Personality Belief Questionnaire Research Articles

Nasal obstruction in adults: how it affects psychological status?

This study investigated the psychological status of patients with unilateral or bilateral complete nasal obstruction. The study included 49 consecutive cases of unilateral or bilateral complete nasal obstruction. In order to assess participants' personality traits, both groups completed the Personality Belief Questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory form, Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory. The groups were similar in terms of demographic characteristics. Patients with unilateral or bilateral complete nasal obstruction had higher scores on all the psychological assessments compared with the healthy controls, except for the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Although all personality assessment scores were higher in patients, the only differences that were statistically significant were in the dependent, antisocial and avoidant personality trait scores. The psychological conditions of patients with structural deformities that cause nasal obstruction may be affected, and appropriate treatment should be provided to improve their symptoms and quality of life.

Astımlı ve Astımlı Olmayan Bireylerin Bağımlı Kişilik Özelliği ile Depresyon, Anksiyete ve Stres Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Aim: There is a complex relationship between asthma and psychiatric problems; therefore, it is important to investigate this relationship for optimal treatment. In this cross-sectional and comparative study, it was aimed to examine the dependent personality trait, depression, anxiety and stress levels of asthmatic and non-asthmatic individuals.
 Material and Method: 382 individuals with (n=172) and without (n=210) asthma were included in our study. The study data were collected with Identifying Information Form, Personality Belief Questionnaire, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) 21-Short Form. Comparisons between groups were made using the Chi-square test, Mann Whitney-U test, and Pearson correlation test.
 Results: The mean age of the participants was 40.80±12.06, 45% of them were asthmatic, and the disease year was 7.92±8.49. It was observed that asthmatic individuals had high dependent personality trait and anxiety levels (p

Temperament, Character, Personality Characteristics and Eating Attitudes of People Seeking Bariatric Surgery

Objective: This study aimed to analyze differences in temperament, character, personality characteristics and eating attitudes between the patients seeking bariatric surgery for the treatment of obesity and the general population.Methods: The candidates for bariatric surgery were assessed pre-operatively using the Temperament-Character Inventory (TCI) and Personality Belief Questionnaire (PBQ) for personality characteristics, and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) for their eating behavior. Results: The candidates for bariatric surgery had higher scores on the Impulsivity and Compassionate sub-dimensions of the TCI, whilst the score on the Self sub-dimension was lower than in the controls. No significant differences were found between patients and controls in the subscales of the Personality Belief Questionnaire. The candidates for bariatric surgery were found to have more impaired eating habits.Conclusion: This study demonstrates that certain personality characteristics may both cause obesity and may be effective in the treatment method used to treat obesity. Taking into account the personality characteristics of patients and assessing their eating patterns when determining therapeutic approaches to obesity, including bariatric surgery, may be beneficial in achieving effective, long-term results in weight control. In patients scheduled for bariatric surgery for the treatment of obesity, providing individualized psychiatric support to develop their impulsivity-related self-control skills may enhance the success of obesity treatment.

Preliminary Psychometric Properties of the Portuguese Version of the Personality Belief Questionnaire—Short Form in a Community Sample

Preliminary Psychometric Properties of the Portuguese Version of the Personality Belief Questionnaire—Short Form in a Community Sample

Coping with the Antecedents of a Violent Episode Explains More Variance than Coping with the Violent Episode: Support for Event-Based Approaches to Violence

The effects of intimate partner violence (IPV) impact victims more negatively than perpetrators. However, as current intervention programs do not provide satisfactory solutions to the problem, there is a growing need for interventions based on novel approaches. In this study, the relationships between proximal antecedents, violence victimization, coping, and psychological symptoms were examined, focusing on the “hot moment” of IPV. The study sample consisted of 205 married women who were victims of IPV. Data were collected using the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale, the Proximal Antecedents to Violent Episodes—Victim Form, the Intimate Partner Violence Strategies Index, the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Personality Belief Questionnaire–Short Form, the Two Dimension Social Desirability Scale, and a demographics form. The results revealed that proximal antecedents concerning interaction disagreements significantly predicted both IPV and psychological symptoms after controlling for pathological personality beliefs. They positively preceded violence via interactions with post hoc planned coping strategies. The results also revealed that the temporal conceptualization of coping should occur before IPV following the occurrence of proximal antecedents, offering a new look at the victimization process. This perspective provides a delicate synthesis of event-based behaviorist perspectives of IPV explanations and survivor theory for coping with IPV.

The role of personality traits on mode of delivery

Purpose The aim of this study is to understand the motives behind CS requests in nulliparous women in their late pregnancy better and to investigate if specific personality traits affect the maternal decision on mode of delivery. Material and Method This prospective study was conducted with 70 healthy, nulliparous parturient with singleton pregnancies. Women at their 28–32. weeks of gestation were asked to fill a socio-demographic data form and the questionnaires; Personality Belief Questionnaire – Short Form (PBQ-SF) and The Childbirth Attitudes Questionnaire (CAQ). After delivery, all the results of pre-filled questionnaires and women’s mode of delivery were analyzed and compared. Results There were significant differences in personality types; dependent (p = 0.033), passive-aggressive (p = 0.031), obsessive-compulsive (p = 0.001), antisocial (p = 0.014), narcissistic (p = 0.014) and borderline (p = 0.014) between vaginal delivery and CS groups. The CAQ scores of the mothers who requested CS were significantly higher (p:0.007). Weak but significant positive relation was found between total CAQ scores and avoidant (p = 0.022), dependent (p = 0.034), passive-aggressive (p = 0.040), narcissistic (p = 0,006), schizoid (p = 0.007), paranoid (p = 0.007) and borderline (p = 0.007) personality types. Conclusion This is the first study that investigates the relationship between mode of delivery and personality traits according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and cognitive behavioral perspective in the literature. These personality traits can be carried at a level that is not clinically significant to create an obvious pathology, yet they might play a role as the motives behind the apparent reasons for women who request CS. Understanding women’s motives and attitudes for childbirth during their pregnancy may help healthcare providers to tailor women’s approach to childbirth to avoid unnecessary CS.

Dysfunctional personality beliefs and executive performance in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

BackgroundThis article intends to verify the association of dysfunctional beliefs of personality disorders with the executive performance in people with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). MethodsFifty-two patients (35 women, 67.3%) with JME aged 18–50 yrs. (32.3 ± 9.7) were evaluated between May 2017 and April 2018 and compared with controls. All subjects were submitted to the Personality Beliefs Questionnaire (PBQ) (Beck & Beck, 1991; Savoia et al., 2006), Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DQ; Wilson et al., 1996; Macuglia et al., 2016), estimated intelligence quotient (IQ) using Vocabulary and Block Design tests, attention and executive functions evaluation (Controlled Oral Word Association (COWA), Digit Span, Trail Making Tests (TMT) A and B, Stroop and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)). The inclusion criteria were as follows: diagnosis of JME (ILAE, 1989); age ≥18 yrs., schooling ≥ 11 yrs. and IQ ≥70. The inclusion criteria for the control group were the same except diagnosis of epilepsy. ResultsCompared with controls, patients presented higher scores in PBQ for personality disorders, namely Narcissistic (z = −0.79; p < 0.001), Borderline (z = −0.58; p = 0.002), Paranoid (z = −0.43; p = 0.017), and Histrionic (z = −0.39; p = 0.041). Executive functions were impaired when compared with controls in TMT A (z = −0.97; p = 0.038), TMT B (z = −0.65; p = 0.023), and COWA (z = −0.51; p = 0.001). Patients showed higher WCST scores for Errors (z = −1.62; p ≤ 0.001), Perseverative Errors (z = −0.77; p = 0.001), Non-Perseverative Errors (z = −1.01; p = 0.001), Conceptual Level Response (z = −1.56; p ≤ 0.001), Completed Categories (z = −2.12; p = 0.002), and Failure to Maintain Context (z = −0.49; p = 0.015). Personality Beliefs Questionnaire results showed correlation with lower values in TMT A, Antisocial (r = −0.298; p = 0.032), Narcissistic (r = −0.303; p = 0.029), Schizoid (r = − 0.410; p = 0.003), Histrionic (r = −0.341; p = 0.013), Passive-aggressive (r = −0.341; p = 0.015), and Obsessive–compulsive (r = −0.319; p = 0.021); TMT B results showed a trend for Obsessive–compulsive traits (r = −0.261; p = 0.052); COWA was correlated to Dependent (r = 0.319; p = 0.021); and Digit Span to Passive-aggressive (r = 0.287; p = 0.039). On WCST, Failure to Maintain Context was correlated to Avoidant (r = 0.335; p = 0.017). The DQ was not correlated with PBQ. ConclusionPeople with JME presented dysfunctional beliefs of personality disorder that were correlated with executive dysfunction. These findings reinforce the need for psychological rehabilitation in these patients.

Dysfunctional personality beliefs and emotion recognition in individuals with methamphetamine dependence

Previous studies have demonstrated that individuals with methamphetamine dependence have impaired emotion recognition. However, heterogeneity in results from these studies may indicate that individual factors such as personality beliefs moderate emotion recognition deficits. Thus, we aimed to examine the relationship between dimensional estimates of dysfunctional personality beliefs and facial emotion recognition in 86 Australian treatment seekers with methamphetamine dependence. Dysfunctional beliefs were measured using the Personality Beliefs Questionnaire, and emotion recognition was measured with the Ekman’s Faces Test. We applied hierarchical regression analyses to test the relationship between beliefs and emotion recognition after accounting for the effects of intelligence. Results indicated that personality beliefs reflecting antisocial and paranoid schemas together accounted for a significant increase in the variance in fear recognition (higher levels of beliefs associated with poorer fear recognition). Further, high levels of passive-aggressive personality beliefs were associated with a tendency to misclassify faces as disgust. Our findings suggest that antisocial, paranoid, and passive-aggressive dysfunctional personality beliefs may underlie inter-individual differences in emotion recognition in methamphetamine dependent individuals. Additional research is required to better understand the relationship between personality and social processing biases, and investigate the direct impact these have on the significant psychosocial impairments present in individuals with methamphetamine dependence.

Relationship between functional constipation and anal-retentive behavior features.

Constipation is the most commonly seen defecation problem related to several environmental factors. Defecation is learned in the childhood anal period in which anal characteristic features appear. Problems in the childhood anal period may affect not only characters but also defecation function. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between constipation and anal characteristic features of participants with functional constipation. Patients with functional constipation were included into the study according to the ROME III criteria. Patients with irritable bowel disease, slow transit constipation, outlet obstruction constipation, malignancy, and psychiatric diseases were excluded from the study. Patients filled out Personality Belief Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Obsessive Belief Questionnaire. The results were compared with healthy individuals. A total of 47 patients with functional constipation were included in the study. Avoidant, obsessive-compulsive, antisocial, narcissistic, and paranoid personality traits were found to be higher in patients with constipation than in the control group. Perfectionism/certainty, importance and control, and hospital anxiety scores were found to be higher in patients with constipation than in the control group. Constipation may be related to several factors, such as socioeconomic environment, emotional stress, age, and diet, among others. Here, it was found that anal-retentive behavior features are prominent in functional constipation. Biofeedback, which can be regarded as psychotherapy of defecation control, can be used for treatment.

Dysfunctional Personality Beliefs Linked to Emotion Recognition Deficits in Individuals With Cocaine Addiction and Personality Disorders.

Background: Facial emotion recognition is impaired in addiction and personality disorders. Dysfunctional personality beliefs reflect negative interpersonal schemas that may underpin emotion recognition deficits. We aimed to examine the association between personality beliefs and emotion recognition among participants with cocaine use disorder including those with comorbid personality disorders. Methods: We recruited 70 participants with cocaine use disorder aged between 19 and 52 who had used 14 g of cocaine over 4.8 years on average. Thirty-eight participants had an additional personality disorder (11 Borderline, 7 Histrionic, 5 Antisocial, 10 Avoidant, and 5 Obsessive–Compulsive). Dysfunctional beliefs were indicated with the Personality Belief Questionnaire, and facial emotion recognition was indicated with the Ekman’s Test. We applied correlations/multiple regressions to test the relationship between beliefs and emotion recognition. Results: Personality beliefs reflecting paranoid, borderline, and antisocial schemas were negatively associated with emotion recognition. Antisocial beliefs were associated with poorer recognition of fear, and paranoid beliefs with poorer recognition of disgust. Antisocial beliefs were significantly associated with emotion recognition after adjusting for cocaine use. Conclusion: Dysfunctional personality beliefs are associated with poorer emotion recognition in cocaine addiction. Personality-related negative schemas about the self and others can impact social cognition and interaction during cocaine treatment.

The Distinctive Associations of Interpersonal Problems with Personality Beliefs Within the Framework of Cognitive Theory of Personality Disorders

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between interpersonal problems and dysfunctional beliefs associated with personality disorders, within the framework of cognitive theory of personality disorders. Based on the proposition of cognitive theory, different dimensions of interpersonal problems which were assessed through the coordinates of interpersonal circumplex model were expected to be associated with specific categories of personality beliefs namely, deprecating, inflated, and ambivalent personality beliefs. Participants were 997 volunteer adults (304 males and 693 females) from Turkey, between the ages of 18 and 61. They completed the personality belief questionnaire, basic personality traits inventory, and inventory of interpersonal problems measures. Considering the well-established representations of personality disorders in Big Five space, and correspondence between five-factor model of personality and interpersonal circumplex model, the present study examined the hypothesized associations via a robust analysis where strongly relevant personality factors were statistically controlled for in each analysis. Results revealed that different dimensions of interpersonal problems distinctively associated with three personality belief categories; deprecating beliefs were associated with over-friendly submissiveness, inflated beliefs were associated with dominance, and ambivalent beliefs were associated with hostile/cold dominance. Findings supported the validity of cognitive formulations (view of self and view of others) of the personality disorders proposed by the cognitive theory, also highlighted the priority of interpersonal problems in personality psychopathology.

Normative data and factorial structure of the Turkish version of the temperament and character inventory-revised (Turkish TCI-R)

OBJECTIVEIn this study, we aimed to examine the validity, reliability, and factor structure of the TCI-R in a Turkish sample.METHODSParticipants were 1026 (786 female, 240 male) college students at Hasan Kalyoncu University in Turkey. The study protocol was approved by the local Ethics Committee. Sociodemographic information of the participants was collected and the TCI-R, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Personality Belief Questionnaire (PBQ) were administered. All statistical analyses were performed by using SPSS version 24 for Windows.RESULTSThe internal consistency was satisfactory for all dimensions (Cronbach alpha coefficients above 0.7). The highest Cronbach alpha was found for Persistence Dimension (0.92) and the lowest Cronbach alpha was found for Novelty Seeking Dimension (0.73) and test–retest correlation coefficients for all dimensions were relatively high and statistically significant. TCI-R temperament and character scales were found significantly correlated with the BDI, the BAI, and the PBQ total scores. A principal-components analysis with Promax rotation yielded four factors with an Eigenvalue greater than one, representing 62.67% of the total variance for temperament dimension. A principal-components analysis with Promax rotation yielded three factors with an Eigenvalue greater than one, representing 56.14% of the total variance for character dimension. The addition of four new subscales to the original scale for Persistence has produced a very reliable dimension in the TCI-R with the loadings ranging from 0.82 to 0.86.CONCLUSIONSOur findings suggested that Turkish TCI-R was a valid and reliable tool with a robust factorial structure for further use in the assessing of personality psychopathology in clinical populations in Turkey.

Factor structure and reliability of the Personality Belief Questionnaire in Argentina

Aim of the studyTo examine the validity and reliability of the Personality Belief Questionnaire (PBQ) in Argentina.Subject or material and methodsA forward translation of PBQ from English to Spanish was carried out by two independent bilingual translators. An expert committee subsequently compared the translations with the original PBQ and a final version was derived by consensus. Then, internal structure and internal consistency of Argentinean version of PBQ were evaluated using a convenience sample of 402 individuals drawn from clinical (25%) and general (75%) population of Cordoba, Argentina. To test the internal structure a Procrustes rotation with target matrices and Tucker’s congruence coefficients were used. Cronbach’s alpha and confidence intervals were calculated to estimate the internal consistency.ResultsFindings showed that seven of the nine PBQ scales were replicable: avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive, histrionic, paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal. Antisocial and narcissistic scales revealed little discrimination between them. Reliability analysis indicated acceptable to high internal consistency for all PBQ scales, with Cronbach’s alpha ranging from .75 for avoidant and antisocial to .90 for paranoid.DiscussionResults support the validity and reliability of the PBQ in Argentina, providing with a practical assessment tool for dysfunctional beliefs associated to personality disorders that can be applied with clinical and research purposes.ConclusionsThe psychometric properties of the PBQ in Argentina are satisfactory. However, additional study assessing the external validity is warranted.

Relationship of functional constipation and anal-retentive behavior features.

Constipation is the most commonly seen defecation problem and related with several environmental factors. Learning defecation is learned in the childhood anal period in which anal characteristic features appear. Problems in the anal period of childhood may affect not only the characters but also the defecation function. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between constipation and anal characteristic features of participants with functional constipation. Patients with functional constipation were included in the study according to the ROME III criteria. Patients with irritable bowel disease, slow transit constipation, outlet obstruction constipation, malignancy, and psychiatric diseases were excluded from the study. Patients filled out the Personality Belief Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Obsessive Belief Questionnaire. The results were compared with healthy individuals. A total of 47 patients with functional constipation were included in the study. The avoidant, obsessive-compulsive, antisocial, narcissistic, and paranoid personality beliefs were found to be higher in patients with constipation than in the control group. Perfectionism/certainty, importance and control, and hospital anxiety scores were found to be higher in patients with constipation than in the control group. Constipation may be related to several factors, such as socioeconomic environment, emotional stress, age, and diet, among others. Here we found that anal-retentive behavior features are prominent in functional constipation. Biofeedback, which can be regarded as psychotherapy of defecation control, can be used for treatment.

Construction and validation of an Italian dysfunctional beliefs questionnaire

With reference to the rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) framework model, the purpose of the present study was to develop a multidimensional scale regarding dysfunctional beliefs of young people, and to clarify its factor structure. In line with this purpose, the dysfunctional beliefs questionnaire (DBQ) was developed. It is composed of four subscales measuring self-criticizing, catastrophizing, demandingness and frustration intolerance. Results reveal that the DBQ shows a good four-factor structure that represents the four subscales of the theoretical framework model. Furthermore, this result demonstrates adequate internal consistency reliability and supports the validity of the DBQ in terms of construct convergent (assessed with the personality belief questionnaire) and divergent validity (assessed with intelligence and coping strategies). Findings also show that dysfunctional beliefs are negatively correlated with intelligence and blunting coping and partially correlated with monitoring coping. Clinical implications and the potential utility of examining the combined influence of other cognitive factors are highlighted.

Narcissism in Bulgarian adults

IntroductionNarcissistic personality disorder influences relationships and beliefs in different life spheres.ObjectiveWe aimed to measure narcissism among Bulgarian adults by establishing validity of two scales measuring narcissism, specifying some social and demographic factors and differentiating narcissistic features.MethodOne hundred and thirty-four Bulgarians (17–62 years old, M = 31; SD = 11) were examined with two scales measuring narcissism. Higher score on Narcissistic personality disorder scale from the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4 correlated positively (r = .346; P &lt; .001) with higher score on A. T. Beck and J. S. Beck's scale measuring Narcissistic beliefs from Personality Belief Questionnaire that indicated their validity.ResultsNo significant gender differences in narcissism were found, with female participants prevailing in the sample (n = 118). Family status (FPDQ−4(4,128) = 0.593; pPDQ-4 = 569; FPBQ(4,128) = 0.295; pPBQ = .881), occupational status – student, employed or unemployed (FPDQ−4(4,128) = 0.593; pPDQ−4 = .569; FPBQ(4,128) = 0.295; pPBQ = .881), secondary or university education (tPDQ−4(112) = 1.809; pPDQ−4 = .073; tPBQ(112) = 1.338; pPBQ = .184), and the length of work experience did not differentiate narcissism (RPDQ−4 = .168; tPDQ−4 = −1.853; pPDQ−4 = .066; RPBQ = .063; tPBQ = −0.681; pPBQ = .497). Advance in age was related to diminished levels of narcissism (RPDQ−4 = .21; R2PDQ−4 = .044; BPDQ−4 = −0.034; tPDQ−4 = −2.463; pPDQ−4 = .015). Higher narcissism was related to the belief of being a special person (70.8%) and to the perceptions of other people as being envy of one's personality–own achievements (60.9%).ConclusionsNarcissistic personality disorder is rare in the studied Bulgarian adult population – 4.5% of the subjects (n = 6) had the highest levels of narcissism on both scales that corresponded to the proportion of 6% prevalence of lifetime narcissism in USA, according to Stinson et al.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Specyfika dezadaptacyjnych przekonań w zaburzeniach osobowości: charakterystyka psychometryczna polskiej translacji i trawestacji Kwestionariusza Przekonań (Personality Beliefs Questionnaire, PBQ)

The present analyses focused on the adaptation of the Personality Beliefs Questionnaire (PBQ) – a tool measuring beliefs specific to personality disorders. Two Polish versions of the PBQ were developed: a translation of the original version consisting of 126 items, and a modified version comprised of 124 items (the scale for borderline personality was made diagnostically independent; the scale for schizotypal personality was added, and the items were assigned to the scales not only on the basis of their content but also on the basis of factor analysis results). For both versions, indicators of measurement reliability and validity were obtained based on results from more than 1,600 subjects. The data showed that the scales of both versions demonstrated acceptable reliability in terms of both internal consistency and temporal stability. The values of convergent validity of the scales in both versions were comparable (correlations with scales of the SCID-II questionnaire for Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II and TALEIA-400A: Test for AxiaL Evaluation and Interview for Clinical, Personnel, and Guidance Applications, assessing personality disorders), but scales of the modified PBQ version showed better discriminant validity (its internal structure also was very clearly confirmed by the results of confirmatory factor analysis). Insufficiently high convergent validity was found for both PBQ versions, including high intercorrelations among scales. Therefore, the discussion emphasized that although the PBQ allows for the identification of specific beliefs in personality disorders, it is not a diagnostic equivalent for tools assessing disorders per se.

Specyfika dezadaptacyjnych przekonań w zaburzeniach osobowości: charakterystyka psychometryczna polskiej translacji i trawestacji Kwestionariusza Przekonań (Personality Beliefs Questionnaire, PBQ)

The present analyses focused on the adaptation of the Personality Beliefs Questionnaire (PBQ) – a tool measuring beliefs specific to personality disorders. Two Polish versions of the PBQ were developed: a translation of the original version consisting of 126 items, and a modified version comprised of 124 items (the scale for borderline personality was made diagnostically independent; the scale for schizotypal personality was added, and the items were assigned to the scales not only on the basis of their content but also on the basis of factor analysis results). For both versions, indicators of measurement reliability and validity were obtained based on results from more than 1,600 subjects. The data showed that the scales of both versions demonstrated acceptable reliability in terms of both internal consistency and temporal stability. The values of convergent validity of the scales in both versions were comparable (correlations with scales of the SCID-II questionnaire for Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II and TALEIA-400A: Test for AxiaL Evaluation and Interview for Clinical, Personnel, and Guidance Applications, assessing personality disorders), but scales of the modified PBQ version showed better discriminant validity (its internal structure also was very clearly confirmed by the results of confirmatory factor analysis). Insufficiently high convergent validity was found for both PBQ versions, including high intercorrelations among scales. Therefore, the discussion emphasized that although the PBQ allows for the identification of specific beliefs in personality disorders, it is not a diagnostic equivalent for tools assessing disorders per se.

Lokalizacja zaburzeń osobowości w Kołowym Modelu Metacech Osobowości

The aim of the paper was to characterize personality disorders in terms of the dimensions of the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits (CPM) developed by Strus, Cieciuch, and Rowiński. It was expected that personality disorders characterized by the profiles of traits from the five-factor model of personality (FFM) would be located in the sector delimited by poles Gamma- and Delta- and including pole Alfa-. The author analyzed data collected in a sample of 2,284 subjects tested by means of the NEO-FFI and three other instruments: the Personality Beliefs Questionnaire, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders (SCID-II), and the TALEIA-400A questionnaire (Test for AxiaL Evaluation and Interview for Clinical, Personnel, and Guidance Applications) for the assessment of personality disorders as well as compared them with the data from the meta-analysis by Saulsman and Page (2004) concerning the relations between personality disorders and FFM traits. The obtained correlations confirmed the research expectations. In Discussion, the author points out the heuristic value of the CPM for differentiating the norm from pathologies, which includes the differential diagnosis of personality disorders.

Opracowanie i walidacja eksperymentalnej polskiej wersji skróconej Kwestionariusza Schematów Younga (YSQ-ES-PL) do badania wczesnych schematów dezadaptacyjnych

The Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) measures the intensity of early maladaptive schemas connected with symptoms of mental disorders, particularly personality disorders. We conducted a procedure of shortening the Polish version of the YSQ, analogous to the original one, and determined the psychometric properties of the instrument thus developed by performing a reliability and validity analysis (n = 1.073). In the second part of the study we tested the factor structure of the YSQ using confirmatory factor analysis in the sample from Study 1 and an independent group (n = 898). We reduced the number of items in the questionnaire from 232 to 90 – leaving five items in each of the 18 scales corresponding to specific schemas. We obtained adequate and high internal consistency coefficients for each subscale and for the whole instrument. The overall measure of schemas was positively associated with beliefs characteristic for all personality disorders measured by the Personality Beliefs Questionnaire (PBQ). The intensity of the schemas (except the Self-Sacrifice scale) significantly differentiated participants from the clinical (n = 31) and nonclinical groups (n = 1,042). We also confirmed the theoretical factor structure of the instrument, although the weakness of some measures of fit suggests the need for further research. The obtained results support the use of the experimental short Polish version of the Young Schema Questionnaire as a measure of early maladaptive schemas.