Quarantine Of Persons Research Articles

The Effects of Adolescents' Perceived Handwashing Attitudes, Health Beliefs, and Internal Control on Handwashing Practices in the COVID-19 Pandemic Situation

This study aims to provide basic data for developing a hand washing education program to prevent infection by identifying the factors that affect hand washing practice for high school students who need to establish healthy lifestyles in the COVID-19 outbreak situation. Data collection was conducted from December 10 to 31, 2020 for 149 in high school students. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS 20.0 program. As a result, internal control(p<.05) and hand washing attitude(p<.05) had a significant effect on dependent variables. the result of this study indicates that the internal control means a tendency to attribute the cause or effect of an action to internal factors, such as ability, attitude, and effort of one’s own, educational plans that can increase the hand washing practice rate by cultivating a positive hand washing attitude and improving internal control through education on the importance of personal quarantine should be prepared.

Understanding the travel decision-making processes of COVID-19-vaccinated South Korean travelers

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries allowed only the vaccinated to travel abroad, and some still continue with these restrictions. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with the intention to travel abroad during this pandemic. An online survey was conducted with 270 vaccinated Korean participants. The theoretical framework of the extended goal-directed behavior model was used to predict the overseas travel intentions of tourists in the COVID-19 environment. The data were examined using frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and path analysis using CB-SEM. The results show, first, that attitude, expected positive emotions, and expected negative emotions are positively correlated with desire. Second, desire and prior knowledge are positively correlated with behavioral intentions. Thus, attitude toward COVID-19 and expected emotions significantly influenced desire, and prior knowledge influenced travelers' behavioral intentions during the pandemic. The findings suggest that travelers’ attitudes and emotions during the pandemic reflect their desire to travel abroad and to do so with prior knowledge. Therefore, to help potential overseas tourists meet their basic needs for personal quarantine security during travel, travel industry staff should provide personalized security services. Airlines and the tourism industry should continue to provide hand sanitizers and personal hygiene products at airports and tourist attractions to make the travel experience relatively safer for tourists. In addition, the tourism industry should introduce a campaign on safe quarantine and health to give a positive impression to potential tourists, planning their next trip. The study identifies changing travel trends, provides a foundation for safe travel experiences, and can help develop policies to improve future international travel.

Infection preventive behaviors and its association with perceived threat and perceived social factors during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea: 2020 community health survey

BackgroundThis study examined why some individuals have not properly performed health prevention behavior during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We used data from a community health survey conducted by public health centers in South Korea to identify factors affecting COVID-19 prevention behavior in urban and rural areas. Also, we examined whether individual-level demographic, socio-psychological, and structural variables affected COVID-19 prevention behavior by referring to a model explaining individuals’ health prevention behavior. In particular, the study is significant as not many other measures were suggested besides compliance with personal quarantine rules during the early phase of the pandemic in 2020. We hope that the results of this study will be considered in further analysis of infection preventive behavior and in future health crises.MethodsProbability proportional and systematic sampling were used to collect data in 2020 from 229,269 individuals. After exclusion, the valid data from 141,902 adults (86,163 urban and 44,739 rural) were analyzed. We performed t-tests and analyses of variance to ascertain the differences in COVID-19 preventive behaviors according to demographic characteristics, and a post-hoc analysis was conducted using Scheffé’s test. Factors that affected participants’ COVID-19 preventive behaviors were analyzed using multiple regression analyses.ResultsThe variables significantly influencing COVID-19 preventive behaviors in urban areas were age, gender, living with two or more people, educational level, monthly household income, working status, influenza vaccination, daily life stress, and perceived threat. In rural areas, age, gender, living with two or more people, education level, influenza vaccination, daily life stress, perceived threat, and perceived social factors were significantly associated with increased COVID-19 preventive behaviors.ConclusionsSeveral demographic characteristics were associated with urban and rural residents’ COVID-19-related preventive behaviors. A different approach is needed for the two regions in future policy. Future studies should aim to improve the power of the model and include other factors that may be related to COVID-19 preventive behavior.

Influential factors for COVID-19 related distancing in daily life: a distinct focus on ego-gram

BackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has necessitated that individuals comply with personal quarantine rules in daily life. South Korea is implementing the concept of “distancing in daily life” to raise awareness on personal quarantine measures, which is communicated through various media channels and platforms. The continued rise in COVID-19 cases demands that all individuals strictly adhere to personal quarantine rules. It is worth paying particular attention to the college student group, which has the highest percentage of confirmed cases among all age groups in South Korea. This group understands and practices “distancing in daily life” but with drastic variations among individuals. Previous studies have reported that the level of adherence to social norms is different according to each ego stated, and media exposure level is reported as a major influencing factor. Therefore, this study examined the media exposure level to COVID-19 prevention rules and its effect on the observance of distancing in daily life; it also verified the moderating effect of ego-gram on the relationship between media exposure level and distancing in daily life.MethodsThe participants comprised Korean university students (men = 143, women = 188, N = 331) aged 18–30 years, who were recruited through an online survey. The survey was conducted over 20 days from January 27 to February 15, 2021. Data were analyzed using SAS (version 9.4) to calculate hierarchical regression.ResultsFirst, media exposure level and distancing in daily life among Korean university students was above average. Second, media exposure level (β = .161, P < .01) was identified as the most influential factor for distancing in daily life. Third, ego-grams had a moderating effect (β = .136, P < .05) on the relationship between media exposure levels and distancing in daily life.ConclusionsThis study examined the policy implications related to the development of diverse quarantine-related programs while considering influential factors and differences in how individuals’ compliance with quarantine rules were presented. Considering the situation in which new infectious diseases such as COVID-19 occur every 4–5 years, this study serves as a preparation for future pandemics and is an important framework to enhance the level of personal quarantine.

Public Health Actions to Control Measles Among Afghan Evacuees During Operation Allies Welcome - United States, September-November 2021.

On August 29, 2021, the United States government oversaw the emergent establishment of Operation Allies Welcome (OAW), led by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and implemented by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and U.S. Department of State (DoS), to safely resettle U.S. citizens and Afghan nationals from Afghanistan to the United States. Evacuees were temporarily housed at several overseas locations in Europe and Asia* before being transported via military and charter flights through two U.S. international airports, and onward to eight U.S. military bases,† with hotel A used for isolation and quarantine of persons with or exposed to certain infectious diseases.§ On August 30, CDC issued an Epi-X notice encouraging public health officials to maintain vigilance for measles among Afghan evacuees because of an ongoing measles outbreak in Afghanistan (25,988 clinical cases reported nationwide during January-November 2021) (1) and low routine measles vaccination coverage (66% and 43% for the first and second doses, respectively, in 2020) (2).

간호대학생의 코로나19 위험인식과 개인방역 수칙

The purpose of study was to assess the relationship between perception of COVID-19 risk (dread risk and unknown risk) and perception and compliance of COVID-19 precautions in nursing students. A convenience sample of 340 nursing students from three universities answered a self-administered questionnaire. The results indicated that low levels of perceived unknown risk increased perception and compliance of precautionary behaviors. Furthermore, concern about COVID-19 infection and support to universities and government for responding to COVID-19 were associated with compliance of precautionary behaviors. The findings suggest that providing evidence on COVID-19 and precautionary behaviors is needed to improve awareness and compliance of personal quarantine rules for COVID-19 prevention.

지역사회 재난 레질리언스 강화를 위한 코어시스템적 접근

The purpose of this study is to analyze COVID-19 pandemic cases using the core system approach, and to confirm that the analysis results are applied to strengthening disaster resilience of communities to prepare for and respond to disasters. In this study, the core system model was used to examine how the conversion process must function to secure desirable output. In the core system, institutions, leadership, commitment (followership) and expertise (competence) are interconnected and interdependent based on values. The components have a desirable orientation for overcoming disasters. The main results are as follows. First, “leadership” and “expertise (competence)” were demonstrated based on communication and professional experience in the activities of the prevention and preparedness stage. Second, the “devotion (followership)” and “value” of medical staff, volunteer groups, and public officials became closer through independent thinking and active participation and cooperation. Third, in terms of ‘institution’, personal quarantine rules in a crisis situation became a reference for social distancing behaviors such as wearing a mask and refraining from close contact and gatherings.&#x0D;

Effect of Risk Perception on the Prevention of Beauty Salon by COVID-19 Related Customers on the Avoidance of Hair Salon and the Form of Preferred Hair Salon

The purpose of this study is to find out the impact of COVID-19 customer-oriented hair salon quarantine measures on the risk perception and preferred hair salon types, and to establish quarantine measures for each hair salon type. As a research method, self-administered questionnaire and the collected 427 were analyzed by using SPSS24.0. and structural equation modeling was performed on the result by using frequency analysis exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, and multiple regression analysis. As a result, the effect of preventive measures on the risk perception of visiting hair salons is that, first, spatial risk perception factors affect the definition of air quarantine, personal quarantine, and personnel control factors affect the higher the risk factor. As a result of examining the impact of hair salon quarantine measures on preferred hair salon types, first, small preference factors affect the definition of air quarantine, personnel control factors, and second, large and brand preference factors increase with higher preference for personnel control and air quarantine factors. In conclusion, through the results of this study, it is necessary to prepare improvements to various hair salon quarantine measures to reduce the risk of customers entering Hair Salon and to ensure smooth inflow of each salon.

The effectiveness of active surveillance measures for COVID-19 cases in Pudong New Area Shanghai, China, 2020.

The aim of this study was to thoroughly document the effects of multiple intervention and control methods to mitigate the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outbreak in Pudong New Area, Shanghai. After identification of the first confirmed case of COVID‐19 in Pudong on January 21, 2020, the local Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launched a case investigation involving isolation, close‐contact (CC) tracing and quarantine of persons with a potential exposure risk to prevent and control transmission. Epidemiological features of cases detected by three different strategies were compared to assess the impact of these active surveillance measures. As of February 16, 2020, a total of 108 confirmed COVID‐19 cases had been identified in Pudong, Shanghai. Forty‐five (41.67%) cases were identified through active surveillance measures, with 22 (20.37%) identified by CC tracing and 23 (21.30%) by quarantine of potential exposure populations (PEPs). The average interval from illness onset to the first medical visit was 1 day. Cases identified by CC tracing and PEPs were quarantined for 0.5 and 1 day before illness onset, respectively. The time intervals from illness onset to the first medical visit and isolation among actively screened cases were 2 days (p = .02) and 3 days (p = .00) shorter, respectively, than those among self‐admission cases. Our study highlights the importance of active surveillance for potential COVID‐19 cases, as demonstrated by shortened time intervals from illness onset to both the first medical visit and isolation. These measures contributed to the effective control of the COVID‐19 outbreak in Pudong, Shanghai.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the education and wellness of U.S. Pediatric Anesthesiology Fellows.

The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused state-wide shutdowns of elective surgical activities in March and April of 2020 forcing graduate medical education program directors and their trainees in the United States to quickly adapt to new rules and circumstances. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the current pandemic on pediatric anesthesiology fellow education and wellness nationally in order to guide creation of optimal support systems for fellows during the ongoing pandemic. In July 2020, an electronically distributed survey was sent to all United States-based pediatric anesthesiology fellowship program directors who were asked to distribute the survey to all current/graduating fellows. A total of 75 out of 184 pediatric anesthesiology fellows (41%) responded to the survey. Major domains identified include reduction of clinical time, financial impact, mental health/wellness effects, and concerns about the overall quality of the fellowship educational experience. Respondents indicated that the pandemic has led to personal quarantine (and/or illness) leave time (21.3%), changes in finances (42.7%) and career opportunities (37.3%), decreased clinical education/experience (28%), and a dissatisfaction with the modified didactic experience (22.7%). In addition, a majority of respondents (97.3%) experienced increased stressors during this pandemic, including worry for family members (80%), stress due to changes in certifying examinations (76%), and fear of contracting COVID-19 from a patient (72%). While the results of this survey are only one snapshot in time during an evolving pandemic, these results highlight important domains where program directors and other departmental leaders might focus limited resources to maximize the educational experiences and overall wellness for pediatric anesthesiology fellows.

Estimation of the incubation period of COVID-19 in Vietnam.

To estimate the incubation period of Vietnamese confirmed COVID-19 cases. Only confirmed COVID-19 cases who are Vietnamese and locally infected with available data on date of symptom onset and clearly defined window of possible SARS-CoV-2 exposure were included. We used three parametric forms with Hamiltonian Monte Carlo method for Bayesian Inference to estimate incubation period for Vietnamese COVID-19 cases. Leave-one-out Information Criterion was used to assess the performance of three models. A total of 19 cases identified from 23 Jan 2020 to 13 April 2020 was included in our analysis. Average incubation periods estimated using different distribution model ranged from 6.0 days to 6.4 days with the Weibull distribution demonstrated the best fit to the data. The estimated mean of incubation period using Weibull distribution model was 6.4 days (95% credible interval (CrI): 4.89-8.5), standard deviation (SD) was 3.05 (95%CrI 3.05-5.30), median was 5.6, ranges from 1.35 to 13.04 days (2.5th to 97.5th percentiles). Extreme estimation of incubation periods is within 14 days from possible infection. This analysis provides evidence for an average incubation period for COVID-19 of approximately 6.4 days. Our findings support existing guidelines for 14 days of quarantine of persons potentially exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Although for extreme cases, the quarantine period should be extended up to three weeks.

Epidemiological Parameters of COVID-19: Case Series Study.

BackgroundThe estimates of several key epidemiological parameters of the COVID-19 pandemic are often based on small sample sizes or are inaccurate for various reasons.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to obtain more robust estimates of the incubation period, serial interval, frequency of presymptomatic transmission, and basic reproduction number (R0) of COVID-19 based on a large case series.MethodsWe systematically retrieved and screened 20,658 reports of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases released by the health authorities of China, Japan, and Singapore. In addition, 9942 publications were retrieved from PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) through April 8, 2020. To be eligible, a report had to contain individual data that allowed for accurate estimation of at least one parameter. Widely used models such as gamma distributions were fitted to the data sets and the results with the best-fitting values were presented.ResultsIn total, 1591 cases were included for the final analysis. The mean incubation period (n=687) and mean serial interval (n=1015 pairs) were estimated to be 7.04 (SD 4.27) days and 6.49 (SD 4.90) days, respectively. In 40 cases (5.82%), the incubation period was longer than 14 days. In 32 infector-infectee pairs (3.15%), infectees’ symptom onsets occurred before those of infectors. Presymptomatic transmission occurred in 129 of 296 infector-infectee pairs (43.58%). R0 was estimated to be 1.85 (95% CI 1.37-2.60).ConclusionsThis study provides robust estimates of several epidemiological parameters of COVID-19. The findings support the current practice of 14-day quarantine of persons with potential exposure, but also suggest the need for additional measures. Presymptomatic transmission together with the asymptomatic transmission reported by previous studies highlight the importance of adequate testing, strict quarantine, and social distancing.

China\u2019s practice to prevent and control COVID-19 in the context of large population movement

BackgroundThe emerging infectious disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), poses a serious threat in China and worldwide. Challenged by this serious situation, China has taken many measures to contain its transmission. This study aims to systematically review and record these special and effective practices, in hope of benefiting for fighting against the ongoing worldwide pandemic.MethodsThe measures taken by the governments was tracked and sorted on a daily basis from the websites of governmental authorities (e.g. National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China). And the measures were reviewed and summarized by categorizations, figures and tables, showing an ever-changing process of combating with an emerging infectious disease. The population shift levels, daily local new diagnosed cases, daily mortality and daily local new cured cases were used for measuring the effect of the measures.ResultsThe practices could be categorized into active case surveillance, rapid case diagnosis and management, strict follow-up and quarantine of persons with close contacts, and issuance of guidance to help the public understand and adhere to control measures, plus prompt and effective high-level policy decision, complete activation of the public health system, and full involvement of the society. Along with the measures, the population shift levels, daily local new diagnosed cases, and mortality were decreased, and the daily local new cured cases were increased in China.ConclusionsChina’s practices are effective in controlling transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Considering newly occurred situations (e.g. imported cases, work resumption), the control measures may be adjusted.

Immediate and delayed psychological effects of province-wide lockdown and personal quarantine during the COVID-19 outbreak in China.

The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected public health and wellbeing. In response to the pandemic threat of the coronavirus epidemic, several countries, including China, adopted lockdown and quarantine policies, which may cause psychological distress. This study aimed to explore the psychological impact of province-wide lockdown and personal quarantine during the COVID-19 outbreak in China as well as the corresponding risk factors and protective factors. We examined the immediate (2-week) and delayed (2-month) impact of province-wide lockdown and personal quarantine on psychological distress in a national sample of 1390 Chinese residents. No immediate impact of province-wide lockdown on psychological distress was observed, whereas personal quarantine increased individuals' anxiety, fear, and anger. Despite the lack of initial association, psychological distress increased among those in province-wide lockdown. Self-stigma and personal control both significantly moderated the association between lockdown and psychological distress, but in different directions. Those with higher self-stigma and lower personal control were more impacted by the lockdown. Government support moderated the impact of quarantine on psychological distress, but not that of lockdown. The delayed effects of lockdown and quarantine on psychological distress were observed, and self-stigma, social support, and perceived control moderate the relationships. This study is the first to demonstrate the psychological costs of province-wide lockdowns on individuals' mental health, providing evidence of the need for mitigation strategies and timely public mental health preparedness in countries with recent outbreaks of COVID-19.

Containing 2019-nCoV (Wuhan) coronavirus.

The novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV first appeared in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. While most of the initial cases were linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, person-to-person transmission has been verified. Given that a vaccine cannot be developed and deployed for at least a year, preventing further transmission relies upon standard principles of containment, two of which are the isolation of known cases and the quarantine of persons believed at high risk of exposure. This note presents probability models for assessing the effectiveness of case isolation and quarantine within a community during the initial phase of an outbreak with illustrations based on early observations from Wuhan.

Ian Charles Fuller

<h3>ABSTRACT</h3> <h3>Objective</h3> To estimate the incubation period of Vietnamese confirmed COVID-19 cases. <h3>Methods</h3> Only confirmed COVID-19 cases who are Vietnamese and locally infected with available data on date of symptom...

Should Persons Detained During Public Health Crises Receive Compensation?

One of the ways in which public health officials control outbreaks of epidemic disease is by attempting to control the situations in which the infectious agent can spread. This may include isolation of infected persons, quarantine of persons who may be infected and detention of persons who are present in or have entered premises where infected persons are being treated. Most who have analysed such measures think that the restrictions in liberty they entail and the detriments in welfare they impose can be justified and this paper proceeds from the assumption that detention measures are justifiable in some circumstances. Such measures are often implemented without any compensation being given to the persons who are detained. This raises the question: What do we owe to those whose liberty is justifiably restricted (e.g. through isolation, quarantine or detention) as a public health measure during a public health emergency? More specifically, do we owe them compensation for any losses they experience? The paper falls in four main sections. The first section provides examples of the current regulatory state of affairs from the US, Canada and WHO. The second section lays out the liberal, welfarist and pragmatic arguments for providing compensation. The third section discusses the arguments against compensation and the fourth and final section provides the conclusion. It is argued that the arguments for providing compensation clearly outweigh the counterarguments and that the default public policy therefore should be that compensation is provided.

Cuba's response to the HIV epidemic.

Cuba's response to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic has been to conduct mass testing of the population to ascertain seroprevalence, to enforce mandatory relative quarantine of persons testing positive, and to implement educational interventions using media and school-based programs. Interview with the Vice-Minister of Health and review of available data. Reports to date show a very low seroprevalence rate without evidence of a widespread epidemic. Sexual contact with foreign-born persons is the primary risk factor. Possible advantages of Cuba's policy include rapid reduction in the risk of HIV transmission by infected blood products, an opportunity for focused education and secondary prevention, and limitation of new infections. Possible disadvantages include the restriction of individual freedom in those who are not guilty of any illegal act, quarantine of persons with false positive HIV tests, and ongoing transmission because of the incomplete nature of the quarantine. The policy is expensive and may displace other public health priorities. The content of the media-based educational interventions has emphasized rational medical information in unimaginative formats with a limited focus on prevention. The issue of personal responsibility for behavioral change versus government imposed regulations is at the core of Cuba's HIV policy. The quarantine policy may paradoxically permit most Cubans to feel that they are personally invulnerable to the HIV epidemic.

The contribution of virology to contemporary medicine.

In the year 1636, eight years after the publication of his immortal work upon the circulation, William Harvey left London in the company of the Earl of Arundel and others on a mission to the Emperor Ferdinand. Europe at that time had been so ravaged by the 30 years' war and by epidemics of plague that a journey to Austria was both adven turous and hazardous. Nevertheless the travellers arrived safely at Linz and shortly afterwards Harvey was sent to Italy to acquire pictures for King Charles and to revisit Padua and Venice. He arrived at Treviso a few miles from Venice only to be thrown into a lazaretto on suspicion of infection because he had travelled through plague-stricken areas. A strict quarantine was in force for all travellers to Venice because of the severe epidemics in 1630, and Harvey's certificate testifying to his health was waved aside at Treviso. Inside the lazaretto Harvey remained in great discomfort, at first without even a bed, suffering from sciatica and chafing at the delay. His petitions for release were fruitless, he served the usual three weeks' quarantine, and his letters to Lord Denbigh at Venice were full of complaint (Keynes, 1966). Yet the quarantine of persons and goods coming from infected places was a measure advised by the Statutes of the College of Physicians (1630) and probably by Harvey himself in a futile attempt to restrict the spread of plague in London in the early seventeenth century. Harvey was undoubtedly aware of the concept of contagion as it had been proposed by Fracastorius in the century earlier as the transmission of an infectious principle. Fracastorius (1546) classified the modes of contagion as by contact, through the air, and on clothing but Harvey rejected the latter mode. Yet in his great book De Generatione Animalium he described fertilization as a 'kind of contagion' in that contagious diseases such as leprosy and plague 'propagate their infection and beget themselves in bodies previously sound and untouched' (Harvey, 1653). He was thwarted in his attempts to define the seminal principle by the lack of a microscope, and it fell to van Leeuwenhoeck in 1686 to see for the first time live spermatozoa from the uterus of a bitch. The description of van Leeuwenhoeck's 'little animals', the bacteria and protozoa which he saw in pond-water, saliva, and faeces, was indeed the origin of the science of microbiology (Dobell, 1932). Yet the discovery of the existence of the 'little animals' did not lead to the microbial theory of disease until the works of Pasteur, Koch, and many others in the nineteenth century (Bulloch, 1938). The first successful labora tory transmission of a virus infection was probably that of Pasteur and others who infected rabbits intracerebrally with rabies in 1881. Though viruses were filtered and their particles were seen, they remained as mysterious as the seeds of contagion postulated by Fracastorius until the twentieth century was well established.