Personality Scale Research Articles

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF OLDER MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN IN THE CHINESE POPULATION

Abstract Older men who have sex with men (OMSM) experience discrimination based on their age and sexual orientation, which presents major challenges to their health. Existing studies have examined discrimination experienced by younger MSM. This study aims to examine the discrimination experienced by OMSM in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), Hong Kong, and Taiwan. The eligible participants for this research comprised OMSM aged over 60 years. The demographic information of the participants was collected. Particularly, the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), Personal Social Capital Scale (PSCS), Perceived Acceptance Scale (PAS), and Global Index on Legal Recognition of Homosexual Orientation (GIRLHO) scales were used to assess psychological well-being, discrimination, social capital, perceived acceptance, and legal inclusion. Discrimination differs across PRC, Hong Kong, and Taiwan (F(2, 450) = 112.07, p < .001), and it also has a negative impact on psychological well-being (B = -1.16, p <.001). Social capital was found to have a negative impact on psychological well-being (B = -3.38, p < 0.001), and a positive impact on legal inclusion (B = 1.55, p< 0.001). Lastly, social acceptance has a positive impact on psychological well-being (B = 0.52, p = .035). This study provides new insights into the negative impact of discrimination on the psychological health of OMSM and mitigating factors representing the positive effects. However, future studies are necessary to bridge the literature gap regarding the associations between the different factors described in this study.

Personality traits and Chinese college students' satisfaction with physical education classes: the mediating role of trait fluency and the moderating role of physical education class difficulty.

This study aims to investigate the impact mechanism of personality traits on physical education satisfaction among college students, validating the mediating effect of trait flow and the moderating effect of physical education difficulty. By analyzing the influence mechanism of personality traits on college students' satisfaction with physical education classes, it helps to explore more channels to enhance satisfaction with physical education classes. A questionnaire survey was conducted using the Big Five Personality Scale, the Physical Education Class Satisfaction Scale, the Trait Fluency Scale, and the Physical Education Class Difficulty Scale with 868 public physical education students in 10 universities in Shanghai. Moderated mediation modeling was conducted using Hayes' PROCESS macro. Personality traits are positively correlated with physical education satisfaction, and the predictive effect is significant (β = 0.786, p < 0.001). This association is mediated by trait fluency (indirect effect: β = 0.797, p < 0.001), accounting for 62.7% of the total effect. Physical education difficulty significantly moderates the predictive effects of personality traits on physical education satisfaction (β = -0.183, p < 0.01) and trait fluency (β = -0.130, p < 0.001). Additionally, physical education difficulty significantly moderates the predictive effect of trait fluency on physical education satisfaction (β = 0.172, p < 0.001). Personality traits predict physical education satisfaction, with trait fluency playing a mediating role, and physical education difficulty moderates the direct and indirect paths through which personality traits influence physical education satisfaction.

Comparison of LASSO and random forest models for predicting the risk of premature coronary artery disease

PurposeWith the change of lifestyle, the occurrence of coronary artery disease presents a younger trend, increasing the medical and economic burden on the family and society. To reduce the burden caused by this disease, this study applied LASSO Logistic Regression and Random Forest to establish a risk prediction model for premature coronary artery disease(PCAD) separately and compared the predictive performance of the two models.MethodsThe data are obtained from 1004 patients with coronary artery disease admitted to a third-class hospital in Liaoning Province from September 2019 to December 2021. The data from 797 patients were ultimately evaluated. The dataset of 797 patients was randomly divided into the training set (569 persons) and the validation set (228 persons) scale by 7:3. The risk prediction model was established and compared by LASSO Logistic and Random Forest.ResultThe two models in this study showed that hyperuricemia, chronic renal disease, carotid artery atherosclerosis were important predictors of premature coronary artery disease. A result of the AUC between the two models showed statistical difference (Z = 3.47, P < 0.05).ConclusionsRandom Forest has better prediction performance for PCAD and is suitable for clinical practice. It can provide an objective reference for the early screening and diagnosis of premature coronary artery disease, guide clinical decision-making and promote disease prevention.

DEVELOPING EUDAIMONIC SELF-REGULATION SCALE (ESRS): VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY

The purpose of this current study is to develop the Eudaimonic Self-Regulation Scale, which measures the regulation of emotions, cognitions, behaviors and interpersonal relationships in order to reach the eudaimonia explained by ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. Eudaimonic Self-Regulation Scale, Flourishing Scale, Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale, Personal Growth Initiative Scale, and the General Self-Efficacy Scale were used as measurement instruments. Participants of the study consisted of 1042 adults between the ages of 18 and 65, including 3 different sample groups. As a result of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) of Eudaimonic Self Regulation Scale, a 10-factor structure model with 43 items, which explained % 57.93 of the total variance was obtained. According to the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) results, the factor loadings ranged from .48 to .88. In addition, model fit indices were satisfactory (χ2=2395.39; df=815, χ2/df=2.93, RMSEA=0.054, CFI=0.97, IFI=0.97, SRMR=0.050). Cronbach’s α values of sub-scales ranged from .75 to .89. In terms of convergent validity, eudaimonic self-regulation indicated significant correlations with psychological well-being, mindfulness, self-efficacy, and personal growth initiative. According to the results of test-retest reliability analysis, the intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from .82 to .94, Pearson's correlation coefficients were between .71 and .88. These results indicated that this scale was a valid and reliable instrument to assess eudaimonic self-regulation in the relevant researches.

The language of marketing hyperbole and consumer perception-The case of Glasgow.

The aim of the study was to explore the potential of a timed word association task to generate detailed insights into the perception of Glasgow city and its people which could inform destination and brand marketing. Destination marketers have a challenge to convey the tourist destination image to attract and satisfy the expectations of its visitors. Yet destination perceptions are often the result of multiple tourist visitor experiences at a location, neglecting the voice of the resident. The extent to which word associations varied by participants' relationship to Glasgow was identified in terms of Aaker's brand personality scale, an extension of personality research on brands and destinations. Surveying of 1,219 UK participants generated a total of 5,993 terms (city; 1,144 unique) and 5,034 terms (people; 944 unique). The value of capturing the perceptions of a destination by its residents is identified. The results showed that the city of Glasgow was often described as cold and busy, while the people were primarily described as friendly and funny. Evidence was found in support of dual-processing theory suggesting word associations based on lived experiences of a city may be generated later (in terms of the order in which the terms were generated) in a word association task, while common linguistic associations (e.g. synonyms, antonyms, hierarchies etc.) tend to be generated earlier in the task. As hypothesised, analyses revealed a significant relationship between several of the Aaker-dimensions of brand personality, and the consumers' relationship to Glasgow, extending marketing research with an empirical approach to identifying differences in the perceived personality of a destination. The study offers a practical, fast, and replicable method for destination marketers to study consumer perception at scale, which is currently not widely utilised in this field. In particular, the use of semantic distance and word embeddings provides a readily available approach to automatically categorise content derived from word associations studies, or indeed, any text-based content. In contrast, financial investment in non-validated branding and destination marketing campaigns appear to be increasingly problematic. Advances were made in testing an approach to interpreting word associations through the lens of linguistic and situated simulation (LASS) theory to provide deeper analysis to both categorise and interpret consumers' perception. Traditional approaches to tourism marketing and destination branding rarely provide such a level of analytical appraisal. The analysis presented in this paper challenges the orthodoxy and validity of investment in brand and destination marketing at a city level and the potential for word association tasks to be used as a valuable alternative method to create more effective destination marketing and branding.

Wearable Internet of Things Gait Sensors for Quantitative Assessment of Myers–Briggs Type Indicator Personality

Gait is a typical habitual human behavior and manifestation of personality. The unique properties of individual gaits may offer important clues in the assessment of personality. However, assessing personality accurately through quantitative gait analysis remains a daunting challenge. Herein, targeting young individuals, standardized gait data are obtained from 114 subjects with a wearable gait sensor, and the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTl) personality scale is used to assess their corresponding personality types. Artificial intelligence algorithms are used to systematically mine the relationship between gaits and 16 personality types. The work shows that gait parameters can indicate the personality of a subject from the four MBTI dimensions of E‐l, S‐N, T‐F, and J‐P with a concordance rate as high as 95%, 96%, 91%, and 91%, respectively. The overall measurement accuracy for the 16 personality types is 88.16%. Moreover, a personality tracking experiment on all the subjects after one year to assess the stability of their personality is also conducted. This research, which is based on a smart wearable Internet of Things gait sensor, not only establishes a new connection between behavioral analysis and personality assessment but also provides a set of accurate research tools for the quantitative assessment of personality.

Medical registrars at the University of the Free State: Burnout, resilience and coping strategies.

Burnout among doctors has been linked with decreased quality of patient care. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlighted the need to protect doctors' mental health and well-being. This study aimed to investigate burnout, resilience and coping strategies among registrars in the MMed programme of the University of the Free State (UFS) in 2020. In this quantitative, cross-sectional study, a link to an online anonymous self-administered questionnaire with socio-demographic questions, perceived stress, Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and Brief Cope was emailed to all 278 registrars. Sixty registrars responded (response rate 21.6%). More than half (55.0%) were male and 73.3% were married. There were 28.3% second- and third-year students, respectively. Most (58.3%) had 5-10 years' work experience. The CBI personal scale had the highest median value (58.3; interquartile range [IQR]: 43.3; 70.8) with 70% scoring ≥ 50. The median score for resilience was 78 of 100 (IQR: 69; 84). There were weak negative correlations between resilience and burnout scores (r= -0.31 tor= -0.37). Planning, positive reframing and acceptance were the most frequently used adaptive coping mechanisms; self-distraction was the most frequently used maladaptive coping mechanism. There was no association between gender and burnout and resilience scores. Registrars were resilient with low levels of patient- and work-related burnout, and higher personal burnout, using mostly positive coping strategies.Contribution:This study gives insight into the well-being of registrars at the UFS during COVID-19. Continuous monitoring and support for this population are essential to foster mental health and well-being.

Racial ideology, system justification, and just world belief in African Americans.

Just world belief and system justification have previously been proposed to explain actions and beliefs of disadvantaged groups, but rarely together and never simultaneously in participants of color. A necessary expansion of work in this area is among African-American participants with differing views of race and how those views influence justice perceptions. Racial ideologies, used in African-American racial identity research, were studied as possible predictors of belief in a just world and system justification scores. The four racial ideologies examined in this study are assimilationist, humanist, nationalist, and oppressed minority. The current study examines belief in a just world and system justification as predicted by racial ideology. Participants (n = 261) responded to an online survey containing racial ideology items from the Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI), the General and Personal Just World Scales, and the General System Justification Survey. Hierarchical linear regression was conducted, finding that nationalist ideology significantly predicted system justification and general just world belief.

Özel Gereksinimli Çocukların Kaynaştırılması: Okul Öncesi Öğretmenlerinin Disleksi Bilgisi ve Yeterlilik Faktörleri

Introduction: The study was conducted to examine the factors that affect the competencies of preschool teachers towards inclusion of children with special needs and their level of dyslexia knowledge. Method: The study was designed in descriptive and relational survey model. The study group consisted of 350 preschool teachers. “Personal Information Form, Knowledge and Belief Scale about Dyslexia and Teacher Competency Scale for Inclusion of Children with Special Needs” were used to collect the data. In the analyses, frequencies and percentages of personal information were given, descriptive analyses were conducted on the scale scores, and Spearman Brown correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the two scale scores. CHAID analysis, which is one of the classification analyses, was used to determine the factors affecting the scores of teachers’ teacher competency scale for inclusion of children with special needs and dyslexia knowledge and belief scale scores. Findings: As a result of the study, it was observed that as preschool teachers’ dyslexia knowledge, diagnosis, treatment and general knowledge levels increased, their level of law, knowledge, perception and general competence for inclusion of children with special needs also increased. The most important factors affecting the competencies of preschool teachers towards the inclusion of children with special needs were found to be the status of having a special education certificate, the status of receiving training on learning disabilities, the type of institution and gender. It was found that preschool teachers who received training on learning disabilities and had a special education certificate had higher competency towards inclusion of children with special needs. Discussion: While there is a lack of specific studies exploring the competencies of preschool teachers for the inclusion of children with special needs and their dyslexia knowledge levels, there are studies showing the importance of inclusive education.

Psychometric Properties of the HEXACO ‎Personality Inventory-Revised in a Jordanian ‎Context

Abstract: This study aimed to standardize the revised Six ‎Factors of Personality Scale (HEXACO-PI-R) self-report ‎version in the Jordanian context. Also, it aimed to find its ‎psychometric properties. The descriptive methodology was ‎used to achieve the aims of the study. The scale was translated ‎from English to Arabic and administered to 703 university ‎students (265 males and 438 females).They were selected using ‎the available sample method from six public universities in the ‎regions (North, Center, and South).The results of the study ‎showed the presence of 25 factors in the Jordanian context. ‎Additionally, six primary factors were found based on the ‎principal components analysis results. The results showed that ‎the scale has good validity and reliability indicators, as the ‎values of the reliability coefficients by Cronbach's alpha ranged ‎between (0.67-0.78) at the level of the six main factors and ‎‎(0.52-0.88) at the level of the twenty-five sub-factors. Also, the ‎scale criteria were extracted from mean and standard deviations ‎from the responses of the study sample members.‎ ‎(Keywords: Standardization Scale, Revised Six-Factor Scale of ‎Personality, Psychometric Characteristics, Principle Component ‎Analysis)‎

P9: Clinical and Sociodemographic Factors Associated with Suicidal Risk in Older Adults in Latin America

Introduction:Suicidal behaviors represent a serious public health problem in terms of mortality, morbidity and social impact. Suicide in the elderly is a statistical reality little studied in the Latin American context. Method: It´s an observational study where we reviewed the records of the patients seen between January 2018 and December 2019 at the Psychogeriatrics Clinic of the Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry; collecting sociodemographic, clinical information and evaluating the suicidal risk by the SAD PERSONS Scale. With the information obtained, we correlated variables with suicidal risk based on the Pearson and Spearman correlation indices.Results:A total of 404 files were reviewed, finding that in the last 5 years 1.4% of the patients had made a suicide attempt, what was directly related to a history of violence (r=0.256, p=0.011). Suicidal thoughts in the past year (15.4%) and increased suicidal risk were associated with PAS use (r=0.123, p=0.037) (r=0.207, p=0.001) and depressive disorder (r=0.148, p=0.012) (r=0.27, p=0.000).Conclusions:In the older adult population, some of the clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with suicidal risk described for the general population could continue to be considered risk factors, among them: being male, low level of education, diagnosis of depressive disorder, having medical comorbidities and the use of SPA.

Personality–brain connection: Based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data-driven exploration

Background: The personality-brain association mechanism has been a topic of interest in the field of neuroscience. Usually, the previous research strategy was to first group the population based on different personality traits, and then explore the brain mechanisms corresponding to different personality groups. At present, a “brain-first” research strategy, which uses data-driven approaches instead of personality traits to first group the population, has been adopted to further enhance study objectivity. Methods: Here, we used a data-driven approach following the “brain-first” research strategy to deeply mine the resting-state brain functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 119 healthy participants, classified subjects into different groups based on brain image characteristics, and used the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire to explain the variabilities of resting-state brain characteristics between different groups. Results: We have identified 3 personality–brain connections, including the privateness–left frontoparietal network, liveliness–sensory–motor network, and vigilance–sensory–motor network. Conclusion: We conclude that the above-mentioned three personality factors are based on brain neural activity, independent of the subjective experience of the personality scale creator, and have stronger explanatory power of brain imaging features.

Psychometric properties of the Intimate Partner Cyberstalking Scale in Argentinean adults

Intimate partner cyberstalking is associated with significant psychosocial, economic, and legal costs for both victims and perpetrators. However, despite these significant negative outcomes, there is a paucity in instruments designed to measure this behavior. Further, many of the measures lack validation and psychometric exploration. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Intimate Partner Cyberstalking Scale (IPCS; Smoker &amp; March, 2017). For this purpose, 595 adults of both genders (32% male; Mage = 30.08) were recruited in Argentina. Participants completed the IPCS-scale, a measure of internet trolling behavior, Dark Triad Personality scale, questions regarding use of new technologies, and demographic items. Both exploratory factor and confirmatory analyses yielded an adequate two-factor structure of the IPCS - scale (a dimension of indirect-direct cyberstalking and a dimension of indirect behaviors) with adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alphas were .85 and 89, respectively). McDonald’s consistency and composite reliability were satisfactory as well. Concurrent validity was established with measures of trolling and the use of new technologies. Also, it was detected that these variables, along with gender and dark personality, were predictors of cyberstalking. Overall, results of the current project indicate the IPCS-scale is a valid and reliable measure of assessing both direct and indirect intimate partner cyberstalking behavior in Argentina.

Obesity bias in diagnostic radiography students: A survey of attitudes, perceptions and technical confidence

IntroductionObesity bias exists in healthcare professionals and students from numerous disciplines and negatively impacts the quality of care, outcomes, engagement, and satisfaction of their patients. With obesity rates continuing to rise in the United Kingdom (UK), more patients will be affected than ever, and it is becoming an increasingly important issue to tackle. This study aims to assess the attitudes to obesity of student diagnostic radiographers and determine if obesity bias exists in this population. MethodStudent radiographers (n = 140) at a single university in the UK were invited to complete an online survey comprising measures designed to assess levels of bias and attitudes towards obesity, including the Attitude Towards Obese Persons (ATOP) scale. Likert-type scales were used to collect quantitative data, and data analysis included descriptive statistics, frequencies, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. ResultsResponses were received from n = 38 students. The mean ATOP score for participants was 70.37 (SD = 19.26). With 26 % (n = 10) scoring below 60, demonstrating strong negative attitudes towards obese individuals. Additionally, students (76.3 %; n = 29) indicated that they observed high levels of obesity bias whilst on clinical placement. There was a statistically significant correlation between levels of weight bias and students’ confidence in working with obese patients (r(36) = 0.4, p 0.01). Students who are less confident working with obese patients had higher levels of obesity bias. ConclusionsObesity bias exists in radiography students at levels comparable to those that have been found previously in other healthcare professionals and students. Furthermore, radiography students lacked confidence in their technical ability to work with obese patients and lower confidence levels were associated with higher levels of obesity bias. Implications for practiceThe findings of this study provide preliminary knowledge upon which future research can be built.

Conscientiousness and academic stress among thesis-writing students

Thesis-writing students experience heightened academic stress due to the simultaneous demands of college assignments and thesis completion, leading to a significant sense of burden. A personality trait known as conscientiousness is characterized by adherence to obedient, organized,careful, determined, and disciplined behavior. This study examines the correlation between conscientiousness and academic stress among thesis-writing students in the Faculty of Economics and Business at a university in Indonesia. This study employs a quantitative correlational approach. The data collection techniques involve employing a simple random sampling method to gather information from a sample of 200 students from the Faculty of Economics and Business who are presently engaged in writing their theses. The study utilized the academic stress scale (Academic Stress Inventory) (α cronbach = 0.90) and the conscientiousness personality scale (Big Five Inventory) (α cronbach = 0.78) as measuring tools. SPSS tools are utilized in technical correlation analysis. The analysis reveals a significant negative correlation (r = -0.365, p 0.01) between conscientiousness personality and academic stress among students at the Faculty of Economics and Business, currently engaged in thesis writing at the university. The relationship between conscientiousness and personality and academic stress reduction in students is positively correlated. This study recommends to provide psychoeducation programs for writing a thesis and seminars for students to develop the conscientiousness personality before preparing a thesis.

Assessment of Socioeconomic and Psychological Factors Predicting Health-Related Quality of Life among Primary Caregivers of Cancer Patients in Kakamega County

Context: Primary caregivers of cancer patients often suffer from impaired Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) due to stress arising from the responsibility of caregiving. Most studies conducted in Western populations have shown that increased caregiving burden was related to decreased mental and physical health and premature mortality among family caregivers. Therefore, the findings of those studies may not be directly applicable to the Kenyan population, especially Western Kenya, which has a different socio-cultural and ethnic background.&#x0D; Aim: This study sought to determine socioeconomic and psychological factors predicting the health-related quality of life among primary caregivers of cancer patients in Kakamega County.&#x0D; Methods: This was an institutional-based cross-sectional analytical study design. Kakamega County Referral Hospital was purposively sampled as it has a hospital with a western region cancer center. The sampling unit was caregivers of cancer patients seen in the hospital. The caregivers were systematically and randomly sampled from a list drawn from the Cancer Centre register of cancer patients, where the caregivers are captured as their treatment supporters, and each cancer patient is expected to have a caregiver. The sample size was 422 primary caregivers after calculation. The data collection tool was contracted from a QOL questionnaire, such as WHOQoL-BREF, developed to measure both objective and subjective dimensions of QOL, Personal Wellbeing scale, Herth Hope Index, and PHQ9/GAD-7 to assess psychological-related factors, which are more sensitive and have wider applicability.&#x0D; Results: Socioeconomic factors such as gender (p=0.007), type of area of residence (p=0.004), income in KSh (p=0.01), and number of rooms (p=0.0005) are significantly associated with perceived quality of life. Psychological-related factors like depression (p=0.001) and anxiety (p=0.002) are significantly associated with perceived quality of life. &#x0D; Conclusion: The study concluded that socioeconomic and psychological factors of primary caregivers of cancer patients can predict the health-related quality of life of those caregivers. The study recommends that financial charges for cancer management be subsided as this could relieve caregivers' financial burden. Other family members should support primary caregivers financially and psychologically to ease the burden of the primary caregiver. Psychosocial support group networks should be established for caregivers through multiple communication channels, thereby reducing the mental and psychological burden experienced by caregivers.

Влияние занятий «мягким фитнесом» на психофизическое состояние студенток I курса

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of “soft fitness” on the psychophysical state of the firstyear female students. It was assumed that the integrated use of the elements of yoga, Pilates, autogenic training in physical education classes at a university would help reduce the stress levels among the female students, increase emotional stability, develop the control skills in regulating their own psycho-emotional states and, as a result, improve mental and physical well-being. The study was conducted on the basis of the Russian University of Transport with the first-year students aged 17–19 years old, from whom 2 groups were formed, i.e. experimental (EG) (n = 23) and control (CG) (n = 21). In the EG, the classes were conducted using soft fitness means. In the CG, according to the traditional program, general physical training means were used. Research methods included: psychodiagnostic tests such as “Situational and Personal Anxiety Scale” by Spielberger – Khanin, “Assessment of mental activation, interest, emotional tone, tension and comfort” by L. A. Kurgansky – T. A. Nemchina; physical fitness tests (strength endurance, flexibility, vestibular stability); functional tests such as Shtang, Genchi, Serkin, Ruffier index. During the experiment, a significant advantage of the author’s method was established compared to the traditional approach, which was reflected in a significant improvement in indicators of flexibility, static and strength endurance of the core muscles, vestibular stability (balance function), in results of the functional tests (Stange, Genchi, Serkin, Ruffier index) and some indicators of the mental state of the female students from the EG compared to the CG.

Impact of hypomanic personality traits on brain functional connectivity during a dynamic theory-of-mind task

Hypomanic personality traits are present in the general population and represent a risk factor for developing bipolar disorder. This personality style, notably its social component, is linked to difficulties in theory of mind (i.e., ability to infer mental states). Exploring the neural correlates of mental states’ inference in individuals with these personality traits can provide meaningful insights into the development of bipolar disorder. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the potential impact of hypomanic traits on brain activation and task-based connectivity strength during a dynamic theory of mind task in a nonclinical population. A total of 52 nonclinical participants were recruited, and hypomanic traits were assessed with the Hypomanic Personality Scale. The severity of hypomanic traits was positively associated with right middle and inferior frontal gyri activations (in high vs. low inference in nonemotional condition and emotion vs. no emotion in high inference, respectively). It was also associated with stronger connectivity between the salience network (i.e., bilateral putamen and pallidum) and bilateral superior temporal gyri (high inference in nonemotional condition), and between cerebellar and temporal areas (high inference in emotional condition). These changes may either reflect adaptations or differential processing, and further studies are therefore mandatory.

Impact of Financial Education on Financial Wellness During COVID-19

The study intentions to examine the result of getting financial education through the workshop on the financial wellness of people during the COVID-19. Primary data are collected from the participants of a Financial Education workshop in India. The study contained 996 respondents for research using the Personal Financial Well-Being Scale (PFWS) questionnaire from the respondents before and after participating in the workshop. Using Hayes’ macro process model and SPSS, the study tested mediation (financial behavior) and moderation (financial education). All the independent variables were encouraging effect on financial wellness by taking the financial behavior and participation of the respondent as the mediator and moderator variables. The independent variables of subjective aspects such as financial stress, situation, and condition have a more significant effect on financial wellness. This study indicates that policymakers and financial regulatory institutions should improve FE to improve financial behavior and wellness during a crisis for individual and economic well-being.

Do you feel up when you go up? A pilot study of a virtual reality manic-like mood induction paradigm.

In order to understand the working mechanisms of mania, it is necessary to perform studies during the onset of manic (-like) mood states. However, clinical mania is difficult to examine experimentally. A viable method to study manic mood like states is mood induction, but mood induction tasks thus far show variable effectiveness. In this pilot study, a new paradigm to induce mood through virtual reality (VR) is examined. Both state characteristics, namely changes in emotion, and trait characteristics, such as high and low scores on the hypomanic personality scale (HPS), were measured in 65 students. These students participated in either a neutral VR mood induction or an activating VR mood induction in which excitement, goal directedness, and tension (being aspects of mania) were induced. All participants performed a risk-taking behavioural task, Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). The experimental VR task induced excitement and tension. In participants with higher sensitivity to hypomanic personality (HPS), irritation increased in response to activation whereas it decreased in the low HPS group, and excitement increased more steeply in the low HPS group. There were no effects on the behavioural task. The VR task is effective in inducing relevant state aspects of hypomania and is suitable as a paradigm for future experimental studies. Activation of dual affective states (excitement and tension) is an essential aspect in manic-like mood induction paradigms.