Personal Ethics Research Articles

THE PROBLEM OF PERSONAL EMOTIONAL STATES IN THE WORKS OF EASTERN THINKERS

The article shows the role of subjective and objective factors influencing the formation of emotional states in the works of Eastern scholars. It is stated that the role of the volitional sphere is especially important in the process of controlling and managing the emotional stress of the Eastern thinkers. Also, our scholars distinguished the qualities and characteristics of a moral person and explained its meaning and essence.

Brand Ethical Personality Model in Iran's Consumer Products Market

Brand Ethical Personality Model in Iran's Consumer Products Market

Moral Disjunction and Role Coadunation in Business and the Professions

We consider the problem of moral disjunction in professional and business activities from a virtue-ethical perspective. Moral disjunction arises when the behavioral demands of a role conflict with personal morality; it is an important problem because most people in modern societies occupy several complex roles that can cause this clash to occur. We argue that moral disjunction, and the psychological mechanisms that people use to cope with it, are problematic because they make it hard to pursue virtue and to live with integrity. We present role coadunation as a process with epistemic and behavioral aspects that people can use to resolve moral disjunction with integrity. When role coadunation is successful, it enables people to live virtuous lives of appropriate narrative disunity and to honor their identity-conferring commitments. We show how role coadunation can be facilitated by interpretive communities and discuss the emergence and ideal features of those communities.

Pengaruh Peran Guru Akidah Akhlak sebagai Model dan Teladan Terhadap Kepribadian Siswa

The observation of an increase in students' moral values has been noted in several instances, indicating a pressing need for focused attention in this area. Islamic education has been identified as a potential avenue for the cultivation of a noble moral personality among students. This research aims to investigate the influence of the Akidah Akhlak teacher's role as a positive and negative model on students' personalities. The teacher's role as an independent variable (X1 and X2), and the students' personalities as the dependent variable (Y), with the population being ninth-grade students of MTs Negeri in Sekayu District. The F-test of X1, X2, and Y resulted in a Sig of 0.001 and F-count of 7.508. Meanwhile, the T-test revealed a Sig of 0.000 and 0.044 for X1 and X2, respectively. Based on the F and T-test results, it can be concluded that there is a positive and significant influence of the Akidah Akhlak teacher's role as a good model and example on students' personalities. Additionally, there is a positive and significant impact of the teacher's role as a negative model and example, albeit to a lesser extent, on students' personalities.

In Memoriam: Randall B. Griepp (1940-2022): Master Surgeon, Innovator, Scientist, Teacher, and Sailor

Dr Randall B.Griepp's career spanned the founding age of cardiovascular and thoracic aortic surgery, the era he called "the golden age of cardiac surgery." He made groundbreaking contributions in cardiac transplantation while at Stanford and in the surgical technique and the methods of cerebral and spinal cord protection for thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic surgery throughout his years as chairman of cardiothoracic surgery at The Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York. His commitment to honesty and his personal ethic and stature served as a role model for a generation of trainees, many of whom went on to leadership roles in cardiovascular surgery.

Does Confucian culture affect public service motivation of grassroots public servants? Evidence from China.

Public service motivation contains distinctive cultural characteristics. Different cultural backgrounds shape public service motives with different connotations and levels. However, the traditional cultural values rooted in historical development and socialization process have not received enough attention in the research on public service motivation. In order to investigate the influence of Confucian culture based on Chinese scenes on public service motivation, in the current study we collected 1308 representative questionnaires from 12 cities in central and eastern China, and adopted the dual fixed effect model and moderating effect model to verify six hypotheses. The empirical results showed that Confucian culture has different effects on public service motivation from four dimensions, namely, attraction to politics and policy making (APP), commitment to public interest (CPI), compassion (COM), and self-sacrifice (SS). The paternalistic leadership plays a part in moderating the influence of Confucian culture on public service motivation. This study not only expands the cross-cultural applicability of the theory of public service motivation in non-western countries, but also supplements the evidence of research on public service motivation in East Asian countries. In practice, it is necessary for the organizations to consider the importance of specific cultural values for organizational culture and personal value orientation.

Odontocetes (‘Toothed Whales’): Cognitive Science and Moral Standing – Are Dolphins Persons?

Abstract Odontocetes, or ‘toothed whales’, have a complex brain structure and possess rationality, self-awareness, sociability and culture. Cognitive science and modern theories of personhood challenge the notion that humans alone are moral persons. This paper reviews evidence from the cognitive science literature relevant to moral personhood in bottlenose dolphins, orcas, and beluga whales. It applies theories of personhood of Peter Singer, David DeGrazia, and Steven Wise, and finds that odontocetes fulfil criteria to be granted at least borderline personhood. The legal implications of attributing personhood to dolphins remains uncertain. Recognition of dolphin personhood may lead to fundamental legal rights against capture, captivity, and killing; alternatively, the courts may continue to restrict legal personhood and associated protections to human beings. Finally, despite the major influence of personhood on morality and law in the West, the biologically more widespread quality of sentience is sufficient for greater moral considerability and legal protections for nonhuman species.

Implementation of Mujahadah and Syaja'ah Personal Morals in the Perspective of Islamic Education

This research aims to examine and describe how students practice mujahadah and syaja'ah morals. The method used in this study is a qualitative method with a library approach. The morals of mujahadah and syaja'ah need to be instilled in a Muslim. By having the behavior of mujahadah and syaja'ah, Muslims will have the fighting spirit (to be serious) and the courage to carry out all good deeds, both in being severe in fighting lust, doing Amar ma'ruf, and leaving nahi mungkar. They will also have courage in defending the truth, separating the rights from vanity, and fighting against the passions and jihad in the way of Allah. As for implementing mujahadah and syaja'ah morals in oneself, children have a strong determination (determination) in studying and carrying out worship and avoiding prohibitions, the courage to express their opinions in public, and the courage to fight evil that occurs around them. As a result, people with mujahadah and syaja'ah morals are also optimistic, patient, responsible, never giving up, trusting, and sincere. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis dan memaparkan implementasi akhlak mujahadah dan syaja’ah dalam diri peserta didik. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan kepustakaan. Akhlak mujahadah dan syaja’ah perlu untuk ditanamkan dalam diri seorang muslim. Dengan memiliki perilaku mujahadah dan syaja’ah maka umat Islam akan memiliki daya juang (bersungguh-sungguh ) dan memiliki keberanian dalam melaksanakan segala amalan-amalan kebaikan, baik dalam bersungguh-sungguh dalam melawan hawa nafsu, mengerjakan amar ma’ruf dan meninggalkan nahi mungkar, memiliki kebranian dalam membela kebenaran, memisahkan yang hak an batil dan keberanian dalam berperang melawan hawa nafsu dan berjihad di jalan Allah. Adapun implementasi dari akhlak mujahadah dan syaja’ah dalam diri adalah anak memiliki kesungguhan (tekat) yang kuat dalam menuntut ilmu maupun melaksanakan ibadah-ibadah dan menjauhi larangannya, memiliki keberanian dalam mengungkapkan keberanian dan berpendapat di depan umum, dan berani dalam melawan kemungkaran yang terjadi di sekitarnya. Sehingga orang yang memiliki akhlak mujahadah dan syaja’ah juga memiliki optimis yang tinggi, sabar, bertanggung jawab, pantang menyerah, tawakal dan ikhlas.

A Critical Study of Ibn Nama Al-Hilli's Narratives in Muthir Al-Ahzan

The book (Muthir Al-Ahzan) by Ibn Nama Al-Hilli is one of the books of the Maqtals of Imam Al-Hussein، returning to the seventh immigrant Century، which then left a great impact on the process of codification and reading the Maqtals. This research deals with the criticism of the influential narrations in Ibn Nama's statements، and to the deviations and narratives in which he is singled out in the book (Muthir Al-Ahzan) in an analytical critical manner.The significance of this study of the book Muthir Al-Ahzan lies in the fact that it is the basis quoted by Shia scholars quoted during the centuries that followed. Despite the scientific and moral personality of Ibn Nama، which played an important role in the fame of his book، the information contained therein - according to what we have reached - either it is not commensurate with the Sunnah، mind، accepted facts، and historical narrations، or it is unacceptable and needs to be analyzed and studied according to accepted criteria.

On the Full Concretion of Subjectivity in Husserl’s Phenomenology: Contingency and the Transcendental Person

ABSTRACT This paper argues that Husserl’s personalist ethics provides a new way to understand the meaning of the full concretion of the transcendental ego in his mature phenomenology. Husserl’s late ethics introduces, at the core of his thinking, a notion of contingency that he associates with irrationality and facticity. This central aspect of human life, namely that contingency traverses it through and through and which ethics makes painfully visible, is usually obscured by the phenomenological attitude, insofar as the phenomenological reduction brackets all matters of fact. Yet the concrete is not the same as the factual, for Husserl. This paper shows that, when fully concretely understood, the transcendental ego is a person who is correlated to a practical world, whose life as a whole has a personal style, and who struggles against what Husserl calls the contingency of destiny.

Application of Recommendations for Selection of Outstanding Students at Seluma 06 State Senior High School Through the Fuzzy Tsukamoto Approach

SMA Negeri 6 Seluma is one of the state senior high schools in Seluma Regency. At the school, students are assessed every academic year through several criteria to select outstanding students who have the ability to master subjects and have good personal ethics. So far, the process of selecting outstanding students is only seen from the results of the report cards obtained by students, then ranking is carried out. This is of course less effective in determining outstanding students, because it must be supported by other aspects such as student ethics during the teaching and learning process. The recommendation application for selecting outstanding students at SMA Negeri 06 Seluma was made using the Visual Basic .Net programming language and SQL Server 2008r2 Database. This application has implemented one of the fuzzy logic methods, namely Fuzzy Tsukamoto which is used to help provide recommendations for selecting outstanding students at SMA Negeri 06 Seluma. The process of selecting outstanding students is carried out every academic year based on aspects based on aspects of average knowledge value, average skills score, absenteeism score, academic achievement, non-academic achievement, and guidance and counseling records. Based on the blackbox testing that has been done, the results show that the functionality of the recommendation application for selecting outstanding students at SMA Negeri 06 Seluma runs well as expected and is able to analyze student assessment data through the Fuzzy Tsukamoto Method to get recommendations for outstanding students

"Where my responsibility lies": Reflecting on medicine during the Holocaust to support personal and professional identity formation in health professions education.

Physicians and the medical/scientific establishment during Nazism and the Holocaust committed egregious ethical violations including complicity with genocide. Critical reflection on this history serves as a powerful platform for scaffolding morally resilient professional identity formation (PIF) with striking relevance for contemporary health professions education and practice. Study aim was to explore the impact of an Auschwitz Memorial study trip within the context of a medicine during Nazism and the Holocaust curriculum on students' personal and PIF. The authors analyzed 44 medical and psychology students' reflective writings from a 2019 Auschwitz Memorial study trip using immersion-crystallization qualitative thematic analysis. Six distinct themes and 22 subthemes were identified and mapped to a reflective learning process model: 1. "What am I bringing?" 2. "What am I experiencing through the curriculum?" 3. "What am I initially becoming aware of as a first response?" 4./5. "How and what am I processing?" 6. "What am I taking with me?" Particularly compelling subthemes of power of the place, emotional experience, reflection on myself as a moral person, and contemporary relevance referred to impactful course elements. This curriculum catalyzed a critically reflective learning/meaning-making process supporting personal and PIF including critical consciousness, ethical awareness, and professional values. Formative curriculum elements include narrative, supporting emotional aspects of learning, and guided reflection on moral implications. The authors propose Medicine during Nazism and the Holocaust curriculum as a fundamental health professions education component cultivating attitudes, values, and behaviors for empathic, moral leadership within inevitable healthcare challenges.

More than Humans

Two foundational ethicists of care, Nel Noddings and Eva Feder Kittay, limit the moral community of care to humans. Noddings claims that the reciprocity required for her care ethic cannot be universally present in human relationships with non-humans. Kittay advances that her care ethic requires the cared-for’s assent, or “taking up” of the care, in response to the carer’s actions, which she claims is impossible with non-human cared-fors. But these claims can be disputed. I offer a few examples to contend that ethically meaningful reciprocity is possible in some human relationships with more-than-human entities and that some non-human cared-fors can assent to carers’ actions. Following from the work of Mary Anne Warren and others on moral personhood, “humans” and “persons” can refer to different things: biological organisms and a designation of moral status respectively. There can be persons that are not humans (e.g., legal persons like corporations and chimpanzees, and moral persons like whales and dolphins). Because the concerns of Noddings and Kittay can be addressed and there are non-human persons, I argue that we should reject the human restriction within care ethics. Humans have morally significant relationships with non-human persons and we need to open the realm of care ethics to legitimize and enhance these other relationships in our rich communities.

Application and Subjectivity of Divine Command Theory and the Possibility of Morality without Organized Religion.

In the society, peace and tran quillity is pegged on members adherence to a code of conduct which they presume to contain ethical directives. As such, anyone who adheres to this code is considered moral and those who violate it are deemed immoral. In some societies, especially in the African continent, adherence to religious tenets is considered a necessary and sufficient condition for morality. In this respect, a moral person is one who adheres to what their religion teaches. This perspective can be associated with one of the prominent African Philosopher and theologian John Mbiti who is credited with the proclamation that Africans are notoriously religious, that they associate everything in their lives with religion. If good things happen to an African, it is assumed that it is a reward from a deity, and if evil befalls them, it must be a punishment for an evil committed. In this paper, an investigation to the nature of organized religion and its contribution to formation of moral principles is discussed. The study sought to examine whether the religious ethical principles and the divine command theory from which they emanate are absolute and can be objectively used in our societies. The divine command theorist would argue that an act is moral because God or Deity commands it to be morally good. The question arises whether there can be morality in the absence of organized religion. The study postulates that there is possibility of human knowledge of moral principles independent of external influence which inform human conduct if organized religion would cease to exist.

Organizational Ethics Indicators in Iranian Hospital: An Importance-Performance Analysis.

Organizational ethics focuses on the importance of how organizations behave when faced with specific situations and decisions. This study aims to identify and prioritize organizational ethics indicators in Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex (IKHC) in Iran. This was a mixed-method research project. To recognize hospital ethics indicators, 18 semistructured interviews were conducted and 38 indicators were identified through thematic analysis. In the next stage, a quantitative approach was adopted to use the importance-performance matrix for data analysis. This part was a descriptive survey with a statistical population consisting of nurses, medical, clinical, and administrative staff. The questionnaire was distributed using the random sampling method, and a total of 349 samples were collected. Based on the interviews and open coding, 73 themes were identified for organizational ethics indicators and classified into two main groups: "ethics drivers in hospital" and "personal ethics." After measuring content validity, 35 indicators of organizational ethics in IKHC were examined in terms of importance and performance. The results showed that nine indicators had high importance and poor performance, 11 had high importance and performance, nine had low importance and performance, and finally six indicators had low importance and high performance, and according to these findings, practical suggestions were put forward. Based on the identified indices and by applying importance-performance analysis, it is recommended to continually assess the status of ethics in hospitals and offer strategies for improving organizational ethics.

The Relationship between Parents' Islamic Lifestyle on the Moral Development and Psychological Well-Being of male Students in the East of Tehran

Background and Aim: In the field of education, one of the most important, influential and at the same time, most difficult topics is the moral and ethical development of children. Therefore, dealing with issues related to ethics and, as a result, moral development has a high status. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between parents' Islamic lifestyle and moral development and psychological well-being of male students in the east of Tehran. Methods: The present research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population included all male students in the eastern region of Tehran and their parents in 2022. The statistical sample included 250 people and was done by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. The research tools included the Islamic lifestyle test (short form) by Kaviani (2013), the scale of moral development of children, adolescents and young people by Lotfabadi (2010) and the psychological well-being of Ryff (1989). Data were analysed by SPSS and with regression analysis and Pearson correlation methods. Results: The results of Pearson's correlation test and multivariate regression showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between the two variables of parents' Islamic lifestyle with the moral development and psychological well-being of their sons. between the Islamic lifestyle of parents and the components of their child's moral development; Environmental ethics, personal ethics, ethics in family relationships, social ethics and human ethics have not been observed significant correlation. However, there is a positive and meaningful connection and correlation between the Islamic lifestyle of parents and the superior morals of male children; This means that with the increase in the level and level of the Islamic lifestyle of the parents, the level and level of moral excellence in their sons increases and improves. Also, between the parents' Islamic lifestyle and their child's psychological well-being; Positive relationships with others, autonomy or independence, purposeful life and personal growth, no significant correlation was observed. However, there is a positive and significant correlation between the Islamic lifestyle of parents with self-acceptance and mastering the environment of male children. Conclusion: This means that with the increase in the level and level of Islamic lifestyle of parents, the level and level of two components of psychological well-being; Self-acceptance and mastery of the environment increases and improves in their male children.

The Issues of Art and the Artist in Karol Wojtyła’s Literary Works

The relevance of the selected research topic, especially the meaning of art and the artist in Karol Wojtyła’s poems, arises from the current growing crisis of civilization, in which modern man does not occupy a key place, but gets lost in the technological space and armed conflicts. The subject of this study is the concept of ethics, the moral character of man in the role of God’s co-creator of the world, which is omnipresent in K. Wojtyła’s poems. It is not only about religious foundations, but also about the integral human essence inherent in the behavior of a person. This is ethical personalism, a theory developed by John Paul II at an early stage of his career. It dominates the sphere of images, motifs, stylistic figures, etc. The individual is at the center of John Paul II’s thinking as a poet and thinker. Based on the ethical personalism developed by the author himself, we have traced the main directions of the spiritual renewal of the individual and of the society indicated by him. It is not only about a separate nation or nationality, but also about an integral human community to which Karol Wojtyła spoke in his works. Based on the analysis of the poems, it was concluded that the categories of artist and art are presented in Karol Wojtyła’s poetry in various ways, taking into account the horizontal and vertical peculiarities of their semantics, have a universal resonance, and contribute to the development of patriotism and moral values of society.

I really am more important than you: The relationship between the Dark Triad, cognitive ability, and social value orientations in a sample of Japanese adults

This study examined the relationship between the Dark Triad of personality, cognitive ability, and social value orientations. After gender and age were controlled for, dark personality traits and cognitive ability were examined for their predictive utility of prosocial, individualistic, and competitive social value orientations. A sample of 4730 Japanese adults (60.25% men, 39.75% women) aged between 18 and 71 (M = 49.62, SD = 11.06) completed a large-scale cross-sectional online survey. Results showed that dark personality traits negatively predict prosocial value orientation, whereas higher cognitive ability was linked with an increase in prosocial behavior. Further, higher scores in all dark personality traits predicted an individualistic social value orientation, while Machiavellianism and low cognitive ability predicted competitive behaviors. Results suggest that when there is a conflict between individual and collective interests, individuals high in dark personality traits have a preference for proself behavior and tend to avoid prosocial decisions, prioritizing their benefit over others'.

Особливості морального виховання засуджених у виправних колоніях України

The article emphasizes the multifaceted nature of the problem of moral upbringing and selfupbringing of convicts in corrective colonies. Their main tasks include: cultivation of moral consciousness; development of moral feelings; development of skills and habits of socially acceptable behaviour; bridging gaps and correction of defects of moral consciousness; eradication of negative feelings and antisocial habits. It is noted that on the way to solving the specified objectives, there arise many difficulties that are caused by the individual characteristics of the convicts (relative weakness of motivation, pronounced egocentric orientation, tendency to negative influence). It has been established that the effectiveness of moral upbringing of convicts largely depends on the pedagogical guidance in the upbringing process in corrective institutions, and one of the main tasks of educators is to create optimal psychological and pedagogical conditions for self-upbringing and moral development of convicts. There have been singled out two groups of factors (social and pedagogical) which directly affect the moral formation and personality development of convicts. Their characteristic features have been revealed. It is emphasized that social influence can be both spontaneous and organized, and pedagogical influence is always goal-oriented and planned, the most controlled and favourable to shape moral behaviour. There have been defined the stages of the convict’s moral development: getting the personality ready to reinterpret information about morality by determining its value and significance for the personality; analytic-synthetic transformation of information; developing options and choosing the right program of actions in specific situations.

J. Savulescu's "The God Machine" as a Moral Agent and the Problem of Responsibility

This article is devoted to the issue of moral responsibility in connection with artificial intelligence technologies. In recent years, artificial intelligence has been actively developing towards greater autonomy, which makes the philosophical analysis of artificial moral agency extremely relevant. The relevance of the work is also determined by the increasing spread of artificial intelligence in professional areas, including those related to the adoption of responsible managerial, financial, etc. solutions. The main object of research in the article is a thought experiment — the project of the so-called “The God Machine” by the Western philosopher J. Savulescu, which allows us to turn to such an important aspect as the possibility of the influence of artificial intelligence on the development of human moral consciousness, since modern technologies, along with projects of biological moral human enhancement, claim the ability to create artificial moral agents. The authors give a comprehensive analysis of this project, correlating it with other concepts of modern analytical philosophy of consciousness, incl. Н. Frankfurt. The theoretical focus of the study is directed to the concepts of responsibility and freedom as key in formulating the criteria of moral agency. At the same time, the article considers the features of the implementation of the criteria of moral agency in relation to artificial intelligence. The article assesses the viability of J. Savulescu's project, in particular: to what extent artificial intelligence like the The God Machine can be considered as a moral agent, whether a person can acquire the characteristics of a moral, responsible and free person with the help of such an artificial mediator, and to what extent such projects contribute to the moral enhancement of mankind. It also points to the risks of paternalistic interference in the development of morality. Separately, the phenomenon of moral dilemmas is considered in connection with the problems of embedding artificial intelligence in the life of modern society, as well as the logical aspects of decision-making in the context of moral conflicts. The conclusion is formulated about the key importance of the category of responsibility for modeling the relationship between man and artificial intelligence in machine ethics.