Personality Psychology Research Articles

Narrative Identity and the Redemptive Self: An Intellectual Autobiography, with Occasional Critique

<p>In this intellectual autobiography, I trace the development of the idea of narrative identity as manifest in personality and developmental psychology. As far as my own work in this area is concerned, the story begins in the early 1980s when my students and I struggled to understand the meaning of Erik Erikson’s concept of identity. Early work on a life-story model of identity aimed to situate the concept within the rapidly transforming field of personality psychology, first articulated as an alternative to the ascending conception of the Big Five traits. Eventually, I turned my attention to the redemptive life stories told by highly generative American adults, as my understanding of narrative identity came to be more fully contextualized in culture and history. While hundreds of nomothetic, hypothesis-testing studies of narrative identity have been conducted in the past two decades, the concept has also proven useful in the realm of psychobiography, as illustrated in my case studies of the redemptive life story constructed by the American President George W. Bush, and in my research into the strange case of President Donald J. Trump, whose most striking psychological attribute may be the near total absence of a narrative identity.</p>

A comprehensive scan of psychological disciplines through self-identification on Google Scholar: Relative endorsement, topical coverage, and publication patterns.

Psychological researchers often identify with psychological disciplines, such as social or clinical psychology. The current study analyzed Google Scholar profiles from 6,532 international scientists who attracted more than 100 citations in 2019 and self-identified with at least one of 10 common psychological disciplines (psychoanalysis; clinical psychology; (cognitive) neuroscience; developmental psychology; educational psychology; experimental psychology; biological psychology/psychophysiology; mathematical psychology/psychometrics; social psychology; personality psychology). Results indicated that almost half of all psychologists self-identified with either social psychology or cognitive neuroscience. There were 487 topics that were endorsed at least five times, ranging from highly discipline-specific topics to more integrative ones, such as emotion and personality. We also factor-analyzed frequencies of topical endorsement across disciplines and found two factors, which we interpreted as reflecting correlational and experimental research traditions (with social psychology being the largest discipline within the former tradition and cognitive neuroscience being the largest discipline within the latter tradition). Differences in productivity and impact were also found, with researchers identifying with psychometrics being the most productive and researchers identifying with personality psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and multidisciplinary psychology as the most impactful in terms of citation increases per additional output. Recommendations for promoting cross-fertilization across psychological disciplines are formulated.

Generalizability of control across cognitive and emotional conflict.

People can learn to control their thoughts and emotions. The scientific study of control has been conducted mostly independently for cognitive and emotional conflicts. However, recent theoretical proposals suggest a close link between emotional and cognitive control processes. Indeed, mounting evidence from clinical sciences, social and personality psychology, and developmental neuroscience suggests that the ability to control thoughts and behavior goes hand in hand with the ability to control emotions. Yet, the precise interface between control over cognition and emotions remains controversial. The present study investigates the question whether control is a general-purpose mechanism or rather a set of domain-specific mechanisms. Following previous research, we tested participants' control in a cognitive and an emotional Stroop task and assessed the congruency sequence effect (CSE) which has been taken as a marker of cognitive or (implicit) emotional control, respectively. Going beyond previous research, we asked how control in one domain (e.g., cognitive) interacts with control in the other domain (e.g., emotional) on a trial-by-trial basis. In four experiments (N = 259) presented participants with a task-switching design that intermixed cognitive and emotional conflicts. This procedure produced significant CSEs across cognitive-emotional domains, suggesting that control can interact across domains. However, effect sizes of within-domain CSEs were twice as large, indicating that control is also domain-specific. These results neither support the general-purpose account nor the domain-specificity hypothesis of control. Rather, a hybrid account fits the data best, which also reconciles previous behavioral and neurophysiological findings, suggesting domain-general and specific processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

ПОЛВЕКА НА ПУТИ К НОВЫМ ДОСТИЖЕНИЯМ (К ЮБИЛЕЮ КАФЕДРЫ ПСИХОЛОГИИ КУБАНСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА)

The paper examines three scientific approaches to psychological analysis of personality development: the subjective approach (S. L. Rubinstein), the dynamic approach (L. I. Antsyferova), and the subjective-existential approach (Z. I. Ryabikina and colleagues). The author discloses the fundamental aspects of a procedural approach in addressing complex life challenges. The objective of the research is to substantiate a statement on the nature of human life, which is typically manifested in a multitude of challenging life situations experienced simultaneously and/or successively by an individual. A challenging situation is defined as a process comprising multiple stages, linked to the subject's past experiences of addressing life difficulties, serving as a marker of their current tasks, and oriented towards the achievement of future objectives. The individual components of the situation include the contradiction between needs and external requirements, the reasons that caused this contradiction, the capabilities and resources of the individual, the plan for resolving the situation, and the presence or absence of a forecast of its consequences, both negative and positive. The strategies of coping with difficulties reflect authentic methods of overcoming them and prospective tasks of personal development. This paper presents arguments in favor of the procedural approach and the possibility of its application to the analysis of everyday and extreme stressors. It is shown that there is no violation of personal dynamics even in the case of regressive changes in the behavior of an individual who has experienced a psycho-traumatic situation; an opinion is expressed on the need to study the specificity of personality development in conditions of intensive stressors, as well as the opportunities and resources that ensure a change in the pace of development, leading to the improvement of the subject's well-being and his/her reintegration into society. The research employed the methods of analysis, synthesis, and analogy as cognitive procedures, which permitted the validation of the hypothesis that a challenging life situation can be considered an ontological basis for the development of personality. The conclusion is that the studies conducted by colleagues from Kuban State University (the Department of Personality Psychology and General Psychology) and by researchers at the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences shared a common methodological basis. The theoretical and empirical studies reflected different aspects of multifaceted problems in personality psychology and the subject's psychology.

Effect of Personality and Pain Catastrophizing on Postoperative Analgesia Following Cesarean Section: A Prospective Cohort Study.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different psychological personalities and pain catastrophizing levels on postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing cesarean section. Puerperas who underwent cesarean section at our hospital between January and August 2023 were recruited into the study and assessed using the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Scale (EPQRSC) and Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS). Data on the numerical pain intensity at rest and during activity 24 h after surgery, number and dosage of analgesia pumps, and satisfaction with analgesia were recorded. According to the numerical pain score during activity 24 h post-operation, the patients were divided into the analgesia incomplete group (≥4) and control group (<4). Univariate analysis, Spearman correlation analysis, and binary logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the influence of personality characteristics and PCS on postoperative analgesia. A total of 778 women were included in the study. The incidence of inadequate analgesia was 89.8%. The satisfaction rate of analgesia was 66.8%. Univariate analysis showed that extraversion; neuroticism; PCS; numbers of previous cesarean delivery; ASA; analgesic satisfaction; and 24-h analgesia pump compressions and dosage were associated with postoperative analgesia after cesarean section (P<0.05). Using binary logistic regression analysis, the first cesarean section (odds ratio [OR]=0.056, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.913-19.174), the number of 24-h analgesic pump compressions (OR=8.464, 95% CI=0.356-0.604), extraversion (OR=0.667, 95% CI=0.513-0.866), neuroticism (OR=1.427, 95% CI=1.104-1.844), and PCS (OR=7.718, 95% CI=0.657-0.783) were factors affecting postoperative analgesia. The incidence of inadequate analgesia after a cesarean section was high (89.8% on the first day after surgery). Formulating accurate analgesia programs for women undergoing cesarean section with extraversion, neuroticism personality characteristics, and pain catastrophizing behaviors is necessary for improving their postoperative analgesia effects and satisfaction and promoting postpartum comfort.

СУБЪЕКТНО-БЫТИЙНЫЙ ПОДХОД В ИССЛЕДОВАНИИ ЛИЧНОСТИ: МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ

The paper presents an analysis of the historical development of the subjective-existential approach to personality at Kuban State University. This review examines the most influential psychological concepts and theories that shaped the emergence and evolution of the subjective-existential approach within the broader field of subjective approach, over more than the past 50 years. It specifically focuses on the contribution of the Department of Personality Psychology and General Psychology at Kuban State University. It highlights the significant contributions of Soviet scholars, including B. G. Ananyev, S. L. Rubinstein, A. N. Leontiev, A. V. Brushlinsky, L. I. Antsyferova, and K. A. Abulkhanova, and of those who today determine the design of the subjective approach (V. V. Znakov, E. A. Sergienko, N. E. Kharlamenkova). The subjective approach has exerted a powerful influence upon the development of contemporary methodological discourse, particularly in the creation of a structural-dynamic model of personality as a subject of being/existence. The paper outlines the main theoretical and methodological provisions of the subjective-existential approach, which provides a panoramic vision of the studied reality and an interpretation of human psychological phenomenology from an axiological and existential perspective. The approach is based on the concepts of subjectivity, the unity of the individual and their being, and the individual's striving towards authenticity of being. It is proposed that the primary function of man is to be a subject of diverse existential domains, in which he asserts himself as a personality through the reorganization of these domains. The practical implementation of the subjective-existential approach to personality is exemplified by the investigations of researchers at Kuban State University. Their work concretizes and develops some ideas of the psychology of the subject and harmoniously integrates explanatory constructs and novel theoretical models within the humanistic traditions of psychological science. The potential of the subjective-existential approach to elucidate the procedural nature of diverse phenomenology is illustrated. The efficacy of this approach for addressing a number of fundamental problems in psychological science and acute social issues of our time, which are inextricably linked to global challenges of our time - bifurcation processes and social transitivity - is substantiated.

A Violinist's Viewpoint: Performing J. S. Bach's Chaconne in Bobbi Jene Smith's Broken Theater

Abstract: This article brings together my personal reflections on performing J. S. Bach's Chaconne from the Violin Partita No. 2 in D Minor BWV 1004 in the work of choreographer Bobbi Jene Smith, with critical discussions of the Chaconne's nineteenth- and twentieth-century pedagogical and reception history. While my performance of Bach's movement has over the last decade favored a modern, historically informed style, witnessing the emotional and narrative potentials of this choreographed Chaconne prompted me to revisit nineteenth- and twentieth-century editions, recordings, and commentary on the work. I make connections between the physicality of the dancers (Or Schraiber, Yaya Logothetis, and Mouna Soualem), Smith's choreographic establishment of personal psychology and interpersonal relationships, and Romantic-violinistic ideals of tone as a marker of subjective interiority. In contexts of both dance and violin practice, I point to the ways in which the idealistic potentials of Bach's music—so lauded in nineteenth- and twentieth-century accounts—are in fact carefully cultivated effects generated by corporeal means. By connecting these pedagogical ideals to my own experiences as a violin student and professional performer, I draw attention to the enduring relevance of these material and pedagogical histories. And, in drawing together Smith's choreography with contexts of the Chaconne's generic prehistory, composition, and performances, I advocate for imaginative and interdisciplinary interpretations of Bach's Chaconne, which nonetheless maintain critical perspectives on the work's spiritualization and canonization.

Wholeness as a fundamental category in describing the nature of personality

The concept of wholeness, which is one of the main concepts in the description of personality, is discussed. In psychology, wholeness is considered as a characteristic of personality and as a requirement for its study. In traditional approaches to understanding wholeness, it is described through the relative constancy of personality substructures, interconnected, or, in dynamic approaches, through the development of wholeness based on the connection of existing structures with the emergence of new formations. Violation of the principle of integrity in research studying individual components of personality became one of the main reasons for the crisis in personality psychology of the twentieth century. Difficulties in studying the wholeness of personality are associated, among other things, with differences in its interpretations, with the polysemy and uncertainty of the concepts that describe it, which is demonstrated by the results of the analysis of the conceptual field in scientific discourse. It is proposed to consider wholeness as a fundamental category in the description of personality, along with the categories of variability and stability. Wholeness is understood as an integral characteristic that works at different levels of the functional organization of the individual, which correlate with the contexts of the individual’s life. In accordance with the developed processual approach, integrity is a dynamic formation, the balance of which is ensured by the balance of the processes of change and stability; the content of the conjugate action of these processes is the “completion” of the stability of the individual due to the changes that occur.

Long Term Tracking and Analysis of the Impact of Personality Psychology on Teaching

Long Term Tracking and Analysis of the Impact of Personality Psychology on Teaching

Introducing Personality Psychology in Business: Insights &amp;amp; Implications from a Textual Analysis

Introducing Personality Psychology in Business: Insights &amp;amp; Implications from a Textual Analysis

Целевые детерминанты как фактор интеграции человека с окружающим миром

Background. One of the trends in the development of modern psychology is an increasing interest in the study of context within the principle of contextuality as recognition of the influence of context factors on psychological phenomenology. The focus on studying the context, once designated by G.M. Andreeva as a fundamental principle of the new paradigm of social psychology, is currently the methodological principle of all psychological science and modern personality psychology. Objectives. The goal of the study consists in theoretical and empirical substantiation of the concept of purpose as a parameter for describing a person’s relationship with the outside world. Study Participants. The total sample included 350 people (45.9% women and 53.8% men). Young people took part in the survey (84.8% aged 17 to 25 years). Method. To describe a person’s life goals and the characteristics of the purpose setting, a survey form was created. The form recorded the significance of goals in the main areas of a person’s life, satisfaction with their implementation, an assessment of the possibilities for achieving these goals in the current life situation, etc. (40 points). The “Potential for Self-Change” technique (V.R. Manukyan, I.R. Murtazina, N.V. Grishina); “Test of existential motivations” (A. Langle); “Time Perspective Questionnaire” (F. Zimbardo) were used to assess personal factors. Cluster analysis was used to process the data in this study. Results. The data obtained confirmed the contextual nature of a person’s goals, their connection with the spatiotemporal coordinates of the context, the most important role of goals as a factor in organizing a person’s relationship with the outside world, with the meaningfulness of life. Depending on the presence or absence of significant goals in a person, the expressiveness of the goal orientation, types of relationships with the outside world are identified — focus on pre-adaptive change, readiness for adaptive change, unpreparedness for change. Conclusion. The results obtained confirmed the effectiveness of describing the purpose regulation of human activity as a language for describing the relationship of an individual with the outside world. The most important prospect in the further development of this research direction is the description of the integrity of an individual as a form of a person’s relationship with the world.

The Big Five Personality Traits (OCEAN) and Financial Planning

Financial planning has moved beyond a purely economic model and now incorporates aspects of behavioral economics and counseling psychology to better serve clients. In this review, we suggest that personality psychology, particularly the Big Five or OCEAN model of general personality might also be useful in financial planning. Financial planners are well aware that different clients with different personalities bring different opportunities and challenges into the planning session, but planners might benefit from a more formal understanding of client personality. To this end, we describe the Big Five traits – Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism or OCEAN – and the basic personality science surrounding them. We next examine how each of the OCEAN traits is associated with key financial outcomes including: income, net-worth or wealth, financial literacy, financial risk tolerance, and financial happiness. We discuss profiles of the Big Five traits, including Resilient, Under controlled, and Over controlled profiles. Finally, we discuss some potential benefits for of incorporating personality science into financial planning research and practice.

Development of internal locus of control as a determinant of positive attitude toward one's own body

The article presents an analysis of scientific and theoretical concepts and approaches to studying the problem of the locus of control of the individual and the influence of the manifestation of personality internality on the attitude toward one's own body. Attitude towards one's own body, defined as an indicator of normal bodily functioning, plays an important role in psychosomatic manifestations.The central problem of the study presented in the article is to substantiate the development of the internal locus of control and to determine the influence of the internal locus of control on the formation of a positive attitude of a person to one's own body. The description of an empirical study utilizing standardized methods of psychodiagnostics is provided, revealing that individuals with a pronounced internal locus of control, meaning the ability to perceive and control events in their lives, demonstrate a positive attitude towards their physical body. High levels of internality indicate a tendency for individuals to internally control their achievements, failures, professional activities, readiness to overcome difficulties, and independent planning and responsibility. The results of the study will contribute to the expansion of the theoretical basis in the field of personality psychology, specifying the relationships between internal control and the mental state of the individual.

Linguistic verbalization of related emotions in phraseological units of the Tatar language

By studying the verbalization means of emotionality in the area of Tatar phraseology, we present in a single complex the language and speech possibilities, contributing to the understanding of the mentality and psychology of the Tatar language personality. Phraseological units are characterized by imagery, emotional expressiveness and axiological features. These features are considered to be the most essential ones for phraseological units. If independent parts of speech have the categorical meanings of objectivity, action, state or attribute, which ensure their nominative function, in the case of phraseological units, the weakening of this function occurs due to the strengthening of emotional and figurative-expressive functions.The article discusses phraseological units that express several related emotions of varying degrees of intensity, these emotions can be subsumed into phraseosemantic subgroups (“a phraseosemantic subgroup of surprise”; “a phraseosemantic subgroup of grief, suffering, sadness and despondency”, “a phraseosemantic subgroup of joy and happiness”, etc.). All these phraseosemantic subgroups are combined into three main groups: 1) those expressing positive emotions; 2) those expressing negative emotions; 3) those expressing neutral emotions. We have identified two phraseosemantic subgroups denoting positive emotions: 1) joy and happiness; 2) calmness and ease. In each of the subgroups, phraseological units consist of the components with nationally specific features. The active components of the phraseosemntic subgroup “joy and happiness” are: kuk (sky), bakhet (happiness), yorak (heart), kunel (soul), etc. The active components of the phraseosemntic subgroup “calmness and ease” are: somaticisms, kunel (soul), yorak (heart), җan (soul), etc. Having got rid of negative emotions, such as anxiety and anger, a person calms down and becomes happy.

REVIEW OF THE COLLECTIVE MONOGRAPH «HUMAN PERSONAL RESOURCES AT DIFFERENT LIFE STAGES»

During the challenges that have been testing human being recently, the subject of manifestation, preservation and development of personal resources is topical indeed. The monograph "Personal resources of human being at different life stages" presents multi-year research by scientists of the Department of General Psychology and Psychological Development of Personality at Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University. The monograph under review has analyzed a number of issues related to personal resources that promote effective adaptation to the outside world and fulfil their function thus preventing the development of personal disorders.

The relations between personality types and academic achievement: A comparative study of formal and distance education

The problem of this study is determined by using the psychological personality models and the background of numerous studies on various aspects of the educational achievements of students conducted based on different theoretical approaches. By examining the correlation of cognitive and personality traits and their individual-typical characteristics in the inseparable structure of individuality, and the correlation of these with the educational achievements of students in formal and distance education institutions, the purpose of the study is to examine the effects of personality types on students' academic achievement. Therefore, a correlation design has been employed in the study. The population of the study is composed of students studying in higher educational institutions in Turkey. The sample of the study, on the other hand, consists of students who receive face-to-face and online education. The data required for the study has been collected by sending survey forms via the Internet. Students from 46 different universities in Turkey participated in the study. To solve the determined tasks and check the initial assumptions, a series of pedagogical research methods were used by utilizing the SPSS program: theoretical analysis of psychological literature in terms of the problem being studied and testing by statistical methods. As a result of these analyses, it has been observed that academic achievement has relations with personality types and students’ success has increased in distance education.

Open access practice in personality research: a bibliometric perspective

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the structure and dynamics of current research in personality psychology, with a particular focus on open access (OA) practices. A set of 57296 research articles in personality psychology indexed in the Scopus database were analyzed based on their online accessibility: closed (39523), green OA (8770), gold OA (4506), bronze OA (2704), and hybrid gold OA (1793). Although the proportion of OA articles in the overall sample was relatively modest (31%), there has been a consistent upward trend since 2012. Notably, the most significant increase was observed in the proportion of gold OA articles, whereas the number of deposited articles (green OA), not otherwise freely available online, experienced a decline. The knowledge domain of non-OA articles in personality psychology can be broadly delineated into five clusters: (Big Five) personality traits, personality disorders, emotion regulation, Dark Triad/Tetrad, and psychometrics. The emergence of COVID-19 as a “hot” research topic resulted with significant differences in the knowledge domain of non-OA and OA articles. Co-authorship network analysis revealed that authors from Western countries act as the central hub in personality research, though this centrality diminishes when only gold OA articles were taken into account. Gold OA articles performed the worst on most impact and outreach metrics except one, significantly surpassed by green OA articles. As a takeaway, it may be said that although you may need a significant amount of money to do the research, you don’t need it to make your research open and make an impact.

Using Methods and Principles of Modern Hypnosis and Activation of Consciousness During Interrogation

Introduction. The article explores the possibilities of using methods and principles of modern hypnosis and activation of consciousness during interrogation, analyzes the concept of modern (Ericksonian and post-Ericksonian) hypnosis and activation of consciousness, examines the methods and principles of these types of psychotherapy and determines the possibilities of their use within the framework of interrogation. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The theoretical basis of the study is the synthesis of psychological and forensic knowledge: about personality psychology, communication psychology, methods and principles of modern hypnosis and activation of consciousness as tools of psychotherapy, legal psychology, interrogation tactics. General theoretical methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, extrapolation, modeling, as well as historical, legal and comparative legal methods were used. Results. A comparison was made between a hypnosis session and an interrogation session, and similarities were highlighted. The possibilities and limitations of using methods and principles of modern hypnosis and activation of consciousness by the investigator himself during interrogation are determined. The principles and methods that can be integrated into interrogation tactics are indicated. Discussion and Conclusion. Recommendations for the use of these methods and principles require further discussion and testing in practice. The identified principles and methods of modern hypnosis and activation of consciousness may become part of the professional competence of the investigator in the future. Implementation of general recommendations to expand the communication skills and psychological knowledge of the investigator can increase the effectiveness of the investigation already at the present time.

The Importance of Personality Psychology in the Study of Prosocial Consumer Attitudes – Implications for Research in the Field of Socially Responsible Marketing

Theoretical background: This article is based, regarding the theoretical foundations, on selected issues of behavioral economy and economic psychology, which question the classical assumptions of the homo oeconomicus concept and the standard approach to studying the consumers’ attitudes and behaviors. Purpose of the article: The system of individual and socially shared consumer values undergoes evolutionary changes in the modern, turbulent socio-economic reality. The thesis has been put forward that in the post-pandemic realities, because of the re-evaluation of given values, psychological factors play an increasingly important role in shaping pro-social consumer attitudes, and the consumer’s personality largely determines favorable attitudes towards socially responsible marketing initiatives. The article is conceptual in nature. It provides a theoretical background for the authors’ planned empirical research. The main objective of this paper is to define the new research areas for socially responsible marketing, in which personality psychology could play a significant role in identifying consumers’ pro-social attitudes. Research methods: Given the need for an interdisciplinary approach to studying consumers’ pro-social attitudes, a review was conducted of the literature on the subject concerning the behavioral economy and economic psychology, with a special emphasis on the issue of personality. Main findings: The literature studies and observation of the socio-economic reality aimed at identifying new direction of empirical research in socially responsible marketing. Four main research areas were proposed to which the appropriate marketing types were assigned: post-COVID reality (social marketing and cause-related marketing); healthcare (social marketing); the reality of war (social marketing and cause-related marketing; ecology – green marketing). The empirical studies based on personality psychology in the areas indicated above could refer to the concept of goal-oriented behavior psychology and the Five Factor Model.

An attempt to assess individual differences in Shinrin-Yoku tendencies and associations with personality and life satisfaction: a study from Germany

Shinrin-Yoku, also known as forest-bathing, has become the focus of much psychological and neuroscientific research in recent years. In this realm, it has been shown that spending time in the forest, with a focus on the forest environment, has positive effects on both cognition and emotion. Interestingly, an individual differences perspective from personality psychology is largely lacking in shedding light on the characteristics of persons reporting higher Shinrin-Yoku tendencies than others. Therefore, this study presents the psychometric properties of a new Shinrin-Yoku scale (with a focus on the recreational aspects of visiting the forest including finding peace) to assess individual differences in enjoying forest bathing tendencies. A final sample of 896 participants was analyzed not only regarding their Shinrin-Yoku tendencies, but also with respect to the Big Five of Personality traits, life satisfaction, and perceived life stress. This study shows that higher openness to experience is robustly linked to higher Shinrin-Yoku tendencies, and higher Shinrin-Yoku tendencies are also associated with higher life satisfaction. A mediation model showed that the association between openness and life satisfaction was partially mediated by Shinrin-Yoku tendencies. No significant association was observed between perceived life stress and the Shinrin-Yoku scores. This work should be just seen as the start of beginning to construct scales assessing individual differences in Shinrin-Yoku tendencies: As one will see from the items included in the here presented final brief Shinrin-Yoku scale, many facets of Shinrin-Yoku - such as mindfulness activities in the forest – need further investigation. More research is needed to grasp the broad concept of Shinrin-Yoku including its nuances.