into four personality temperaments and four MBTI cognitive function groups also resulted in significant effects on student performance. Data Availability: Data are available from the authors upon request.

Mental toughness in adolescents: bridging family relationships and depression across personality traits

BackgroundAdolescence is a pivotal stage vulnerable to mental health issues like anxiety and depression. While family relationships, mental toughness, and personality traits are known to impact adolescent mental health, their interactive and moderating roles are not fully understood.AimThis study aims to investigate the mediating role of mental toughness in the relationship between family relationships and depression among high school students, and to examine the varying impacts of personality traits on this mediation.MethodA cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 734 adolescents. Participants completed measures assessing family relationships, mental toughness, personality traits, and mental health outcomes (depression). Latent Profile Analysis, Multiple Regression Analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling, to investigate these relationships.ResultsThe study found that mental toughness significantly mediates the relationship between family relationships and depression. Notably, this mediating effect varied between personality type; it was more pronounced in the moderate-reserved type compared to the proactive-engaged type. LPA identified two distinct personality types of students based on their personality traits, with differential patterns of family relationships, mental toughness, and depression. Multiple regression analysis indicated that character and adaptability, components of mental toughness, were significant negative predictors of depression.ConclusionThe study contributes to understanding the dynamics of adolescent mental health, particularly in the context of Chinese high school students. It underscores the importance of considering family dynamics, personality traits, and mental toughness in developing effective mental health interventions for adolescents.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Student Persona Responses to Blended Learning Methods Employing the Metaverse and Flipped Classroom Tools

The paper aims to identify and analyze the correlation between student personality types and the use of metaverse and flipped classroom blended learning methods (BLMs) and tools by formulating a series of research hypotheses. Using Bloom’s Taxonomy, the most influential and standard theory of learning in the education cognitive field and toward this objective, the authors extracted the personality types of students and employed a mixed-methods research methodology JASP software (v.0.17.1) involving both qualitative and quantitative tools. The qualitative component involved direct observation of synchronous classroom teaching to students, while the quantitative aspect utilized structured questionnaires administered to 634 students of the International Hellenic University enrolled to attend the “Human Resource Management” course. The acquired qualitative data were processed using (a) network analysis JASP software (v.0.17.1) software in order to address the student personas through nodes, connections, and centralities and (b) structural equation software in order to identify the correlations between types of students and the variables of the metaverse and flipped classroom methods. The findings reveal that the four types of students identified have a direct and strong correlation with the use of flipped classroom and metaverse teaching methods.

Tactical Features of the Interrogation of a Suspect (Accused) in a Conflict Situation in the Investigation of Terrorist and Extremist Crimes

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the interrogation of a suspect (accused) in criminal cases of terrorist and extremist orientation. Interrogation is one of the most difficult investigative actions in tactical terms. The investigator or another person who takes testimony from the interrogated has to face a number of difficulties. The article highlights the problematic aspects of interrogation in a conflict situation of both procedural and tactical nature. Forensically, investigative tactics are based on scientifically proved recommendations from various fields of knowledge. The key in the verbal contact of the subjects of interrogation is knowledge from the field of psychology based on the characterological features of the criminal’s personality. The problem of identifying the psychological personality type of the interrogated person is associated with his various behavioral reactions to stimuli, as well as features of world perception, cultural, aesthetic preferences. The article defines the investigative task of recognizing the radical personality of the suspect (accused) to establish psychological contact with him (paranoid, hysteroid, epileptoid, emotive, hyperthymic, anxious and schizoid). Most of the considered tactics and combinations relate to the psychology of the relations of the opposing participants in criminal proceedings. On the one hand, this is an investigator, who must take truthful testimony and, on the other hand, a suspect (accused) who is trying to avoid criminal liability for an illegal act committed or minimize this liability. Tactical interrogation techniques developed in domestic criminology have been clarified by the author of the article and supplemented for the purposes of effective investigation of terrorism and extremism. The proposed recommendations for obtaining testimony can be used not only at the stage of preliminary investigation of crimes, but also during the pre-investigation check.

How Idiographic Methodologies Can Move the Clinical-Science Field Forward to Integrate Personalized Treatment Into Everyday Clinical Care and Improve Treatment Outcomes

The research–practice gap refers to the fact that most evidence-based treatments created by researchers are not used in routine clinical care, which affects real-world treatment outcomes negatively. One key reason that evidence-based care is not used more frequently is its nonpersonalized format. For example, most evidence-based treatments are based on averages and are limited in addressing comorbidity, heterogeneity, and the needs of clients with minoritized identities. These limitations reduce therapist uptake of evidence-based treatment at large. As a result, most patients seeking treatment in community settings do not receive evidence-based care, which could more quickly and effectively reduce mental-health suffering. Furthermore, even clinicians who want to engage in evidence-based practice must still rely on their clinical judgment in decision-making when treatments fail to address client-specific needs. This reliance on decision-making can influence outcomes negatively. We propose that idiographic (i.e., one-person; N = 1) methodologies (data analysis of one person’s data) combined with digital mental-health technology could help reduce the research–practice gap and improve treatment outcomes. In this article, we outline the many issues contributing to these problems and how idiographic methods of personalization can address these issues. We provide an overview of idiographic methodologies and examples of how to use these methods to personalize existing evidence-based treatments with patients. Finally, we conclude with recommendations for future research and movement within the field that is needed to propel this type of personalization into routine clinical care to reduce the research–practice gap and improve treatment outcomes broadly.

Temperament Based Personality Types in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Latent Profile Analysis.

Three adaptive trait-based personality types have been replicated across ages, cultures, clinical problems and clustering methods: Resilient, Undercontrolled and Overcontrolled type (RUO). Recently there is growing interest in and importance of biopsychosocial transdiagnostic factors underlying personality types, such as temperamental reactivity and self-regulation. Latter can be understood in terms of Behavioural Inhibition (BIS), Behavioural Activation Systems (BAS) and Effortful Control (EC). The occurrence of temperament based RUO types has not yet been confirmed in older adults with or without a mental disorder. Therefore, based on a person-centered approach, the current study investigates whether RUO types can be corroborated in older adults based on the aforementioned temperamental factors. Latent profile analysis yielded two distinct personality profiles in community-dwelling over-60s, which we tentatively labeled a resilient (n = 167) and overcontrolled/inhibited type (n = 241). Compared to the resilient type, the overcontrolled/inhibited type scored lower on EC and higher on BIS. We could not corroborate an undercontrolled type (profiles scored equally on BAS). Group comparisons revealed that overcontrolled/inhibited older adults demonstrated significantly more clinical symptoms, higher emotional instability, lower scores on adaptive traits, less resilience and were significantly more likely to use passive and avoidant coping styles, compared to resilient older adults.

Long-term outcomes in patients with type 1 and type 2 myocardial infarction (data from a single-center register study)

Aim: To study the annual outcomes of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI), depending on its type.Material and Methods. Of the 1,325 hospitalized patients, 1,293 (97.5%) were diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome; the rest had extra-cardiac causes of chest pain. Follow-up included examinations of patients in the hospital and interviewing by phone or email in 12 months after discharge. All patients with MI were tested for the presence of personality type D. After 12 months of follow-up, the total number of patients diagnosed with MI was 255 (92.1%) patients [180 (70.5%) patients with MI1, 75 (29.5%) patients with MI2].Results. After 12 months of follow-up, in the general group of patients complications developed in 53 (20.7%) patients (27 (15.0%) patients in the IM1 group and 26 (34.6%) patients in the IM2 group). Overall mortality and the frequency of repeat- ed hospitalizations for heart failure were higher in MI2 compared to MI1 [8 (10.6%) vs. 2 (1.1%) (p = 0.001) and 9 (12.0%) vs. 8 (4.4%) (p = 0.03), respectively]. The main predictors of adverse events in patients with MI2 were: obesity, p = 0.005; diabetes mellitus, p = 0.006; two-vessel lesion, p = 0.001; three-vessel lesion, р = 0.001; low adherence to drug therapy (< 6 points) on the Morisky-Green scale, p = 0.007; personality type D, p = 0.040. In patients with MI1, the main predictors of adverse events were: obesity, p = 0.019; male, p = 0.009. There were no statistically significant differences in both groups in the frequency of mortality from MI, the development of recurrent MI, as well as complications such as subacute/late stent thrombosis and restenosis in the stent.Conclusion. In patients with MI2, compared with MI1, after 12 months of follow-up the indicators of total mortality (10.6% vs. 1.1%) and repeated hospitalizations due to decompensation of heart failure (12% vs. 4.4%) are higher.

Overcome imposter syndrome: Contribute to working groups and build strong networks

Scientific working groups bring together experts from different disciplines and perspectives to tackle the “wicked problems” facing natural systems and society. Yet participants can feel overwhelmed or inadequate in groups within academic environments, which tends to be most acute at early career stages and in people from systematically marginalized backgrounds. Such feelings can block innovation that would otherwise arise from gaining the full spectrum of unique perspectives, knowledge and skills from a group. Drawing on personal experiences and relevant literature, we identify ten contribution strategies, ranging from generating ideas, analyzing data, and producing visuals to supporting facilitation. Next, we share approaches for an inclusive and supportive process, considering the roles of both participants and leads. Generating the most productive and relevant outcomes from working groups requires engaging the full team in a constructive and supportive environment. We advocate that adopting inclusive approaches that respect the diversity of personality types and perspectives will lead to more innovative solutions to achieve conservation and sustainability goals.

Clinical and psychological associations and coping strategies for personality type D and depression in patients with coronary artery disease

The comorbidity of manifestations of psychological distress and cardiovascular diseases is complex. The degree of impact of psychological stress on the patient depends on the possibilities of the adaptive potential of the individual in the environment.Aim: To study the cognitive assessment of stress, coping strategies and clinical and psychological associations in personality type D and depression in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).Material and Methods. The study included 112 CAD patients. The DS-14 questionnaire was used to determine personality type D.To determine the level of depression the hospital scale HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). To assess coping strategies, the questionnaires “Methods of Coping Behavior” and “Indicator of Stress Coping Strategies” were used. Difficult life situation (DLS) assessment was determined using the “Cognitive Assessment of DLS” methodology. The questionnaire “Types of Orientations in Difficult Situations” was used to study orientations in DLS.Results. Patients were divided into groups based on manifestations of psychological distress: with type D (n = 40), without type D (n = 72); with depression (n = 48) without depression (n = 82). In type D, there was a more frequent assessment of the situation as out of control (12.0 ± 4.6 points versus 11.0 ± 4.6 points, p = 0.049) and orientation towards losses in difficult situations (17.0 ± 4.1 points 15.5 ± 5.1, points, p = 0.016). In depression, less pronounced desire for difficulties (19.0 ± 5.0 points versus 23.0 ± 5.9 points, p = 0.006), orientation towards opportunities (15.5 ± 3.2 points versus 18.0 ± 3.5 points, p < 0.001). In type D, the strategies “Escape-avoidance” (p = 0.05) and “Self-control” (p = 0.04) were used more often. In depression, the strategies “Problem resolution” (p = 0.02), “Search for social support” (p < 0.001) and “Avoidance” (p = 0.02) were more often used, less often – “Confrontational coping” (p = 0.001).Conclusion. Differences in cognitive assessment and coping strategies were revealed in patients with coronary artery disease in personality type D and the development of depression symptoms. This study emphasizes the need for individualized behavioral interventions for patients with coronary artery disease with manifestations of psychological distress.

Kretschmer´s Sensitive Delusion Of Reference: Clinical Case Report

IntroductionThe sensitive delusion of reference represents a clinical entity described by Kretschmer in 1918, arising in people with sensitive personality. This personality type is mainly characterized by a tendency towards social isolation, introversion, low self-esteem and by a greater sensibility to interpersonal judgement. In this personality type, the presence of specific environmental triggers may provoke a reference delusion of persecutory content, feelings of guilty and injustice. Although eliminated from the current diagnostic classifications, the sensitive delusion of reference represents a key milestone in the history of psychopathology.ObjectivesThe goal of this report is to report on a clinical case of a patient diagnosed with Kretschmer´s sensitive delusion of reference.MethodsThe present work consists on a descriptive report of a clinical case through consultation of the patient´s clinical file as well as a survey of relevant articles on Pubmed.ResultsThis is a 38 year old, married man with no children. He describes himself as a private, introverted individual, who has little interaction with his peers, and has been very sensitive to criticism ever since his adolescence. His first psychiatry appointment took place in April 2021, following the medical referral of his general practitioner as, according to the patient´s mother and wife, he had been, for quite some time, implying that his mobile phone had been under wire and that someone had been monitoring him. As stated by these relatives, these ideas surfaced after a workplace conflict. At the time, the patient was medicated with olanzapine 10mg and lorazepam 2.5mg before bedtime, exhibiting significant improvements with full remission of psychotic symptomatology. Succeeding the antipsychotic tapering attempt, the patient had begun to suffer from insomnia and recrudescence of psycotic symptomatology, namely, the delusion ideation of persecutory content and auditory hallucinations, as a result, the previous treatment regimen was resumed, which resulted in significant improvements of the clinical picture. Following new observation, in 2023, the patient mentions weight gain and drowsiness during the day, leading to the switch of olanzapine 10mg for aripiprazole 15mg. The current treatment plan consists of aripiprazole 15mg once a day and lorazepam 1mg 1/2 before bedtime, resulting in an improvement of the previous complaints and maintenance of the psychosocial functioning, unaccompanied by psychotic symptomatology.ConclusionsIn conclusion, and relatively to the condition´s prognosis, Kretschmer observed that, although in some situations the episodes were brief and self-limiting, in others, the patients maintained psycothic symptomatology, during the following years. In the present clinical case we recognised the need to sustain the antipsycothic treatment regimen, as the respective dosage reduction lead to an aggravation in symptomatology.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

THE STUDY OF SOCIAL NETWORKS AS AN ACTIVE FACTOR INFLUENCING THE FORMATION OF YOUTH VALUES FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF PSYCHOLOGY

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of "virtual" social media as a factor influencing the formation of markers of the value palette and preferences of modern youth. The purpose of this study is to identify among the youth audience the role of social media in the formation of value-semantic attitudes and preferences. Through the content analysis of virtual discourse, the authors determine the motives for the inclusion of young people in virtual communities and the content orientation of these virtual groups. As a result, the authors conclude that the dominant force of social networks is the self-affirmation of a personality with an active representative sample included in various communities, living and acting according to the rules of these groups and receiving social approval and support, which often leads to a break with cultural tradition and the formation of a new type of personality, which determines the novelty and relevance of the research in in modern conditions of the development of a digital society.

Typology of hyperthymic personalities with affective phases

Introduction Modern authors characterize hyperthymic individuals as eloquent, humorous, self-confident, optimistic, energetic, liberated, sexually active, constantly planning and implementing their plans. Four or more of the listed characteristics indicate the individual’s involvement in the circle of hyperthymic people. Statistical data on the prevalence of hyperthymic is scarce, which is due to rare requests for help and the diagnosis of this condition not as a disease, but within the framework of characterological traits. Attempts to classify hyperthymics have been made more than once, but previously none of the authors divided them according to the presence of side character traits in the personality structure.ObjectivesTo establish psychopathological types of hyperthymic individuals in whom affective states were formed.Methods The sample consisted of 50 patients (42 women, 8 men) who were on inpatient or outpatient treatment at the clinic since 2019 to 2022. Patients were examined by clinical-psychopathological, clinical-anamnestic methods due to the presence of a phase affective state.Results Four types of hyperthymic personalities have been identified: anxious-hyperthymic, hysterical-hyperthymic, schizoid-hyperthymic and standard hyperthymic. Anxious-hyperthymic type, 20% (n=10) characterized by a combination of increased activity, sociability with such traits as suspiciousness, perfectionism, meticulousness, exactingness, concern for one’s health and the desire to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Hysterical-hyperthymic type, 46% (n=23) includes both hyperthymic and hysterical traits in the form of increased emotionality, egocentrism, drama, and desire for recognition from others. In addition, patients in this group are characterized by increased concern about their appearance (bright clothes, makeup, tattoos). Schizoid-hyperthymic type, 10% (n=5). In addition to increased activity and emancipation, patients in this group are prone to fantasizing, overvalued hobbies, sthenicity, emotional poverty and rationalism. Standard type, 24% (n=12) are characterized by the presence of typical hyperthymic traits - optimism, energy, constant desire for productive activity, success in the chosen profession, rapid career growth, sociability, openness.ConclusionsHyperthymic individuals with the development of affective phases are heterogeneous in their psychopathological structure and have features of the pathocharacterological structure that make it possible to distinguish anxious-hyperthymic, hysterical-hyperthymic, schizoid-hyperthymic and standard types. The developed classification of hyperthymia reveals the predominance of the hysterical-hyperthymic type (46%).Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

The magnitude of influence of personal and professional factors on the career choices of medical students.

Medical students face uncertainty in choosing their future careers, which is influenced by personal and professional factors and can have a direct impact on the healthcare system and society. In this study, we aimed to analyze the magnitude of influence of personal and professional factors on students' choices of a future specialty, among medical students in Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries. This cross-sectional exploratory study used cluster sampling and collected demographic data, influencing factors, preferred specialty, and engagement level, using a 20-item questionnaire. The study included 1,105 students, of which 60.5% were women. Income was the most influential factor for both sexes (68.5%) and was statistically significant for men (P < 0.0001), with personal experience and type of patients served being more important for women. Many students (42.6%) were undecided about their future specialty. However, general surgery was the most preferred specialty, followed by internal medicine (10.9%) and obstetrics and gynecology (5.5%). Women had a significantly higher mean personal score than men, indicating a preference for surgery (3.07 ± 2.2 vs. 2.78 ± 2.1; P = 0.029). In this study, we found that income significantly influenced medical students' choices of specialty, with surgery being the most common, and that many students are undecided about their specialty, needing career counseling and mentoring programs.