Personal Messages Research Articles

Reminders, but not monetary incentives, increase COVID-19 booster uptake

Despite substantially decreasing the risk of hospitalization and death from COVID-19, COVID-19 booster vaccination rates remain low around the world. A key question for public health agencies is how to increase booster vaccination rates, particularly among high-risk groups. We conducted a large preregistered randomized controlled trial (with 57,893 study subjects) in a county health system in northern California to test the impact of personal reminder messages and small financial incentives of $25 on booster vaccination rates. We found that reminders increased booster vaccination rates within 2 wk by 0.86 percentage points (P = 0.000) or nearly 33% off the control mean of 2.65%. Monetary incentives had no additional impact on vaccination rates. The results highlight the potential of low-cost targeted messages, but not small financial incentives, to increase booster vaccination rates.

The intended and unintended effects of synced advertising: When persuasion knowledge could help or backfire

Developments in digital technologies have extended the abilities of marketers to collect, process, and share consumer data to optimize personalized messages across media in real time, a strategy known as synced advertising. Previous research has found promising effects related to synced advertising. At the same time, consumer knowledge appears to be low, and informing consumers could increase their critical attitudes towards synced ads. Our eye-tracking lab study (N = 163) showed that informing consumers on synced advertising helps them to understand and increase their knowledge about this new marketing strategy. Moreover, this strategy increases recall of the product mentioned on TV as well as perceived surveillance. Finally, we found that all participants closed the synced ad with an average of 6.5 s and fixated on it for an average of 1.3 s. This study contributes to the growing literature on synced advertising by empirically investigating the impact of consumer knowledge on the tensions and opportunities of this new marketing strategy.

Does the Game Matter? Analyzing Sponsorship Effectiveness and Message Personalization in Sport Live Broadcasts

This study aims to increase the effective use of in-stadium sponsor message placement by analyzing the influence of various run-of-play characteristics on television viewers’ visual attention allocation. Sports broadcasts constitute one potential platform for sponsors to place personalized messages. However, literature still questions the effectiveness of in-stadium sponsor messages, and the influence of game-related factors on viewers’ visual attention has received little consideration in this context. In addition, researchers call for more reliable and realistic measures concerning the effective evaluation of sponsorship-linked marketing. Therefore, this study uses real-time adaptions (eye-tracking, in-play betting odds, etc.) utilizing live soccer broadcasts as one of the first. Data were analyzed second by second (n = 100,298) using generalized linear mixed models. Results indicate significant associations of several run-of-play characteristics with viewers’ visual attention to sponsor messages depending on the characteristic, the games’ degree of suspense, and playing time. Findings provide hands-on advice for practitioners to enhance sponsor message placement during live broadcasts.

THE DRIVING FACTORS FOR INVESMENT IN STOCK RETAIL INVESTORS DURING PANDEMIC COVID-19 IN INDONESIA

Abstract - The covid-19 pandemic during 2020-2021 drove the economic uncertainty and stock retail investment in Indonesia. However, the stock retail transaction increased significantly during pandemic. The paper investigates the determinant factors of stock retail investor behaviour. Pandemic Covid-19 made people work from home and stay at home. Work from home with long hours at the computer made people interested in investing in the stock market. A high number of investors led by phenomenon referred to as herding by certain individuals or groups that are tempting to joint invest came from influencers or public figures. This study combines Theory Planned Behavior (TPB) and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to uncover the decision investment from retail investors. The novelty of the research is herding behavior as an antecedent of the decision. Online survey method is distributed through social media, email, and personal messages. The study is able to collect 116 respondents. The data will be analyzed using PLS – SEM. The research found that planned behavior does not significantly affect the investment behavior, while variables from TAM do significantly affect the investment decision. The study concludes that variables from TAM influenced the investment decision. The limitation is the herding behavior does not influence investor decision in stock market. The implication of the research is that retail investors are still interested in investing in stock. Technology indeed is an enabler for the stock trading process, although it seems investors prefer offline processes.
 Keywords: Retail Investors; Attitude towards Behavior; Behavioral Control; Ease of Use of Digital Platforms; Herding Behaviour

Constructions of broadcast encryption with personalized messages from bilinear map

Broadcast encryption (BE) is a one to many encryption protocol which sends a message to desired set of users securely and efficiently. Broadcast encryption with personalized messages (BEPMsg) is a cryptographic primitive that sends a common broadcast message together with user-specific personalized messages to a group of users. This work contains the transformation of broadcast encryption from the bilinear map to broadcast encryption with personalized messages. The transformation of BE from bilinear map to BEPMsg helps to design BEPMsg with different flavors. We have also proposed two BEPMsg constructions and discussed their security. Our first construction is an adaptive secure BEPMsg scheme. It also supports inclusive–exclusive property in encryption algorithm as the broadcaster can select the set of subscribed or revoked users to decrease the encryption cost depending on the size of the set of subscribed and revoked users. More positively, it has a constant header size. Our second construction provides outsider anonymity in BEPMsg by performing the decryption without using the set of subscribed or revoked users.

Perceived Burdensomeness and Thwarted Belongingness in Text Messages of Suicide Attempt Survivors

Objective Perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness are considered interpersonal risk factors for suicide. Examining these themes in personal text messages may help identify proximal suicide risk. Method Twenty-six suicide attempt survivors provided personal text messages and reported dates for past periods characterized by positive mood, depressed mood, suicidal ideation (with no attempt), or the two-week period leading up to suicide attempt(s). Texts were then classified into the applicable period based on matching dates. Texts (N = 194,083; including n = 86,705 outgoing texts) were coded for perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness by masked trained raters. Multilevel models were fit to examine whether the target themes (combined into one overall interpersonal risk variable due to low base rate) were more prevalent in texts sent during higher risk episodes (e.g., suicide attempt vs. depressed mood episodes). Results 0.57% of outgoing texts contained either target theme. As hypothesized, logistic models showed participants were more likely to send texts containing the target themes during suicide attempt episodes relative to suicidal ideation (with no attempt) episodes, depressed mood episodes, and positive mood episodes, and during suicidal ideation (with no attempt) episodes relative to positive mood episodes. All contrasts were robust to post-hoc correction except for suicide attempt episodes vs. ideation (with no attempt) episodes. No other significant pairwise differences for episode type emerged. Conclusions Despite the small sample size and low base rate of target themes in the texts, perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness were associated with intra-individual suicide risk severity in personal text messages.

738-P: Lifestyle Intervention Program with Smartphone App Augmented by Intermittently Scanned Continuous Glucose Monitoring for People at High Risk of Diabetes—Randomized Controlled Trial

We examined the effects of a lifestyle intervention program with a smartphone app augmented by intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring (isCGM) of persons at high risk of developing diabetes in a 12-week randomized open-label trial (UMIN00004640). The program monitored blood glucose fluctuations and lifestyle habits and displayed them in an easy-to-understand interface as well as provided personalized lifestyle intervention messages. The primary endpoint was the change in time in range (TIR) of 70-140 mg/dL between intervention (App) and control (C) groups. Among 168 patients (mean age 48.1 y, mean BMI 26.6 kg/m2, and male 80.4%), 82 and 86 were assigned to the App group and C group, respectively. After 12 weeks, TIR of 70-140 mg/dL significantly improved in the App group compared to the C group (-2.6 min/day vs. +31.5 min/day, p=0.03). Changes in time above range (>140 mg/dL; -20.9 min/day vs. -22.6 min/day, p=0.86) did not differ, whereas time below range (<70 mg/dL; +23.5 min/day vs. -8.9 min/day, p=0.02) improved in App compared to C. BMI (-0.26 vs. -0.59, p=0.017) and carbohydrate intake (-4.4 kcal/day vs. -22.7 kcal/day, p=0.049) also improved in App compared to C. Intervention with a smartphone app and isCGM increased glycemic control with a decrease in carbohydrate intake and weight loss. Disclosure M.Kitazawa: None. H.Sone: Research Support; Novo Nordisk, Astellas Pharma Inc., Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Taisho Pharmaceutical Holdings Co., Ltd., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. H.Suzuki: None. C.Horikawa: None. Y.Takeda: None. I.Ikeda: None. M.Hatta: None. M.Iwanaga: None. T.Yamada: None. K.Fujihara: None.

Looking for accommodations? What motivates consumer information search behavior on Instagram, Facebook groups and personal profiles on social networking sites

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the association between the perceived values of information (economic, hedonic, functional, psychological) and the actual use of social networking channels (Instagram/Facebook groups/SNS personal profiles or messaging) for seeking information on accommodations.Design/methodology/approach879 respondents aged 18–55, who travel abroad as individual tourists at least once a year and are responsible for their own accommodation choice, were surveyed.FindingsThe study shows that all the values of information are more likely to be provided through posting a question on one's profile/messaging options (i.e. friends and relatives), than through Facebook groups and Instagram. The multivariate findings show that different values are associated with different SNS channel choices for seeking information.Originality/valueThe study provides an innovative approach to the motivations behind the use of different SNS platforms for travel information search by consumers. It offers practical implications, suggesting how to provide the relevant content on each channel.

HOW TO BECOME A PRODUCTIVE FAN? THE EXISTENCE OF FAN TALKS AS FANDOM PRODUCTIVITY

Fans draw sharply the line between what falls within their fandom and what does not. Accumulation and appreciation of knowledge regarding fan’s objects of fandom are important for fan cultural capital. Fiske’s pre-internet model of fan productivity occurs at the interface between industrially-produced cultural commodities and the everyday life of the fan. Fan talk is a circulation mechanism of certain meanings of the object of fandom implying the membership of a particular fan community. BTS is a K-Pop group that uses online exposure with a variety of contents ranging from members personal message to behind-the-scenes footage to create deeper levels of intimacy with their fans. This helps them to advance their careers and create alliances with their fans. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach to explore BTS fan’s participation in fan talk activities shared within face-to-face communication. The data collection techniques used were in-depth interviews and participant observations of four BTS’s fans (called ARMY). The result shows that fan talk is one way of expressing the existence of fans. Digital media and the internet have allowed BTS' fans to share a wide range of signifiers and meanings from their music quickly and easily. This has created a form of symbolic interaction among fans that can be used to communicate concepts and ideas among one another. This enunciative productivity of fans is also serving a widespread promotional function for non-fans.

0266 An mHealth intervention to deliver personalized messages to increase adherence to OSA care among transportation workers

Abstract Introduction Transportation workers are at risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), yet OSA is commonly undiagnosed in this population. In a two-phase study, we design and evaluate a tailored, mobile health (mHealth) intervention aimed at achieving OSA awareness, including changes in OSA beliefs, among operators of large highway maintenance vehicles. Methods In Phase 1, we recruited highway maintenance vehicle operators employed at worksites in the US northeast for focus groups to examine OSA beliefs and barriers. Results of the Phase 1 focus groups were used to inform the tailored intervention. In Phase 2, we evaluated the tailored approach, “Sleep Strong, Live Long,” in a mini-RCT. Worksites were randomized to intervention (Sleep Strong, Live Long) or control. Employees at both worksites completed baseline questionnaires and follow-up questionnaires 2-months post-baseline. Employees at the intervention worksite received a 30 minute in-person education session, access to an interactive website including video success stories, then follow-up text messages over 2 months as part of the Sleep Strong, Live Long program. The control condition received the intervention after completing follow-up surveys. We compared responses on the follow-up surveys between intervention and control conditions using linear regression with baseline responses as covariates. Results Phase 1 themes included common sleep complaints, inconsistent work schedules, and misconceptions about OSA (n=45). 75% of Phase 1 participants reported resistance to OSA behavior change. Phase 2 mini-RCT participants (n= 38) were on average 43.4 (sd=12.1) years old. Participants were 86.8% male and 67.6% reported an annual household income of $50,000 or more. Exposure to the intervention was associated with an improvement in OSA literacy (b=0.14, p=0.037), but not OSA self-efficacy (b=0.12, p=0.330) or OSA readiness to change (b=0.76, p=0.336). Conclusion We provide preliminary support for improving OSA literacy among a sample of transportation workers. Future research may evaluate the tailored program in a larger sample of workers and with a longer follow-up period to consider whether OSA literacy and self-efficacy mediate actual OSA behaviors, such as changes in OSA evaluation and treatment. Support (if any) This work was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH, Grant # K01HL150339).

Cybervictimization of Adults With Long-term Conditions: Cross-sectional Study.

People living with chronic conditions and disabilities experience harassment both offline and on the web. Cybervictimization is an umbrella term for negative web-based experiences. It has distressing consequences on physical health, mental well-being, and social relationships. These experiences have mostly been documented among children and adolescents. However, the scope of such experiences is not well documented among adults with long-term conditions, and the potential impact has not been examined from a public health perspective. This study aimed to examine the scope of cybervictimization among adults living with long-term conditions in the United Kingdom and the perceived impact on self-management of chronic conditions. This paper reports the findings of the quantitative phase of a mixed methods study in the United Kingdom. This cross-sectional study targeted adults aged ≥18 years with long-term conditions. Using a web-based link, the survey was shared on the web via 55 victim support groups, health support organizations, and social media accounts of nongovernmental organizations and activists such as journalists and disability campaigners. People with long-term conditions were asked about their health conditions, comorbidities, self-management, negative web-based experiences, their impact on them, and support sought to mitigate the experiences. The perceived impact of cybervictimization was measured using a set of questions on a Likert scale, frequency tables, and the Stanford Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Diseases Scale. Demographic data and the impact on self-management were cross-tabulated to identify the demographic characteristics of the targeted individuals and potential conditions with complications and highlight directions for future research. Data from 152 participants showed that almost 1 in every 2 adults with chronic conditions was cybervictimized (69/152, 45.4%). Most victims (53/69, 77%) had disabilities; the relationship between cybervictimization and disability was statistically significant (P=.03). The most common means of contacting the victims was Facebook (43/68, 63%), followed by personal email or SMS text messaging, each accounting for 40% (27/68). Some participants (9/68, 13%) were victimized in web-based health forums. Furthermore, 61% (33/54) of victims reported that experiencing cybervictimization had affected their health condition self-management plan. The highest impact was on lifestyle changes such as exercise, diet, avoiding triggers, and avoiding excessive smoking and alcohol consumption. This was followed by changes to medications and follow-ups with health care professionals. Most victims (38/55, 69%) perceived a worsened self-efficacy on the Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Diseases Scale. Formal support was generally rated as poor, with only 25% (13/53) of victims having disclosed this experience to their physicians. Cybervictimization of people with chronic conditions is a public health issue with worrying consequences. This triggered considerable fear and negatively influenced the self-management of different health conditions. Further context- and condition-specific research is needed. Global collaborations to address inconsistencies in research are recommended.

Messaging strategies for communicating health-related information in social media—a content and effectiveness analysis of organ donation posts on Instagram in Germany

BackgroundAlthough organ transplantation is a very effective clinical solution to save the lives of patients suffering from organ failure, the supply of donated organs still cannot meet its growing demand. Educating the society about organ donation is a critical success factor in increasing donation rates, especially in countries that require potential donors to proactively register and opt-in (e.g., Germany). While social media has emerged as an effective tool for disseminating health information, recent evidence suggests that published organ donation content (both online and offline), aimed at raising awareness, still lacks effectiveness. To develop recommendations for optimizing organ donation messaging via social media, this study not only examines the current state of organ donation communication on Instagram, but also identifies factors that contribute to message effectiveness.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective content analysis to in-depth assess organ donation-related content published on Instagram in Germany between January and March 2022. Systematic coding allowed to identify common themes, sentiments, and communication strategies, which were analyzed for their effectiveness using linear regression analyses.ResultsOf the 500 organ donation posts, 57% were published by institutional authors while the remainder was shared by private accounts. Most content was aimed at the general population and shared neutral (80%) or positive sentiments (17%). Transformative messages, positive emotions, posts published by the transplant recipient and the image of a human served as predictors for post effectiveness measured in terms of likes (p < 0.001) and comments (p < 0.01). Sharing personal experiences (p < 0.01) and highlighting the meaning of organ donations (p < 0.05) resulted in significantly higher audience engagement than any other topic discussed.ConclusionOur findings highlight the need for health officials to work closely with organ transplant recipients to publicly advocate for organ donations by sharing personal and transformative messages. The high share of posts published by transplant recipients indicates a certain openness to share personal experiences with broad audiences. Different message characteristics served as predictors for message effectiveness (i.e., increased audience engagement) which can likely be extrapolated to other health-related use cases (e.g., cancer screening).

Misinformation rules!? Could “group rules” reduce misinformation in online personal messaging?

Personal messaging platforms are hugely popular and often implicated in the spread of misinformation. We explore an unexamined practice on them: when users create “group rules” to prevent misinformation entering everyday interactions. Our data are a subset of in-depth interviews with 33 participants in a larger program of longitudinal qualitative fieldwork ( N = 102) we conducted over 16 months. Participants could also donate examples of misinformation via our customized smartphone application. We find that some participants created group rules to mitigate what they saw as messaging’s harmful affordances. In the context of personalized trust relationships, these affordances were perceived as making it likely that misinformation would harm social ties. Rules reduce the vulnerability and can stimulate metacommunication that, over time, fosters norms of collective reflection and epistemic vigilance, although the impact differs subtly according to group size and membership. Subject to further exploration, group rulemaking could reduce the spread of online misinformation.

The Influence of Digital Marketing On the Communication of Football Clubs

Relevance of the topic. Today, the role of marketing is to satisfy the consumer's curiosity through transparent and valuable content (Sawicki, 2016). More than 4 billion people around the world regularly use online services to find their products, entertainment, friends and even romances, and the behavior of customers and the way companies sell their products to both consumers and businesses has changed a lot (Chaffey &amp; Ellis-Chadwick, 2019). As the use of the Internet has grown, so have related activities such as digital marketing. The main difference between traditional and digital marketing is that digital marketing focuses on the customer, offering him a personal message and a response to his request (Ištvanić, Crnjac Milić &amp; Krpić, 2017). Digital marketing is an integral part of the digital business transformation process. It includes new marketing methods based on information and communication technologies. Todor (2015) the study is based on a study by ZenitOptimedia, which shows that internet use has increased significantly over the past five years, while the use of other media has decreased or only slightly increased. The situation is as follows: internet (+105 %.), outdoor advertising (+3%), television (-8%), cinema (-11%), radio (-15%), magazines (-23%), newspapers (-31%). For this reason, its application in practice is a prerequisite for the successful development of business in modern market conditions (Veleva &amp; Tsvetanova, 2020).&#x0D; The problem. Football fans around the world are increasingly communicating with each other on social networks (Parganas et al., 2017), and football clubs, regardless of their degree of professionalism, include a large number of social media/media platforms for their online campaigns (Helleu, 2017). Bagchi, Sreepada (2020) in the survey conducted, respondents expressed their opinion about the social networks of their favorite football club and why they follow the news of the club in them. Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, the influence of social networks on football has increased. The clubs tried to give interesting and new content to the fans. Some organized social media quizzes, others made videos with a message that the stadium missed the fans (Szczepkowski, 2021).&#x0D; The aim of the study is to analyze the influence of digital marketing on the communication of football clubs in the case of Lithuania.&#x0D; The subject of the study is the influence of digital marketing on the communication of football clubs.&#x0D; The choice of assessing the influence of electronic marketing on the communication of football clubs was determined by the popularity of the sport in the world, the constantly growing sports market and a large fan base. The quantitative research method chosen for the survey is a questionnaire survey. The quantitative study examined the opinions and behavior of fans of Lithuanian football clubs – consumers – related to the applied online marketing tools. In order to assess the influence of digital marketing on the communication of football clubs, literary analysis and empirical research were chosen. The questionnaire was compiled on the basis of Vale &amp; Fernandes (2018) “Social media and sports: driving fan engagement with football clubs on Facebook” research. To obtain a targeted sample of those who responded in the study, paniotto's sample size formula (Bokor et al., 2011) was used to avoid going beyond the 5 percent error. A total of 451 respondents participated in the survey.&#x0D; Results and conclusion. The largest part of football clubs follow with the help of social networks and even note that they monitor the news on a daily basis thanks to social media platforms. All categories of questions were dominated by the influence of social networks on the communication of the football club. From the results of the study, it is noted that clubs use various strategies, but dominate and fans like social networks the most. Their rating from the presented means was the best. In addition, the respondents were quite unanimous in answering the questions of involvement in the activities of the community - they agree that the activities of the supported football club are important to them. The vast majority of the study participants are happy to get involved in the activities of the communities of clubs and organizations, which give them good emotions, relax them, help them escape from the routine and reduce the feeling of loneliness. The vast majority emphasize that they see basic information about the activities of the clubs there. Also on the Internet buys club products (tickets, merchandise), which also shows that digitalization has progressed in the football world. In conclusion, it can be noted that social networks dominated throughout the study, both on the part of football organizations – communication is developed thanks to this tool and from the part of fans – they recognize it as the most effective tool.&#x0D; Keywords: digital marketing in football, football club communication, A League

The Impact of Behavioral Economics-Based Counseling and Mobile Phone Text Educational and Reminder Messages on the Use of Modern Family Planning in Jordan: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.

Favorable attitudes toward modern family planning methods (MFPMs) among Jordanian and Syrian women do not always translate into behavioral changes, and the availability and cost of MFPMs do not appear to be related to either prior stalls in fertility rates in Jordan or to the current and likely temporary decline in fertility rates. This study aimed to determine whether behavioral economics (BE)-based family planning interventions influence the use of any family planning method, MFPMs use, continuation of MFPMs use, and pregnancy rates among women in Jordan. The BE-based family planning interventions included personalized text messaging and augmented counseling based on framing and identity-priming BE principles, with their effects tested over a 9-month period in the postpartum period following the birth of a child. A parallel-group cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare two interventions, augmented counseling based on framing and identity-priming BE principles and personalized mobile phone text messages reminders, aiming to improve the utilization of MFPMs among postpartum women over status quo family planning services in comprehensive health centers in the north of Jordan. In total, 1032 participated in the study: 295 women in the control group; 326 women in Intervention Group 1, which received only augmented counseling; and 411 women in intervention Group 2, which received augmented counseling and monthly text messages. The rates of using MFPMs in the counseling group and the counseling and messages group 3 months (54.7% and 57.1%, respectively), 6 months (50.0% and 51.7%, respectively), and 9 months (49.5% and 52.0%, respectively) were significantly higher than the rates among women in the control group (40.6% at 3 months, 37.6% at 6 months, and 34.3% at 9 months). Overall, 26.8% of women in the control group, 42.1% of women in the counseling-only group, and 45.2% of women in the counseling and messages group used MFPMs continuously for all 9 months. At 9 months, the pregnancy rate was significantly much higher in the control group (13.7%) compared to women in the counseling-only group (7.0%) and to women in the counseling and messages group (7.4%). Simple BE-based interventions can be effective methods for enhancing the use of MFPMs and maintaining the anticipated decline in Jordan's total fertility rate.

Preface for the CIB W070 Facility Management and Maintenance 2023 Conference proceeding

1. Personal message from the editors It has been an honor and a great experience arranging this conference, and working with the different authors, co-authors, reviewers and committees involved. We would like to thank all for the great efforts they have put into making this event successful.We look forward to the future development of our profession and hope this conference inspires FM researchers, standardisation experts and FM professionals to pursue new paths and new collaborations ensuring our field of expertise continue to advance.This proceeding is structured according to the sessions held at the conference.List of About conference CIB W070 Facility Management and Maintenance 2023, Conference theme and topics in the call for abstracts, Event organisation, Overview of the conference program are available in this Pdf.

Messages That Foster a Sense of Belonging Improve Learning and Satisfaction: An Experiment in an Online Environment

The literature in pedagogy has shown that having a sense of belonging affects learning. This paper shows the result of a communication experiment in an online environment. For six consecutive terms, the instructor taught Introduction to Statistics. The instructor added a more direct communication strategy during two of those five terms. She used weekly communications that linked course material with events discussed by students previously and a personal message to each student. The intervention resulted in improved learning, measured by better grades, and more enjoyment of the course, measured using student comments in teaching evaluations.

Penggunaan Variasi Bahasa Di Media Sosial Instagram “Ridwan Kamil”

This article considers how the use of Indonesian on social instagram through west Java governor @ridwankamil's account. Where this instagram is being used as one means to showcase his identity as an active politician using a mixed language between Indonesian and sundanese. The study aims to know the language used by ridwan kamil in every post he posted. The study used a method with a library study type. This library study process is also used for collecting data. Based on results and discussions, analysis of the use of language styles or variations in social media has been found in a great variety of language styles such as the use of sundanese in his posts and comments column, through his personal instagram of @ridwankamil, through his personal instagram not only uploading political content but also by interacting with his followers through the instagram so that personal messages can be faster and more accessible.

Personalisation (In)effectiveness in email marketing

This research explores the effects of personalization in email marketing. Although personalization is expected to positively impact customer experiences through behavioural responses, its effects on consumers' actual behaviour have not been extensively addressed, providing retailers limited guidance on how to develop personalized communication strategies. Two experimental studies were designed to test the effectiveness of personalization. Results show positive effects of personalized messages on retailers' performance while also highlighting instances of reactance. The originality of this paper lies in identifying possible causes of the contrasting effects of personalization on consumer behaviour by investigating them alongside various customers' online shopping decision making phases. It also provides managerial implications by suggesting guidelines on how to implement effective personalization in email marketing.

What Explains the Spread of Misinformation in Online Personal Messaging Networks? Exploring the Role of Conflict Avoidance

Online personal messaging platforms such as WhatsApp and Facebook Messenger are now hugely popular around the world. Yet their role in the spread and social correction of misinformation remains under-researched. We carried out in-depth, semi-structured interviews with the UK public (N = 102) to explore how social relationships and technological design interact and foster norms regulating how people respond when their everyday social ties share misinformation on these platforms. Conceptualizing messaging as hybrid public-interpersonal communication, we develop a framework that situates online political talk in the context of everyday social interaction. We show that, among our participants, a norm of conflict avoidance is particularly powerful on these platforms and makes people reluctant to speak out. Conflict avoidance should therefore be taken seriously as a contributor to the diffusion of misinformation in everyday life. Policymakers and other stakeholders, including news organizations, should explore new, tailored ways to empower citizens to challenge misinformation in these important online spaces, where automated and algorithmic interventions are impossible.