Individual Personality Traits Research Articles

The Influence of Individual Personality Traits on the Result Creative Work

The article deals with the analysis of the process of students’ creative activity in connection with a set of individual personality traits. The process of teaching students showed that the result of the final product of creative activity is directly affected by the individual characteristics of a person. The stage of inspiration and creative drive alternates with the stage of loss of interest and motivation when creating the author’s concept, which characterizes the main problem of the presented article. The purpose of this work is to find and determine the reasons for the lack of motivation for learning among students of various educational institutions (college, university), courses and areas of study (design, advertising), where creative disciplines are introduced into the curriculum. The classical method of a sociological survey was taken as the main research method, according to the results of which a number of reasons were identified that affect the lack of motivation among students of creative profiles. The decisive issues were the lack of faith in the future, the denial of any teacher on the basis of their own convictions, which automatically creates a reflection on the discipline taught, the desire to replace the learning process with entertainment activities. The factors influencing the formation of a successful personality are identified: self-discipline, motivation, inspiration, an example of a teacher (as an example of an error-free algorithm of actions). As well as the influence of the typology of individuality (based on the theory of C. Jung: introversion and extraversion) on building one’s own image and the result of creative work. Introverts tend to stick to a laconic style and achromatic colors in both clothing and work. Extroverts, on the other hand, prefer bright colors and extravagant style.

Conspiracy Theories

Current thinking about conspiracy theories is dominated by epistemological and psychological approaches. The former see the study of conspiracy theories as a branch of epistemology and insist that each theory should be judged on its evidential merits. On this account, a conspiracy theory is an explanation of an event which cites a conspiracy as a salient cause. Psychological approaches explain belief in conspiracy theories by reference to individual personality traits and generic cognitive biases. Despite their popularity, both epistemological and psychological approaches are flawed. After identifying their flaws, a case is made for a different perspective which focuses on the political function of conspiracy theories. A conspiracy theory is not just an explanation of an event which cites a conspiracy as a salient cause. Conspiracy theories have a range of additional features which distinguish them from ordinary theories about conspiracies and make them unlikely to be true. The political approach sees many conspiracy theories as forms of political propaganda and is especially mindful of the role of conspiracy theories in promoting extremist ideologies.

Gaming disorder: A summary of its characteristics and aetiology

The emergence, development, and maintenance of gaming disorder (GD) is the result of an interplay between gaming-related factors, individual factors, and environmental factors. None of these alone are sufficient to cause a disordered state, but it is the interactive co-occurrence of all these factors, which in some cases leads to GD. The goal of the present paper is to discuss in detail these three factors based on relevant and recent findings of the literature. Among gaming-related factors, we discuss online vs. offline videogames, the role of game genres, structural characteristics, game design elements, as well as some important monetization techniques. Among individual factors demographic risk factors, personality traits, motivational factors, comorbid psychopathology, genetic predisposition, and neurobiological processes are considered. Finally, among environmental factors we discuss family factors, early life experiences, the role of peers and school-related factors, as well as the broader context of culture including the popularity of esports.

Observations on strategies used by people with dementia to manage being assessed using validated measures: A pilot qualitative video analysis.

Analysis of video data was conducted of validated assessments with people with dementia as part of a feasibility control study comparing a lifelong learning service with other dementia services. The aim was to provide a new perspective on what occurs during the assessment process when using validated measures in research and explore which strategies people with dementia use to manage their participation. Video recordings were made of pre- and postintervention assessments of people with dementia. An initial pilot analysis of 10 videos of the pre-assessments was conducted. Lifelong learning services and other dementia services situated in six municipalities in Northern Denmark took part in this study, with 55 people with dementia participating. The themes identified were: 'State of mind'and 'Mental resources', showing how these aspects influenced the participants' reactions and the strategies they used. The results are discussed in relation to how individual personality traits influence the assessment process and the way a person with dementia will manage the situation. The assessment situation is complex and can be influenced by the strategies adopted by individuals with dementia as they try to manage the assessment process. People with dementia supported the decision-making for the choice of validated measure used within this study.

Investigation of the relationship of hearing aid users personality traits and hearing aid satisfaction

Objective Hearing aid satisfaction is in a relationship with the individual characteristics and personality traits of the user as well as the audiological variables. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of personality traits and individual characteristics on hearing aid satisfaction. Methods The study involved 60 adults (29 females and 31 males) aged 18–65 years. The recruited participants were subjected to the Big Five Inventory (BFI) to determine personality traits and the Satisfaction with Amplification in Daily Living (SADL) to assess hearing aid satisfaction. Results High levels of extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness were in positive relationship with hearing aid satisfaction, while high levels of neuroticism were negatively correlated with hearing aid satisfaction (p < .05). When gender results were compared, it was seen that female users reported a higher hearing aid satisfaction than men (p < .05). Conclusion It is thought that during planning and carrying out the rehabilitation with hearing aids, considering individual characteristics such as personality, age, expectations, gender and experience, will contribute to hearing aid satisfaction.

The Effect of Openness to Experience on Trust Behavior: The Moderating Role of Situational Strength

The research aimed to integrate how trusting behavior was formed by an interaction between individual personality traits and situational context. Trust game protocol and a series of personality trait questionnaires were utilized to generate the data. A moderated regression with categorical variables was established to test the hypothesis of whether a player’s role or situational strength moderated the relationship between players’ trait and their corresponding trusting behavior. Regression results showed that situational strength moderated the U-shaped relationship between openness to experience and trusting behavior, such that the U-shaped relationship was more pronounced in weak situations. The research tested the hypotheses in the trust game setting to isolate the moderating role of weak and strong situations. In future research, it is necessary to present both weak and strong situations in a real organizational setting. The research offers insight into how individuals, from lower to higher openness to experience developed the trusting behavior to explore information to enhance their knowledge of an economic decision-making situation. The U-shaped relationship implies the course of the knowledge enhancement; first, by exploring the internal belief (thus it makes lower trust) to understand the situation, and second, by putting more trust in others to reduce the need for instantaneous compensation because of an enhanced expectation that commitment would be honored in the future.

Determinants of satisfaction with love life in Brazil and Portugal

In the present research, we investigated how individual love dispositions and personality traits predict satisfaction with love life. The sample comprised 531 participants, of whom 257 were Brazilian and 274 Portuguese. Their mean age was 23.36 (SD = 5.91) years. There were no significant differences between men and women, and between Brazilian and Portuguese participants in satisfaction with love. Love dispositions predicted 61 % of the variance in satisfaction with love. Feelings regarding a relationship (closeness and commitment) were stronger predictors of satisfaction with love than feelings regarding a partner (compassion and affection). Satisfaction with love was also predicted by higher feeling of admiration, closeness, commitment, and lower feeling of affection and neuroticism.

Academician prof. ddr. Milan Krajnc, psychotherapist The Dynamic Leadership Model (DLM)

Over time, the workflow within an organisation usually becomes a reflection of the individual personality traits of the employees. If corporate procedures are adjusted to individuals, the essence of the company gets lost. Using the Dynamic Leadership Model (DLM) we can detect problem areas and transform them in a way that is beneficial to both management and employees. The Dynamic Leadership Model allows the work environment to flourish, which also encourages employees’ personal growth. DLM is not just a tool for implementing far-reaching changes. First and foremost it is a model for communication within a company that clearly defines who does what, who is responsible for what, who communicates what with whom and how that information is relayed. The Dynamic Leadership model allows information to become manageable and establishes a monitoring system where each individual must come to terms with his or her own responsibilities in the scope of their position. Employees are taught to express and understand information clearly through the Dynamic Leadership Model.

Predicting Relationship Labels and Individual Personality Traits From Telecommunication History in Social Networks Using Hawkes Processes

Mobile phones contain a wealth of private information, so we try to keep them secure. We provide large-scale evidence that the psychological profiles of individuals and their relations with their peers can be predicted from seemingly anonymous communication traces -- calling and texting logs that service providers routinely collect. Based on two extensive longitudinal studies containing more than 900 college students, we use point process modeling to describe communication patterns. We automatically predict the peer relationship type and temporal dynamics, and assess user personality based on the modeling. For some personality traits, the results are comparable to the gold-standard performances obtained from survey self-report data. Findings illustrate how information usually residing outside the control of individuals can be used to reconstruct sensitive information.

Nurses' Psychological Trauma and Cognitive Control in the COVID-19 Pandemic.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses have faced various nurse-specific traumas in their workplaces, but there is limited understanding of the resulting outcomes and factors that contribute to them. To address this gap, the study employed the middle-range theory of nurses' psychological trauma (NPT) to examine these relationships among frontline nurses working in critical care areas. In a quantitative cross-sectional study, the study compared nurses identified as probable cases of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with those identified as not probable cases. The study investigated the nurse-specific traumas they experienced, their individual personality traits, and the buffers they possessed. The study also sought to identify specific types of nurse-specific traumas that could be associated with negative outcomes, such as alcohol and drug use. It was found that PTSD-probable nurses reported higher levels of trauma from disasters and system/medically induced trauma compared to not-probable nurses. They also experienced more nonwork-related humankind traumas and displayed lower resilience. Furthermore, PTSD-probable nurses identified with trait urgency and trait avoidance motivation. Additionally, trauma from disasters was associated with alcohol use. The study highlights the elevated levels of trauma, lower resilience, and specific psychological traits associated with PTSD-probable nurses, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions and support to mitigate the negative outcomes experienced by frontline nurses.

Типи особистісних змін майбутніх фахівців психологів-терапевтів

Background. Socio-political processes exacerbated the problems of psychological assistance to citizens; training of qualified psychologists-therapists. One of the factors of a specialist's personality is the ability for personal change. The goal is to reveal the content of the main factors of personal changes of future psychologists-therapists Methods. The research used the "Big Five" methods; Herzberg's test; "Diagnostics of socio-psychological personality attitudes" (O. Potemkina); "Value questionnaire" (Sh. Schwartz); "Research of volitional self-regulation" (A. Zverkov, E. Eidman); "Diagnostics of motivational orientations in interpersonal communications" (I. Ladanov, V. Urazaeva); "Motivation of professional activity" (K. Zamfir); "Test of social intelligence" (J. Gilford); "Self-Assessment Questionnaire" (V. Stolin, S. Pantileev); "Scale of psychological well-being" (K. Riff) - separate scales from which factors of personal changes were included. Results. As a result of factor analysis using the method of principal components, four factors of personal changes of future psychologists- therapists were identified: 1) "pattern" - tendency to change, voluntary self-control, responsibility, ability to achieve personal success, openness to experience, orientation to the process, independence, universalism, inner type motivation and general self-regulation, social thinking, psychological well-being; 2) "personal-purpose" - social recognition, achievement of personal success, content of work, orientation to results, power, compromise; hedonism, self-control, internal and external positive motivation, self-acceptance; 3) "professional-purpose" - pleasantness, cooperation, work content, process orientation, money; selfishness, kindness, external positive and negative motivation; 4) "pragmatic-humanistic" - extraversion, neuroticism, cooperation, altruism, independence, security, orientation towards acceptance of others, positive relationships. Сonclusion. The process of unfolding individual personal states and traits is the development of the personality, therefore personal changes are the development of the personality. The concept of personal change (personal changes) is generic to the concept of personality development, since the latter involves the specification of personal formations according to the criteria of their complexity and specification, therefore the concepts of change and personality change are different.

Words Similarities on Personalities: A Language-Based Generalization Approach for Personality Factors Recognition

The evaluation of personality traits allows the study of human behavior in different environments, but it is not a trivial task. In this sense, the Five-Factor Model (FFM) allows, in a global way, the assessment of personality traits of individuals using textual data. However, there is a scarcity of lexical resources for languages other than English, which generated the main research question of this work: "Can models trained to predict FFM personality traits using English textual data show satisfactory results when applied to textual data in other languages?". Therefore, this work aims to answer: (i) Whether Word Embeddings techniques could be used to solve low resources languages problems in FFM personality traits prediction; and (ii) Whether is feasible to train a traditional Machine Learning algorithm with English language textual data and evaluate its performance with Brazilian Portuguese language textual data for FFM personality traits prediction. Thus, the work aims to present an approach in which the models can be used to learn the highest level of abstraction. As results, we observed that the difference in performance between the models trained for personality recognition in English is minimal when used to predict FFM personality traits in Brazilian Portuguese texts. In this task, the Stochastic Gradient Descent model presents the best average results among the FFM personality traits of the models analyzed.

The problem of forming the legal consciousness of the individual in modern society

The article explores the problem of formation of legal consciousness of the individual within the framework of current global changes of socio-economic and political nature, the role of legal consciousness in the process of legal socialization. The phenomenon of legal consciousness is considered as the ratio of subjective feelings and representations of an individual, social groups, and society to the formed system of law, the ratio of existing rules of interaction in society in legal and desired relations. At the present stage of development, legal consciousness is a single, complex and multi-structured system that determines and regulates the skills of legal behavior. Legal consciousness is the core criterion for the formation and functioning of a legitimate civilized state. The article deals with the importance of individual personal traits, characteristics of subjective representations and attitudes to the law, legislation, ideology in the process of formation of individual legal consciousness.

Digital technologies as an adaptive learning tool in higher education

Education in the modern society is in need for new and more efficient pedagogical technologies. The development of individual qualities becomes the most important mission of education. However, graduates of educational institutions for the most part do not have sufficiently formed personal qualities. It is necessary to create due conditions for the development of individual personality traits, such as: adaptation to life situations, acquiring knowledge independently, the ability to apply it in practice; being able to think critically, to identify problems and select the necessary solution rationally and competently; working competently with information; sociability, being able to work in a team. The relevance of the issue under investigation in the conditions of digital education becomes an important tool for extensive access to adaptive learning at higher educational establishments. The trends in adaptive learning systems will make it possible to transform the educational system, helping students to learn more efficiently. In order to achieve this goal, the following tasks need to be addressed: to make analysis of scholarly pedagogical literature focused on the adaptive learning model; to select and analyse the material for the realisation of the adaptive learning model.

О пластической составляющей творчества

Background. The problem of creativity and giftedness, due to the specifics of the subject, does not lend itself well to traditional methods of scientific research. In addition, psychology is occupied almost exclusively with intellectual giftedness, and the problem of artistic giftedness remains the least developed. Objective of the work is to outline the path to understanding personal qualities of the artist-creator as the psychological conditions for the birth and implementation of artistic ideas. Methods. Analysis and generalization of data from psychological, philosophical, theological literature and self-reports of art masters on the problems of artistic creativity and the creative nature of human. Results. It is shown that the essence of artistic and creative giftedness is impossible to understand by studying individual personality traits statistically associated with it. Another way, found to be promising, is the study of giftedness as a free manifestation of initiative in a particular activity. However, this activity must be supplemented and preceded by a “plastic” ability to perceive reality contemplatively. As the masters of art themselves testify, a truly artistic idea is not initially generated by the artist’s arbitrary activity, it is rather perceived as something unexpected and requiring realization by means of one or another art. In this regard, the article raises the question of the male-female, androgynous nature of a creative person. Examples are given of how this problem was comprehended at the bodily, mental and spiritual levels. Conclusion. An artist, as well as a teacher of art disciplines, needs to overcome the one-sided “masculine” approach to creativity as an activity and pay attention to the need to educate in himself (or in his students) the ability to “creative contemplation” of life. This spiritual and practical task cannot be solved with the help of methodological recommendations of a general order, it requires individual internal work. Never the less, there are examples that show that this task is solvable and suggest possible solutions. Favorable psychological conditions that children are endowed with make it solvable in pedagogical practice.

Risk Assessment of Innovation Prototype for the Example Hydraulic Cylinder

This paper presents both an example of the innovation prototype risk assessment and the universal way of conduct in assessing such solutions. For this purpose, the authors proposed a prototype risk assessment method based on the assumptions of the SWOT and TOWS analysis and the multi-criteria technical innovation risk assessment method. In the assumptions of the developed method, an account was taken of the conclusions resulting from the prospect theory. A symptom of this action was, e.g., a characterization of the team of experts (working on the prototype) in terms of their individual personality traits and mind (which has not been used so far in practical methods of assessing risk). As a result of the conducted assessment (for an innovative hydraulic cylinder prototype), the innovation prototype risk was determined as low, which was presented both on the map of domination and the map of risk assessment for this prototype. The procedure presented in the paper was planned so as to ensure that, after the prototype moves to the commercialization phase, it will be possible, on the basis of the already made calculations, to apply the full risk assessment dedicated for technical innovations with ease. This gives it a universal nature.

COMING INTO BEING AN EMPATHIC DOCTOR: MODERN VIEWS AND CHALLENGES

Medical reformation process based on a human-centered approach requires universities to train healthcare professionals who are able to update knowledge and skills quickly, to adapt to new conditions, and be highly qualified and competitive specialists. The development of qualities that ensure communication with patients such as empathy is still of great importance.&#x0D; Empathy is an essential component in the professional activity of doctors of all specialties, therefore the fostering of empathy in students must be considered as inseparable component of future doctors’ training, a precondition for the successful independent practice.&#x0D; The article describes the concept of empathy, its types and components, considers the methods of forming empathy and analyzes some of them. Special attention is focused on the importance of developing empathy in the professional activity of doctors of all specialties.&#x0D; Empathy in a clinical context is the doctor's ability to understand the emotions of patients that can contribute to more thorough history taking and making more accurate diagnosis and as a consequence an effective personalized treatment plan. Clinical empathy includes the following components: 1 – the ability to understand the patients’ condition, their feelings (emotions); 2 – the ability to make a rapport with patients in order to understand their mental state, emotions, and check the accuracy of this understanding; 3 – the ability to act in a certain therapeutic way (taking into account the understanding of the patient's mental state).&#x0D; According to many researchers, empathy is a genetically determined property, strengthened or weakened by an individual's life experience that depends on certain individual personality traits, but scientists have proven that empathy can be fostered.&#x0D; According to the literature, a decline in the level of empathy is usually observed in the third year of medical training, when students begin clinical classes that require contact with patients. The researchers associate this decline with the deflation of the ideal image of a doctor and his / her professional role, which young people had when beginning their medical studies. The decrease in empathy after passing their first clinical classes can also be understood as a kind of protection mechanism in case of getting into various difficult and serious life-threatening situations. Other authors claim that there is no noticeable change in the level of empathy. Such ambiguous results arise can be explained by the fact that researchers use various evaluation methods and once again emphasize the relevance of these processes in modern clinical practice.&#x0D; Involvement of students in coming in contact with patients, and namely, during survey, examination and treatment; discussion of clinical cases with analysis of applied examination methods, treatment plan and prognosis helps to form and develop empathy, teaches communication with patients, which are quite important qualities of a doctor.&#x0D; When fostering empathy in students, one should not forget that during work the doctor encounters some stressful situations that are associated with the suffering of patients, and therefore, along with empathy, the doctor must possess stress resistance in order not to succumb to psychological deformation, emotional exhaustion and professional burnout, which in turn can negatively affect the quality of diagnosis and the effectiveness of patient treatment. It is worth noting that the achievements of modern medicine in the field of anesthesiological support, surgical intervention technologies, and patient care enable to harmonize this border between empathy and psychological deformation.&#x0D; Thus, during the professional training of doctors, educators and clinicians should pay special attention not only to the students’ acquisition of practical skills, but also to the development of empathy, the formation of stress resistance, the improvement of interpersonal communication both with colleagues and patients, and the development of skills, related to empathy in a broad sense as these aspects are one of the paramount tasks of medical education programs based on the biopsychosocial model of health.

Effect of Personality Type on the Occurrence of Temporomandibular Disorders-A Cross-Sectional Study.

Personality traits are one of the major factors influencing the behavior and functioning of an individual, and they play a crucial role in the development of psychosomatic disorders and diseases. This paper aimed to evaluate the importance of personality traits in temporomandibular disorder (TMDs) development using the NEO-FFI Personality Inventory by Paul Costa and Robert McCrae (the Five-Factor Model of Personality, known as the Big Five). Moreover, the relationship between personality type and the intensity of dysfunctional changes in the stomatognathic system was assessed using the NEO-FFI Personality Inventory by Paul Costa and Robert McCrae (the Five-Factor Model of Personality, known as the Big Five). The study included a group of 75 adult participants (aged 19-52) with TMD diagnosed according to DC/TMD criteria and a control group of 75 participants without symptoms of dysfunction. The study consisted of a questionnaire and clinical study; the questionnaire included the NEO-FFI psychological questionnaire and a self-authored one. The clinical part consisted of extra- and intraoral dental examinations. Participants who clenched their teeth showed a greater degree of conscientiousness than those who did not exhibit this symptom (p = 0.048). Presence of headaches was correlated with greater severity of neuroticism (p = 0.001). Moreover, participants with enamel cracks showed a lower intensity of extraversion (p = 0.039), and those with worn hard dental tissues showed a higher intensity of neuroticism (p = 0.03), a lower intensity of conscientiousness (p = 0.01), and a lower intensity of extroversion (p = 0.046). Acoustic symptoms during mandibular movements were found to be linked with a higher level of neuroticism (p = 0.020), a lower level of extraversion (p = 0.035), and a lower level of conscientiousness, whereas pain upon mandibular movements were linked to a lower level of conscientiousness (p = 0.025). Participants with pain upon palpation of the masticatory muscles showed a lower level of conscientiousness (p = 0.01) compared to those without pain symptoms. Episodes of mandibular blockage or problems with its adduction depend on the intensity of conscientiousness (p = 0.007). Moreover, people from the study group with high levels of neuroticism showed lower protrusion values (p = 0.016). The intensity of individual personality traits was found to be associated with some TMDs in comparison to healthy controls.

The Effect of Individual Team Sports and Personality Traits of the Students of the Faculty of Sports Sciences on their Communication Skill Levels

Bu çalışma; Spor Bilimleri Fakültesinde öğrenim gören, üniversite öğrencilerinin bireysel ve takım sporu yapma durumlarına göre kişilik özelliklerinin, iletişim becerileri düzeylerine olan etkisini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Örneklem; Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi, 2021-2022 eğitim öğretim yılında Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Öğretmenliği, Antrenörlük, Rekreasyon ve Spor Yöneticiliği bölümlerinden rastgele yöntemle seçilmiş 263 gönüllü öğrenciden oluşmuştur. Türkçe geçerlilik- güvenilirlik çalışması Karancı ve ark. (2007) tarafından yapılan, Eysenck Kişilik Envanteri, Korkut (1996), tarafından geliştirilen ve geçerlik güvenirliği yapılmış, İletişim Becerilerini Değerlendirme Ölçeği ve araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanmış Sosyo -Demografik sorular içeren anket formu kullanılmıştır. Cinsiyetin, Nörotisizm kişilik üzerine anlamlı düşük etkisi olduğunu gösterirken, Dışa- dönüklük, Psikotisizm, Yalan, kişilik özellikleri ile iletişim üzerine cinsiyet etkisinin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır (p&gt;0.05). Bulgular cinsiyet ve spor türü olarak incelendiğinde; Nörotisizm Dışa- dönüklük, Psikotisizm, Yalan, kişilik özellikleri ile iletişim beceri düzeyi üzerine spor türü etkisinin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır Araştırmada, Spor Bilimleri Fakültesinde öğrenim gören üniversite öğrencilerinin cinsiyet, bireysel ve takım sporu yapma durumlarının bulgularına göre kişilik özelliklerinin iletişim beceri düzeyinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık olmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, Eysenck Kişilik Envanteri alt ölçeklerinde yer alan kişilik tiplerinden sadece Nörotisizm kişilik özelliğinin kadınlarda, erkek öğrencilere oranla kişilik özelliğinin cinsiyet üzerine anlamlı etkisi olduğu bulunmuştur.

A new tool to assess the occurrence of personality traits: the Phenomenological Personality Factor questionnaire.

Personality traits are patterns of thoughts, feelings and actions that are usually assessed by means of psychometric questionnaires. In the present study we described the Phenomenological Personality Factor (PPF), a short questionnaire assessing the personality traits, taking into account the different interpretative models of personality. A sample of 554 healthy subjects (357 female; 197 males) aged 18-60 years were enrolled. Each participant was required to complete PPF, by indicating the presence/absence of the individual personality trait, and the Italian version of the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scale (ANPS). The principal component analysis showed that seven factors explained the 35.07% of the total variance. Moreover, the correlation analysis revealed that the PPF components were significantly and positively associated with the ANPS scales. Our findings suggest that the PPF is a useful questionnaire to assess the personality traits, and the adaptive functioning, in healthy individuals.