Personality Traits Of Students Research Articles

Running, walking, and cross-country skiing: how to shape adolescents’ personalities through physical activity?

Adolescence is crucial for personality development, and sports play a significant role. This study investigates the impact of various sports on the personality traits of junior high and high school students in Shandong Province, focusing on neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Utilizing data from the “Database of Youth Health,” we employed Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) and Generalized Structural Equation Modeling (GSEM) to analyze the effects of physical activity on personality development. Findings reveal that walking significantly enhances openness and decreased neuroticism, while jogging/running substantially improves extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Cross-country skiing, however, negatively impacts all assessed personality traits. In addition, the importance of gender differences in the relationship between physical activity and personality development was revealed. The results offer insights for promoting adolescent personality development through targeted sports activities.

Результаты исследования уровня развития коммуникативной сферы курсантов - будущих психологов органов внутренних дел

The need to improve the development of communication skills and abilities of psychologists in the educational organization of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia is due to the low level of development of the communicative sphere of the personality of graduates. This is confirmed by the empirical research data presented in the article. At the same time, there are no tools for monitoring the development of this area and taking into account the personality characteristics of students in the implementation of the relevant disciplines of the educational program. As practice shows, the educational process is traditionally implemented within the framework of several basic disciplines aimed at developing competencies related to the communicative sphere of personality. At the same time, the initial level of development of communicative abilities and personality traits of students are not taken into account. In addition, the assessment of the development of the graduate's communicative sphere based on the results of the implementation of the relevant disciplines is not carried out. The article proposes an approach to the use of the developed universal scientific and methodological apparatus aimed at the development of psychologists in the process of their professional training by changing their communicative sphere, taking into account the characteristics of their personality.

Investigation of the Mediator Role of Career Adapt-abilities in the Relationship Between Big Five Factor Personality Traits and Career Distress

Career distress is an important construct for understanding career development in young adults. Revealing the variables associated with this construct has the potential to contribute to the reduction and prevention of career distress. The aim of this study, which was carried out in this direction, is to examine the mediating role of career adapt-abilities in the relationship between career distress and five-factor personality traits of university students. The research was conducted with 369 university students. Big Five Personality Traits Scale, Turkish five‑factor short form of the Career Adapt‑Abilities Scale and Career Distress Scale were used as data collection tools. Data analyzes were performed using Pearson correlation analysis and structural equation modeling method. The findings of the study showed that career adapt-abilities play a full mediator role in the relationship between career distress and extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness personality traits. In addition, career adapt-abilities have a partial mediator role in the relations between career distress and neuroticism and openness to experience personality traits. The results of the study were discussed considering the theoretical basis and previous research. Recommendations for practitioners and researchers are presented.

Smart Hostel Allocation System Using Naïve Bayes Algorithm

This research explores the potential of automated personality classification using supervised machine learning techniques, with a specific focus on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) for hostel allocation. The problem is the manual and resource-intensive allocation of hostel accommodations in educational institutions, leading to personality mismatches among roommates, which negatively impacts students' academic engagement and well-being. The aim of this research is to improve hostel room allocation by predicting student personality traits, thus minimizing personality mismatches among roommates. A Naïve Bayes classifier was applied to the MBTI personality dataset acquired from Kaggle. Various preprocessing techniques, such as tokenization, stop-word removal, and word stemming, were used to prepare the dataset for feature selection. CountVectorizer and TF-IDF methods were employed to convert text into numerical vectors for machine learning analysis. Additionally, SMOTE was implemented to address class imbalance within the dataset, ensuring better model performance. The Naïve Bayes classifier showed promising results, with scores achieved across all personality traits as 73% precision, 70% accuracy, F1 Score 70% and Recall 70% in predicting MBTI personality traits from input text. Visualizations and performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score were used to evaluate the model's efficiency. The research findings suggest that supervised machine learning techniques can effectively predict personality traits from social media data, aiding in improved hostel room allocation and potentially benefiting broader applications in education and computational psychology. This system is recommended for educational institutions and residential complexes seeking efficient roommate pairing.

Prevalent personality traits in psychology students: a decade of study. Analysis of associated transversal professional skills

Introduction: The knowledge of personality in university students and the professional skills necessary for adequate development and performance in professional settings are essential to implement more effective academic interventions that enhance successful professionals.Objective: Analyze prevalent personality traits according to: Motivational goals, Cognitive modes and Interpersonal behaviors corresponding to ten cohorts of psychology students (2010-2020).Method: longitudinal trend design, with descriptive-correlational scope. We worked with two intentional, non-probabilistic samples, psychology students: MI 2010-2020: 945 students, MII 2020: 48 students. Instruments: Million Inventory of Personality Styles (MIPS) and Questionnaire for the Evaluation of Transversal Competencies in University Students.Results: A personality profile was observed with the sustained presence of the traits of Modification, Communicativeness and Control, and absence of Accommodation. In the Professional Competencies, very high frequencies of Interest in Quality, Work Responsibility and Teamwork are evident; and very low frequencies of Social Responsibility. The Modification and Control traits are those that present associations with Transversal Professional Competencies.Conclusions: The profile that characterizes a cohort of psychology students during 10 years of study has been communicativeness and control in the interpersonal, the active and energetic attitude (modification) in the motivational, and the sustained absence of passivity and accommodation. Relationships were found with transversal professional competencies. The implication of the results is discussed

Investigating influential factors in group learning: personality traits, COVID-19 lockdowns and back-to-school policies

Extensive research has probed the impacts of personality traits on student satisfaction, academic anxiety, and performance, with particular attention paid to their implications during the COVID-19 pandemic. Notably, a conspicuous gap is discernible in the existing literature concerning investigations that scrutinize the influence of personality on group learning among different COVID-19 lockdown phases (e.g., pre, during, and post-lockdowns). This study endeavors to fill this gap by undertaking an examination of the fluctuations in group performance within data science curricula. This inquiry considers student cohorts comprising diverse personality traits across distinct phases of lockdowns. Through the investigation of 84 student groups, our research has unearthed intriguing correlations and patterns linking group performance with four influential factors, including personality traits, the lockdown phases (i.e., pre, during and post-lockdowns), the joint factor of lockdowns and personality traits, and the implemented COVID-19 policies (e.g., mask-wearing and social distancing) during the early-stage of back-to-schools. The interesting findings revealed from our studies have the potential to propel the advancement of our comprehension within the field of educational psychology and may serve as catalysts for heightened scrutiny of student personality traits, thereby motivating educators to refine their pedagogical approaches in collaborative learning experiences.

Exploring the Influence of Dark Triad and Light Triad Traits on Sport Sciences Students.

Background and Objectives: The primary purpose of the article was to examine the relationship between dark and light personality traits in university students enrolled in the Faculty of Sport Sciences. Materials and Methods: Data were collected from 518 students (208 female, 310 male) with an average age of 20.89 (±2.25). The Short Dark Triad and the Light Triad Scales were used. Harman's single-factor analysis minimized measurement error, and various statistical methods assessed the effect of gender and age on personality traits. Results: Results indicated a positive correlation among dark personality traits, while light personality traits exhibited more complex relationships. Gender and age were found to significantly influence certain personality traits. Conclusions: This study contributes to the sports literature by exploring the role of demographic variables in personality formation.

Emotional intelligence and personality traits in high school students: a survey study

Emotional intelligence and personality traits in high school students: a survey study

The Impact of Digital Competence and Personal Innovativeness on the Learning Behavior of Students: Exploring the Moderating Role of Digitalization in Higher Education Quality

The integration of digitalization in higher education is a key to increasing the number of students getting access to education in the developing world. Inspired by the fast digitalization in higher education institutes and the lack of relevant empirical studies about the impact of this rapid digitalization on the learning behavior of students, we investigated: how does digital competence, along with personal innovativeness and attitudes toward digital learning, affect the learning behavior of students in China? This study also aims to examine the moderating role of the level of digitization at higher educational institutions between students’ personality traits and their learning behavior. For this purpose, cross sectional data were collected from 1,569 Chinese students through purposive and random sampling through a face-to-face survey. The data were analyzed using the partially least square structural equation model. The findings indicate that digital competence (β = .688, p < .01) exerts a robust positive influence on students’ learning behavior. The personal innovativeness had a significant impact on learning behavior (β = .720, p < .01). The study found that the attitude toward digital learning had a significant impact on students’ learning behavior (β = .573, p < .01). The results also indicated that digitalization at higher education institutes moderated positively between student personality traits and their learning behavior. Thus, the enables individuals to cultivate creativity, explore novel concepts, and acquire fresh insights that enhance their intellectual skills. Ultimately, DHEI also cultivates their attitude toward formal as well as informal digital learning, which significantly influences their learning behavior.

Empirical Assessment of Ethnic Identity and Ethnic Attitudes of the Russian Students (Case Study of Humanities Degree Programmes taught at National Research Mordovia State University)

Introduction. Currently, there is a tendency of steady decline in the value of ethnic identity in the self-consciousness of young people. The assessment and study of the dynamics of ethnic self-awareness are related to the need for a comprehensive approach to the problem of patriotism development of modern Russian youth. The purpose of this article is to analyze the ethnic self-consciousness and ethnic attitudes among Russian youth enrolled in humanities degree programmes at the National Research Mordovia State University. Materials and Methods. 150 junior students took part in the empirical research. The following methods were used: the 16PF questionnaire by R. Cattell (form C), the “Types of Ethnic Identity” method by G. U. Soldatova and S. V. Ryzhova, the Method for assessing the positivity and uncertainty of ethnic identity by A. N. Tatarko, N. M. Lebedeva, ethnic affiliation questionnaire by G. U. Soldatova, S. V. Ryzhova. The authors used methods of correlation and factor analysis. Results. The study revealed a high level of positive ethnic identity in the majority of Russian students. The greater part of students have an average level of ethnic identity. The results of correlation analysis showed the presence of significant relationships between types of ethnic identity and ethnic attitudes. As a result of factor analysis, five groups of factors reflecting the relationship between types of ethnic identity and personal qualities of students were identified. Discussion and Conclusion. The authorsʼ findings contribute to the study of the problem of ethnic identity and its relationship with ethnic attitudes and personality traits of Russian students. The materials of the article can be useful for specialists in the field of ethnic psychology to study and develop studentsʼ deep understanding of their own ethnic identity.

The role of psychological capital in the development of the dark and light triad of personality traits in university students

This study examines the relationship between psychological capital and traits associated with the dark and light triad of personality. In particular, it aims to determine how the parameters of psychological capital – self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and stability – interact with traits of the dark triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy) and the light triad (humanism, Kantianism, and faith in humanity). Empirical tests were used to investigate the hypothesis about these parameters’ interrelationships and mutual influence. The study included 103 students of the Institute of Pedagogy and Psychology of the Cherepovets State University aged between 17 and 22 (average age 18.3 years). The diagnostic tools used in the study included special questionnaires to assess traits related to the dark and light personality triad and psychological capital. Data analysis involved the use of correlation and regression analysis techniques for mathematical processing. It was found that of the dark triad traits, only narcissism, which is positively correlated with self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and stability, is positively correlated with psychological capital and some of its parameters. The two factors of psychological capital that have the greatest influence on the characteristics of narcissism are self-efficacy and optimism. Narcissism, on the other hand, only affects optimism. With regard to the characteristics of the light triad, it was found that optimism, self-efficacy, and resilience are positively correlated with faith in humanity, while optimism is positively correlated with humanism. The regression analysis revealed that optimism, faith in humanity, and humanism are not only interrelated but also influence each other. Specifically, optimism is a predictor of faith in humanity and humanism, while faith in humanity and humanism predicts optimism as an attitude toward life. These findings contribute to understanding the interplay and mutual influence of holistic personality traits. They have practical implications for counselors of student groups and university psychological services. Исследование посвящено выявлению роли психологического капитала в проявлениях черт Темной и Светлой триад личности. Проверялась гипотеза о наличии взаимосвязи и взаимовлияния параметров психологического капитала (самоэффективности, надежды, оптимизма, устойчивости) с параметрами Темной (макиавеллизм, нарциссизм, психопатия) и Светлой (вера в человечество, гуманизм, кантианство) триад личности. В исследовании приняли участие студенты института педагогики и психологии Череповецкого государственного университета (N = 103) в возрасте от 17 до 22 лет (средний возраст – 18,3 года). В качестве диагностического инструментария использовались специальные опросники на выявление черт Темной и Светлой триад личности, а также психологического капитала. Математическая обработка осуществлялась с использованием методов корреляционного и регрессионного анализа. В результате было установлено, что с психологическим капиталом и отдельными его параметрами из черт Темной триады положительную связь обнаружил только нарциссизм, который положительно прокоррелировал с самоэффективностью, надеждой, оптимизмом и устойчивостью. Наибольшее влияние на проявления нарциссизма оказывают два фактора психологического капитала – это самоэффективность и оптимизм. В свою очередь, нарциссизм оказывает влияние только на оптимизм. Из черт Светлой триады вера в человечество обнаружила положительную связь с самоэффективностью, оптимизмом и устойчивостью, а гуманизм – с оптимизмом. На основе регрессионного анализа установлено, что оптимизм, вера в человечество и гуманизм не только связаны друг с другом, но и оказывают взаимное влияние друг на друга: оптимизм является предиктором веры в человечество и гуманизма, а вера в человечество и гуманизм – предиктором оптимизма как жизненной установки личности. Полученные результаты вносят определенный вклад в понимание проблемы взаимосвязи и взаимовлияния интегральных характеристик личности, могут быть использованы в работе кураторов студенческих групп, а также в деятельности психологических служб вузов.

Research on the Influencing Factors and Mechanisms of Internet Moral Formation among Post-2000s College Students

This paper aims to explore the influencing factors and mechanisms affecting the formation of internet morals among post-2000s college students. Through literature review and questionnaire surveys, this paper analyzes the impact factors from three aspects: the internet information environment, student personality, and educational mechanisms. It discusses the mechanisms of internet morals through four aspects encountered in the network interaction process: social, family, and school environments, as well as the cultivation by the network industry. The results indicate that the formation of internet morals among post-2000s college students is influenced by various factors, among which the network environment, student personality traits, and family and school education are significant. Simultaneously, cultivating students' internet morals should start from improving the network environment, guiding students in proper online interactions, and shaping good personalities. The findings of this study contribute to the enhancement of overall internet moral literacy among college students and provide a reference for educational administrative departments and universities.

Big five personality traits of medical students and workplace performance in the final clerkship year using an EPA framework

BackgroundThe qualities of trainees play a key role in entrustment decisions by clinical supervisors for the assignments of professional tasks and levels of supervision. A recent body of qualitative research has shown that in addition to knowledge and skills, a number of personality traits are relevant in the workplace; however, the relevance of these traits has not been investigated empirically. The aim of this study was to analyse the workplace performance of final-year medical students using an Entrustable Professional Activity (EPA) framework in relation to their personality traits.MethodsMedical students at the end of their final clerkship year were invited to participate in an online survey-based, cross-sectional field study. In the survey, the workplace performance was captured using a framework consisting of levels of experienced supervision and a defined set of 12 end-of-undergraduate medical training EPAs. The Big Five personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness) of the participating medical students were measured using the Big Five Inventory-SOEP (BFI-S), which consists of 15 items that are rated on a seven-point Likert scale. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.ResultsThe study included 880 final-year medical students (mean age: 27.2 years, SD = 3.0; 65% female). The levels of supervision under which the final-year clerkship students carried out the EPAs varied considerably. Significant correlations were found between the levels of experienced supervision and all Big Five dimensions The correlations with the dimensions of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness were positive, and that for the neuroticism dimension was negative (range r = 0.17 to r = − 0.23). Multiple regression analyses showed that the combination of the Big Five personality traits accounted for 0.8–7.5% of the variance in supervision levels on individual EPAs.ConclusionsUsing the BFI-S, we found that the levels of supervision on a set of end-of-undergraduate medical training EPAs were related to the personality traits of final-year medical students. The results of this study confirm the existing body of research on the role of conscientiousness and extraversion in entrustment decision-making and, in particular, add the personality trait of neuroticism as a new and relevant trainee quality to be considered.

Zodiac Signs Personality Traits and Dental Specialty

Introduction: Astrologers assume that the sun sign dictates personality. A relationship between personality traits and sun signs exists, though a degree of relation could vary. Selecting a career is thought to be dependent on a number of factors and the perceived suitability of one’s personality characteristics to a certain career is one among other factors. Aim: The aim of the study was to explore zodiac signs and related personality traits of dental students and their perception toward dental specialties. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out among (n = 447) undergraduates and postgraduate dental students in Andhra Pradesh. A pretested 3 questionnaire was used to collect data regarding demographics, education level, zodiac-related personality traits, and preferred dental specialty, which was assessed using Google Forms. A Chi-square test was done to know the association. Results: There is a statistical significance (<0.001) between the zodiac sign and the dental specialty they prefer. Majority of extroverts preferred surgery and conservative, while introverts chose pedodontics and periodontics. Ambiverts chose orthodontics and public health dentistry. Conclusion: Different personality types choose different specialties. There might be connections to zodiac signs that demand further research.

A survey on automated student evaluation and analysis using machine learning

The problem of automated student evaluation and analysis is a widespread issue in the education sector, where the manual evaluation of students' performance and progress can be time-consuming, prone to errors, and lacking in efficiency. The current evaluation methods do not provide real-time insights and feedback to students, leading to a lack of engagement and motivation. Many Methodologies have been developed for estimating and analyzing the students' performance. One such methodology developed using: Machine learning, educational data mining, Predicting achievement. This methodology has no concern for the aspects like non-academic activities, personality traits of students and other technical and non-technical skills. The goal of automated student evaluation and analysis is to develop a system that can accurately and efficiently evaluate and analyze students' performance and provide meaningful feedback in real-time. The system should be able to analyze large amounts of data from various sources, exams, and provide detailed insights into the strengths and weaknesses of individual students. The system should also provide teachers with the tools to track student progress over time, identify areas for improvement, and provide personalized feedback to each student. The challenge of creating such a system lies in accurately analyzing and interpreting large amounts of data, identifying patterns and trends, and providing meaningful insights and feedback to students and teachers in real-time. It requires the integration of advanced artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques, as well as user-friendly interfaces and data visualization tools.

Об источниках и формах внутриличностных конфликтов студентов-психологов на этапах обучения в вузе

The article reveals certain aspects of the problem of psychological well-being of students. Using the example of psychology students, the phenomenon of intrapersonal conflict is considered as one of the factors influencing the effectiveness of educational activities at a university. The authors present the results of a study of the specifics of intrapersonal conflicts among psychology students and the characteristics of their transformation of intrapersonal conflicts at the stages of studying at a university. The frequency of occurrence of intrapersonal conflicts among students in various spheres of life was determined. The dynamics of development of the studied type of intrapersonal conflicts of students has been revealed. The individual personality traits of students associated with their intrapersonal conflicts are described.

Multicultural personality traits of Chinese university students and their effects on the psychological adjustment in the aftermath of COVID-19 in Shanghai: a scale validation.

This study aims to explore Chinese university students' multicultural personalities and examine how they predict the psychological adjustment of students in Shanghai. In addition, the validation of Multicultural Personality Questionnaire Short Form (MPQ-SF) scale developed to assess the multicultural personality traits of individuals is also aimed in Chinese context. Data were collected after the psychological stresses from restrictions imposed by COVID-19 in China that influenced life adjustments for nearly three years. A total of 1,099 university students participated in this multi-stage study. First, the Chinese version of MPQ-SF (MPQ-SF-C) was developed and validated. The impact of MPQ-SF-C dimensions was then tested through path analysis to establish the effects of Chinese university students' multicultural personality traits on their psychological adjustment using the Schwartz Outcome Scale (SOS-10). The MPQ-SF-C yielded a five-factor solution which accounted for 60.14% of the common variance. The findings indicated that cultural empathy (β = 0.23, p < 0.05), certainty seeking (β = 0.13, p < 0.05), open-mindedness (β = 0.48, p < 0.05), and emotional stability (β = 0.24, p < 0.05) had significant influences on adjustment. Only flexibility was found to have a statistically insignificant impact on adjustment at this time in this context. MPQ-SF-C and SOS-10 scales represented very good psychometric properties in terms of their reliability and validity. The MPQ-SF-C shows good psychometric properties and appropriateness for evaluating multicultural personalities in Chinese contexts. The multicultural personality characteristics of university students using this scale well predicted their psychological adjustment.

A Cross-sectional Study on Internet Gaming Disorder and Its Association with Personality Traits in Engineering Students.

In the field of psychiatry and mental health, Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is a relatively new concept. In the past few decades, as online gaming and internet usage became increasingly prevalent, this became a topic of concern and research. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the prevalence of IGD and its association with personality traits among students. The present cross-sectional study was conducted at an Engineering college in Nunna, Andhra Pradesh. The planned duration of the study was 12 months, from March 2020 to March 2021. However, it was extended until August 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, as colleges were closed indefinitely until further instructions. In the current study, a total of 170 students (first year to final year) from an engineering college, aged between 19 and 25 years, were included. Students who provided informed consent or expressed willingness to participate in the study through a self-structured questionnaire and those who had internet access or experience with online gaming in the past 12 months were included. The demographic profile, including age, sex, academic year, accommodation status, and departmental course was studied. Also, the device used for gaming was examined. The gender distribution in the given population indicates that approximately 65.88% are males and 34.12% are females, for a total of 170 individuals studied. In that 18 participants (10.58%) were found to have IGD. Among 18 participants with IGD, 14 were males and 4 were females. The gender prevalence for male and female participants was calculated separately and found to be 12.5% for males, and 6.9% for females which is almost a ratio of 2:1. The summary explores the relation between the Big Five personality traits and IGD. The current study subjects were categorized as low, medium, or high for each trait based on their IGD status (positive or negative). Significant correlations were determined between extraversion and IGD (p = .02), conscientiousness and IGD (p = .02), and neuroticism and IGD (p = .02). The current study findings suggest that the overall prevalence of IGD among college students is 10.58% with a higher prevalence among males, IGD is positively connected with neuroticism and negatively correlated with extraversion and conscientiousness. This implies that certain characteristics, either alone or in combination, may raise the likelihood of individuals developing an IGD.

Perceived Impact of Personality Traits on the Academic Performance of Students in Biology

The study examined the perceived impact of personality traits on the academic performance of biology students in Makurdi, a local government area of Benue State, Nigeria. Three research questions were raised and two hypotheses were also formulated and tested. The research design adopted for this study was a descriptive survey design. The study sample comprises 384 students who were randomly selected from the total population of 9,748 students of the 20 government secondary schools in Makurdi Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. The instruments used for data collection in this study were the Five-Factor Inventory Questionnaire (FFIQ) for personality traits and “The Biology Performance Test (BPT)” for academic performance. The data were analyzed using mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions, while ANOVA statistics and t-tests were used to test the hypotheses at a .05 significance level. The findings revealed that there was no significant mean difference in the five personality traits of students and the personality traits of Biology students had no significant relationship with their performance in the subject. Also, there was no significant difference in the mean performance of students in each of the five personality traits based on gender. The findings further revealed no significant difference in students’ personality traits according to gender and no significant difference in the performance of students who were offered biology according to gender. This study recommends that Special attention be paid to improving the performance of students in Biology in Makurdi to strike an association between the traits. Also, male and female students should be given equal opportunities in biology since there is no gender difference in their personality traits and academic performance.

Towards Sustainable Nigerian Architectural Education

Architectural education comes from a long tradition of technical and artistic apprenticeship which is evolving in Nigeria and around the world. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between design education (what), learning styles (how) and personality types (who) in a bid to develop sustainable, inclusive teaching strategies for the 21st century and beyond. The quantitative study assessed the preferred learning styles and predisposition for the five genetic personality traits in students of Architecture at the University of Jos, and juxtaposed the findings against their performance in design studio. The study findings showed that Accommodators and Divergers who were the highest performers in design studio were also the more likely to exhibit openness and conscientiousness. Convergers were more willing to accept criticism from their mentors and peers, and Assimilators were more prone to neurosis displayed as fear of disappointment and anxiety when they performed lower than their contemporaries. The study findings encourage continued monitoring of evolving teaching and learning styles, as well as cognisance of students' distinctive personality types to guide educators in developing teaching modules and methods that will be enduring and effective for holistic architectural education.