Violation Of Personal Space Research Articles

Interpersonal distance preferences: an unexplored consequence of hearing loss

BackgroundInterpersonal distance (IPD), which reflects the physical space between people, ensures the regulation of social behavior in interaction as part of nonverbal communication. Our research aims to reveal whether there is a difference in personal distance preference between individuals with hearing loss and normal hearing (NH).MethodsThirty-five adults (26.54 ± 7.05 years) were divided into three groups according to hearing status: hearing aid (HA) users, cochlear implant (CI) users, and NH individuals. The preferred interpersonal distance scale (PIPDS) and a stop distance paradigm were employed for measurements in various environments. Personal space violations were monitored using an electrodermal activity (EDA) wristband.ResultsOur findings showed a significant relationship between preferred interpersonal distance (PID) and hearing loss duration (r = 571; p < .01) and a significant difference in PIDs between CI users and NH individuals (p = .025). There was a correlation between PIPDS results and interpersonal distance preference in two outdoor conditions where the experimenter was male. However, there was no correlation between interpersonal distance and EDA results.ConclusionsFor the CI group, PIPDS results indicated an increased interpersonal distance preference with the severity of hearing loss, possibly to enhance lip-reading cues and conceal visible hearing aids. Understanding these preferences is essential for effective communication and good interpersonal relationships among individuals with hearing loss.

Reflections

This paper introduces my experimental game prototype titled Corridor which puts public transportation into conversation with survival struggle. As a performative role-playing game experience and experiment, Corridor is about a trip using public transportation, inspired by the Metrobus systems of Istanbul, Turkey. Metrobus in Istanbul is a rapid public transportation system that combines metro and bus implemented in a separate corridor on the highway (Berdiyorov 2020). Besides my own experiences in Metrobus, I utilize the interactions of a workshop that I co-operated at the Interactive Film and Media Conference (IFM22), titled “Listening to Passengers Listening to Stories: Interactive Storytelling” to contextualize Corridor. By building dialogical exchange of stories, participants of the workshop explored the experiences of public transportation users in relation to the survival of the body (Simsek and Andic 2022). Eventually, the conflicts that the participants shared in the workshop resonated with me to build intersections between survival struggles in the wilderness and a trip on public transportation. Survival is the oldest quest of living beings and is assumed as another term for being alive, and more importantly for being in the world. Survival of living beings is closely related to stability maintained in their bodies and for humans, this includes motivation and emotion (Evans 2015). At the same time, beyond simply a life and death matter, “survival invokes a complex bundle of existential struggles, political convictions, and cultural experiences” (Zeilinger 2018, 16). Reading survival from an ecological point of view, life on earth is collaborative survival (Tsing 2015). In metropolitan life, transportation is essential to the everyday commute of people, and this is part of survival. Although transportation systems manifest important aspects of our culture, they also sometimes present issues of conflict through the violation of personal space, privacy, and other harmful and abusive behavior. To overcome survival struggles, it is necessary to take meaningful actions, in games or real life. In the gameplay of Corridor, the participants need to maintain an Energy and Morale level Meter by collecting item cards and playing encounter cards strategically. Encounter cards present challenges such as social interactions between riders, protests about the economic situations, and seasons that are affected by climate crisis influencing the participants’ survival level. The matrix of the points ranging between 0 and 4 comes from nature writer Henry David Thoreau's “necessities of life” which are limited accessibility of food, shelter, fuel (modified as health), and clothing (1980). With Corridor, I intervene in the discussions of environmental humanities and game studies with the creative application of survival in an urban context, public transportation. In the experience of Corridor, the players can find a space to reflect on urban survival from the lenses of riders that include human experience, societal factors, and ecological thinking. Redressing the transportation game mechanics related to movement and mixing them with survival builds a critical reflection on human and nature relations in urban. Looking at and rethinking transportation as survival would light the way towards sustainable cities, and policies of living or moving together.

The importance of developing healthy personal boundaries of students for building a sustainable work-life balance

The research deals with the importance of formation of students personal boundaries to build sustainable work-life balance in their future careers. The paper investigates types of personal boundaries and ways of defending them. This goal is achieved by solving the following tasks: learning the main theoretical approaches to describing the concept of students personal boundaries; identifying types and functions of personal boundaries; analyzing violations of personal space; considering ways of defending boundaries. Emphasis is placed on identifying the presence of personal space and the ability to defend social boundaries among students. Students are in the age of their personality development, somewhere between childhood and adulthood, and therefore their psychological state is especially contradictory: the foundations laid down by their parents are fading into the background, and everything left unsaid is replenished through personal ambitions and personal study of the world around them. Often, the wrong parents approach to bringing up children in the past is reflected in the present and can sometimes become the main cause of the violation of personal boundaries, which often has a significant impact on students life and future work. Therefore, the study of the topic of sovereign space among students becomes relevant. The following methods for studying this problem were used: a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical foundations of the topic of personal boundaries and the surveys results, which confirmed the assumption of importance, its deeper coverage and further research. In future, such methods can be useful for implementing a competent approach to raising people with a stable and healthy psyche, which will have a positive impact on their position in a society and ability to work.

Listening to Passengers, Listening to Stories

In metropolitan life, public transportation is essential to the everyday commute of people. Although they manifest important aspects of our culture, they also sometimes present issues of conflict by the violation of personal space, privacy, and other harmful and abusive behavior. This workshop aims to increase awareness of these conflicts and abusive behaviors in public transportation especially from the eyes of the victims. Transportation creates an impact on our daily roles, public persona, and social identity. This project aims to expose these issues by the contemporary critique of the cultural norms shaped by compulsory encounters happening in urban transportation. The project traces the ways that the participants, as passengers, would survive in such an oppressive cultural context. In doing so, we aim to ask the questions of how can one body turn invisible in such a physically limiting and politically controlling, gaze-centered space? In this workshop, participants are given a story that takes place in public transportation with the circumstance of being in a threatening zone. While they are being told of how the story begins, it is up to them to decide how such conflict is, or can be, resolved given their imagined narrative construction. In this dialogical exchange of stories, participants are also welcomed to tell their personal stories regarding a trip in public transportation. After the participants share their stories, they are motivated to produce tactics and strategies to cope with what they have encountered in their experiences. The participants will practice listening to each other’s stories that stayed hidden or ignored by the public.

Цифровой этикет в представлениях студентов (на материалах Ярославской области)

The article analyzes students' ideas about digital etiquette. The author conducted a sociological study among students of leading universities in Yaroslavl. Comparative and typological analysis of digital etiquette among students from different families (material, educational differences in their parents), allowed us to identify the features of digital etiquette in the studied groups. It was found that students from families that belong to highly resource groups know the rules of conflict-free communication better than boys and girls from families that belong to medium and low resource groups. In addition, it was found that, according to respondents, deception and violation of personal space are the strongest conflict in the digital space. At the same time, for girls, regardless of the material well-being of their family, the observance of etiquette is more important than for boys. Respondents from highly resource groups, regardless of gender characteristics, are better informed about how to use a cell phone and gadgets while at university, at home, in a theater, train, shopping mall, etc. It was revealed that students from families who belong to medium and low resource groups were more likely to encounter bullying in the virtual world during their studies at the university. At the same time, girls faced cyber bullying more often than boys. The higher the level of education and the level of material well-being of students’ parents, the more well-thought-out strategy and tactics against cyber bullying their children have. Students from families who belong to low resource families in the online space are inclined to cyber bullying. It has been established that girls have more fake accounts than boys. At the same time, it was revealed that one-fourth of the surveyed young men from medium and low resource groups had a fake account created in a female name. Thus, this group of young men studies the values, interests, and needs of women. Such an account allows you to be added to women’s groups and analyze the values and needs of girls. It was revealed that girls from medium and low resource groups are more irritated by spelling mistakes when communicating on social networks than boys, as well as when their personal boundaries are violated. Activities aimed at improving students' knowledge, skills and abilities on digital etiquette are offered.

Influence of the Pandemic on Change of Everyday Practices of Volgograd Residents: Gender Differences (Based on the Results of Applied Sociological Research)

The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), which swept the whole, at the very beginning of its spread (early 2020) created an almost experimental situation in which "border practices" were fully revealed, demonstrating the attitude of the population to issues of morality and law. The COVID-19 pandemic that swept the whole word is viewed by us a factor provoking human behavior. The article presents the results of an applied sociological study of changes in the daily practices of Volgograd residents. The results of a sociological study conducted among the residents of Volgograd are presented. Information gathering method – focus group discussion. The main technical parameters of the study are indicated. The formulated conclusions make it possible not only to record the change in the habitual practices of townspeople, but also to present the socioeconomic situation as a whole. Similarities and differences in the behavior of men и women are indicated. So women are more inclined to demonstrate behavior, which can be described as "everything doubtful is prohibited", while men are inclined to a different model – "much controversial is acceptable". Citizens assess the pandemic as a non-standard, undetermined situation, contradictory and inconsistent decisions are made in this case. citizens describe the situation of the pandemic in a negative aspect: distrust of the authorities through the refusal to view the news, violation of personal space, difficulties of interaction and communication in a confined space of the home, fighting their own fears, spending on the purchase of medical devices, antiviral drugs, paying for the Internet. Passive survival models are common, these models are aimed at saving money, more rational spending of the family budget. Active models are not involved due to the lack of jobs in the city. The most unexpected conclusion was that the biggest fear that haunts the city dwellers are the fear of lack of money, which even supplants the fear of contracting the COVID-19.

Making Appearances

To prepare for a future in which robots are more commonplace, it is important to know what robot behaviors people find socially normative. Previous work suggests that for robots to be accepted by people, the robot should adhere to the prevalent social norms, such as those related to approaching people. However, we do not expect that socially normative approach behaviors for robots can be translated on a one-on-one basis from people to robots, because currently robots have unique and different features to humans, including (but not limited to) wheels, sounds, and shapes. The two studies presented in this article go beyond the state-of-the-art and focus on socially normative approach behaviors for robots. In the first study, we compared people’s responses to violations of personal space done by robots compared to people. In the second study, we explored what features (sound, size, speed) of a robot approaching people have an effect on acceptance. Findings indicate that people are more lenient toward violations of a social norm by a robot as compared to a person. Also, we found that robots can use their unique features to mitigate the negative effects of norm violations by communicating intent.

Harassment in Social Virtual Reality

In immersive virtual reality (VR) environments, experiences of harassment can be exacerbated by features such as synchronous voice chat, heightened feelings of presence and embodiment, and avatar movements that can feel like violations of personal space (such as simulated touching or grabbing). Simultaneously, efforts to govern these developing spaces are made more complex by the distributed landscape of virtual reality applications and the dynamic nature of local community norms. To better understand this nascent social and psychological environment, we interviewed VR users (n=25) about their experiences with harassment, abuse, and discomfort in social VR. We find that users' definitions of what constitutes online harassment are subjective and highly personal, which poses significant challenges for the enforcement of platform- or application-level policies. We also find that embodiment and presence in VR spaces make harassment feel more intense, while ephemerality and non-standardized application controls make it difficult to escape or report unwanted behavior. Finally, we find that shared norms for appropriate behavior in social VR are still emergent, and that users distinguish between newcomers who unknowingly violate expectations for appropriate behavior and those users who aim to cause intentional harm. We draw from social norms theory to help explain why norm formation is particularly challenging in virtual reality environments, and we discuss the implications of our findings for the top-down governance of online communities by platforms. We conclude by recommending alternative strategies for community governance.

The anisotropy of personal space.

Violations of personal space are associated with discomfort. However, the exact function linking the magnitude of discomfort to interpersonal distance has not yet been specified. In this study, we explore whether interpersonal distance and discomfort are isotropic with respect to uncomfortably far or close distances. We also extend previous findings with regard to intrusions into personal space as well as maintenance of distances outside of personal space. We presented subjects with 15 interpersonal distances ranging from 40 to 250 cm and obtained verbal and joystick-based ratings of discomfort. Whereas discomfort rose immediately when personal space was entered, the gradient was less steep for distances that exceeded the comfort region of personal space. Thus, personal space is anisotropic with regard to experienced discomfort.

Hotspot crowding and over-tourism: Antecedents of destination attractiveness

This study develops a unique model capturing antecedents of place attractiveness in tourism hotspot crowding contexts. A structural equation model reveals three density dimensions: one destination image variable and two avoidance versus approach reactions that influence assessments of crowding attitude and destination appraisals. Perceived density dimensions affect destination appraisals with varying intensities and valences. Both positive and negative sentiments are present – the former as excitement, fun and conviviality resulting from people-watching and socialising, and the latter as discomfort and resentment resulting from personal space violations and reduced feelings of uniqueness. Many tourist types are included in this study in historic town centres and villages in iconic fjord landscapes in Norway. Cruise passengers are more crowding tolerant than self-organised travellers.

SNP_TATA_Comparator: genomewide landmarks for preventive personalized medicine.

Year after year, conditions, quality, and duration of human lives have been improving due to the progress of science, technology, education, and medicine, which however has a downside. Owing to improvement in children's nutrition, developmental acceleration occurs that imbalances a child's system. Because of virtual worlds of the Internet, social experience of teenagers expands and clashes with puberty of adolescents. Due to the comfort of cities, urbanization emerges and causes stress to adults because of artificial light, noise, pollution, violations of personal space, and family disruption. At old age, all these factors taken together contribute to loneliness, cancer, diabetes, drug addiction, and sporadic Alzheimer's disease, which shorten the lifespan, as reviewed in the US, 1990-2010. That is why, a person may ask oneself: "What can I do now to keep my health in my old age?" To help them, we provide this comprehensive review on predictive preventive personalized medicine. This branch of molecular medicine uses single nucleotide polymorphisms to prevent diseases on the basis of the difference between the individual and reference human genomes.

Violations of Personal Space in Young People with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Williams Syndrome: Insights from the Social Responsiveness Scale.

Interpersonal distance regulation is crucial for successful social interactions. We investigated personal space awareness in Williams syndrome (WS) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to typical development. Parents reported that individuals with WS and ASD were significantly more likely than those developing typically to invade the personal space of others. WS individuals were reported to have the least awareness of the personal space boundaries of others. Despite the suggested opposing social profiles of WS and ASD, some similarities are present in the ability, or indeed inability, to regulate interpersonal distance during social interactions. Findings are discussed in relation to implications of atypical amygdala function, inhibitory control and anxiety on real-world behaviour for such socially vulnerable groups.

The Study of Personal Information Security Problems on the Age of Big Data

The arrival of the era of big data for the entire social development provides a great interests and values, but also led to the serious problem of personal information security. This paper analyzes three forms of the security of personal information is threated under the big data era, these three forms are: illegal data acquisition, data abuse, a violation of personal space. And then discusses the countermeasures of the security of personal information protection under the age of big data.

The little red box

It was spring when I first met her at the clinic for refugees. Her translator arrived late, pressuring what little time we had together. She sat, calm and tranquil, while I spoke to her directly, looking into her emerald eyes. I wondered what she thought of me, a pale young man in a pale stiff coat, in a room with pale worn walls. Her translator listened intently while I spoke at length of diabetes and dialysis, relaying my entire speech in five terse Bengali words. Our game of broken telephone continued as she replied with a dignified nod of the head and a hushed “Mmmm,” followed by her interpreter stating that “she agrees and she understands.” Over the course of the next year she never disagreed and she never misunderstood. The weather warmed and a routine emerged: our interactions crammed into rooms too small with time too short and words too few. A bindi sat in a central valley on her wrinkled forehead, protected by the neat nest of pinned gray hair above and the bushy clouds of her ashen eyebrows below, her wizened arms encircled with gold bands and covered by the silken waves of her sari. Occasionally, the wheel of my chair would catch the bottom of her garment and lead to embarrassed apologies, so certain was I to have wasted cultural sensitivity training with such egregious violations of personal space. I was too close physically, yet distressingly distant in every other way. I asked many questions: How is your energy? Have your sugars gone too high? Too low? With so much to discuss, I never seemed to have time for the important things. Despite her polite grins at the end of each visit, I wondered if I was helping at all. The colours outside changed and the ground rustled with leaves. She returned with her translator, and I shared news from clinics and caregivers. Her translator spoke sparingly, and she replied with a nod in his direction, not mine. Was I now the third wheel? Through wounded pride or learned instinct, I asked the questions that I should have asked before: What was your life like back home? Are you happy here? After hearing the translation, she turned and peered at me. We held silent and steady for a few moments before she cast her eyes to the floor. The visit was over. Jackets grew thicker and trees bare. Still paying off my student loan, I volunteered to cover the clinic during Christmas. We were busy, and I was tired, but the last minutes finally arrived before my holiday reprieve. As I was putting away my white coat, the secretary came in to tell me that a patient had arrived speaking neither English nor French, but carrying my business card. I walked to the waiting area where I found her. She looked up at me with anxious eyes that relaxed when I motioned for her to follow. “Is your translator coming?” I asked, although I knew there would be no reply. Image courtesy of © 2012 Thinkstock We slipped into a familiar room and took our places. She looked at me, then down to her hands cupping a small cloth bag decorated with an image of mistletoe. She moved it toward me. Inside was a red box, light and fragile, less than half the size of my palm. I had seen ones like it at the dollar store, its plastic beads now glittering like rubies. She watched my face with anticipation. I placed the box in a prominent place on my desk, met her gaze, smiling, and pressed my palms and fingers together as I bowed my head. Her face erupted into a sudden, joyous, cavernous smile. I’m not sure how long we smiled at one another, but I do know we were communicating directly for the first time. That day was the happiest I had ever seen her, and accepting that small token was the best care I gave her. In addition to this simple present, she taught me to set aside my defenses as doctor and accept the vulnerable role of imperfect healer: the lesson I keep safe in a little red box.

Privacidade dos pacientes: uma questão ética para a gerência do cuidado em enfermagem

OBJETIVO: Identificar a percepção de pacientes de uma unidade de internação a respeito dos aspectos relacionados à sua privacidade no hospital. MÉTODOS: Estudo qualitativo, do tipo exploratório-descritivo. A amostra constituiu-se de 12 pacientes internados em um hospital geral e a coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observação simples da ambiência desse local. RESULTADOS: Situações do cotidiano sugeriam ocorrência de violação do espaço pessoal e do corpo do paciente, por vezes, sem justificativa aparente. A experiência de exposição do corpo de si e do outro, a postura inadequada de profissionais da equipe de enfermagem, na visão dos pacientes constituiram-se em condições geradoras de ansiedade, constrangimento e estresse, que repercutem em sua saúde e bem-estar. CONCLUSÃO: As falas deixaram transparecer a pouca expectativa dos pacientes quanto à privacidade no cuidado recebido na instituição, tendo relacionado privacidade à competência técnica e ao conhecimento dos profissionais sobre os procedimentos que realizam, associando ideias como prestabilidade e gentileza no tratamento.

Personal space regulation by the human amygdala

The amygdala plays key roles in emotion and social cognition, but how this translates to face-to-face interactions involving real people remains unknown. Here we found that a patient with complete amygdala lesions lacks any sense of personal space. Furthermore, healthy individuals showed amygdala activation to close personal proximity. The amygdala may be required to trigger the strong emotional reactions normally following personal space violations, thus regulating interpersonal distance in humans.

A Beggar, Self-Awareness And Willingness To Help

The present field experiment examines the relationship between self-awareness, violation of personal space and helping behavior. beggar asking for alms on the streets. To induce the first experimental condition, the state of objective self-awareness, the beggar had a mirror at chest height, suspended from a string round his neck. In the control condition, in place of the mirror, the beggar held a similarly dimensioned piece of cardboard in the same position. Both mirror and cardboard bore the message A FEW PENNIES THANKS. As concerned the second experimental condition, the beggar either stood still waiting for people to come up to him, or walked toward the people as they approached, thereby entering their personal space. The results show that anxiety caused by the violation of personal space interacts with the self-awareness in determining the helping behavior.

Narrating intersections of gender and dwarfism in everyday spaces

Dwarfs, midgets, even freaks, are among the terms that have been used to label little people. Feminist theorists have argued that discursive identities of women prevent any meaningful essentialised analysis of their experiences. Similarly, disability researchers have argued against generalising the experiences of disabled individuals. This paper explores the intersection of gender and dwarfism through the narratives of four women who are little people. Findings suggest that the ways women, who are little people, negotiate public spaces are affected by discourses of gender, disability and common conceptions of what is physically normal. Furthermore, these discourses have material implications in the everyday lives of these women. A brief historical overview of dwarfism is followed by narratives that describe experiences in public spaces, perceptions of height related to age and capability, gendered spaces and sexual stereotypes, uncomfortable spaces, violations of personal space and transportation. This paper provides a partial perspective on how discourses of dwarfism are manifest in social spaces and the built environment. Despite these significant commonalities that little people shared with other disabled people, there are socio‐spatial experiences that appear to be unique to people with dwarfism.

Personal Space Violations as A Function of Height

Summary Ninety-one male and female adults, who were walking in the corridor of a commuter train station situated in a large metropolitan area of the United States, were given the option of violating the personal space of either a tall or short male confederate (C). In a similar manner, 91 additional male and female adults could violate the personal space of either a tall or short female C. The results showed that the commuters significantly preferred to intrude into the short, rather than the tall, Cs' spaces. This discrimination occurred for both male and female Cs. Also, female commuters invaded the space of the short Cs significantly more frequently than did the male commuters.

The role of attribution in the experience of crowding

The theory that the subjective experience of crowding results from an attribution of arousal process was examined. Specifically, it was predicted that subjects who were aroused by having their personal space violated would experience less crowding if they were led to believe that some other environmental factor was responsible for the arousal. Groups of subjects were placed in a room in which their personal space was either violated or not violated. Some subjects were told that either an arousing or a relaxing subliminal noise would be played into the room. (Actually there was no noise.) Other subjects were told nothing about subliminal noise. The subjects worked on a number of tasks and were then asked to report how crowded they felt. The noise manipulation had no effect on subjects' performance nor on feelings of crowdedness when their personal space was not being violated. However, when there was a violation of personal space, subjects who felt the noise would arouse them reported being less crowded and performed better than subjects in the relaxing noise or no explanation conditions. It was suggested that subjects attributed their arousal to the “arousing noise” and hence felt less crowded.