Personal Protection Research Articles

Privacy Awareness and Social Media: Personal Data Protection among Facebook** and Instagram** Users

This study investigated the level of awareness of personal data protection among Facebook** and Instagram** users. The research evaluated the number of Facebook and Instagram users who have taken precautions to secure their personal data, why they did so, and the identification of regulatory authorities responsible for data protection in Nigeria. The Privacy Calculus Theory was used as the theoretical framework. The survey research design was used for this study, with the web-based questionnaire as the instrument for data collection. A sample size of 396 was drawn from the student population at the University of Port Harcourt. The data were analyzed in tables using frequency and percentage. The results indicated that users are strongly aware of the significance of safeguarding personal data on Facebook and Instagram. The users acknowledged implementing precautionary steps to safeguard their personal data. However, they still need to determine the specific agencies and regulatory entities accountable for ensuring the safety of personal data. In order to tackle this problem, the study recommended that the University management and student bodies should organize specific educational workshops to promote understanding of the pertinence of safeguarding personal data on social media platforms (Solove, 2021), create easily accessible materials and guidelines on the University of Port Harcourt portal designed for social media users, outlining the best methods for protecting personal data, including personal data protection awareness in its orientation programs and student events and also set up a system for reporting potential data breaches and offer assistance to affected users. ** – A social network owned by “Meta”, which is recognized as extremist in Russia

DATA PRIVACY AND CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS IN INDONESIA

This article explores the connection between data privacy and constitutional rights in Indonesia, particularly within the framework of a democratic rule of law. The 1945 Constitution of Indonesia guarantees citizens' fundamental rights, including security and privacy. However, the rapid advancement of information technology has introduced new challenges for personal data protection. Currently, Indonesia's regulations, such as the Electronic Information and Transaction Law (ITE Law), lack comprehensive measures to safeguard data privacy rights, as they are sectoral and fragmented. This article highlights the necessity of enacting the Personal Data Protection Bill (RUU PDP) as a crucial step in strengthening the legal framework for data privacy protection in Indonesia. Additionally, it compares international regulations like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union, as well as data protection laws in neighboring countries like Singapore and Malaysia. The article underscores that prioritizing the protection of personal data privacy rights is essential for safeguarding constitutional rights and individual dignity, as well as for fostering a secure and trustworthy digital ecosystem in Indonesia.

Research Advances in Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes for Non-Invasive Medical Applications

Non-invasive medical nanofiber technology, characterized by its high specific surface area, biocompatibility, and porosity, holds significant potential in various medical domains, including tissue repair and biosensing. It is increasingly becoming central to healthcare by offering safer and more efficient treatment options for contemporary medicine. Numerous studies have explored non-invasive medical nanofibers in recent years, yet a comprehensive overview of the field remains lacking. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive summary of the applications of electrospun nanofibers in non-invasive medical fields, considering multiple aspects and perspectives. Initially, we introduce electrospinning nanofibers. Subsequently, we detail their applications in non-invasive health, including health monitoring, personal protection, thermal regulation, and wound care, highlighting their critical role in improving human health. Lastly, this paper discusses the current challenges associated with electrospun nanofibers and offers insights into potential future development trajectories.

The Urgency of Implementing a Cyber Notary in Indonesia: A Comparative Study with The United States

Introduction: Current technological developments have an influence on all aspects of human life, including government administration. Notaries are non-governmental public officials who provide public services in providing good governance for the community. However, notarial services in Indonesia are carried out conventionally, which slows down notarial services. Different things happened in America. America is a country that has advanced technology.Purposes of the Research: The aim of this research is to analyze the urgency of implementing cyber notary in Indonesia, find differences in legal regulations and application of law regarding cyber notary in Indonesia and America and find the right solution in organizing cyber notary in Indonesia.Methods of the Research: The research used normative juridical method with secondary data from primary legal sources including various laws and acts like Law Number 2 of 2014, Law Number 30 of 2014, and others related to notarial acts, personal data protection, and blockchain technology in California and Illinois.Results of the Research: The research reveals Indonesia lacks comprehensive laws for cyber notaries. Learning from the US, which has established regulations, Indonesia needs to revise its Notary Law to incorporate cyber notaries and uphold principles of good governance.

Ochrona danych medycznych w okresie pandemii Covid-19. Działania Rzecznika Praw Pacjenta dotyczące prawa do dokumentacji medycznej i tajemnicy informacji w latach 2020-2022

The COVID-19 pandemic and associated with it changes in the functioning of medical services threatened the observance of patient’s rights in Poland. Taking under consideration the overload of the medical care system in connection with SARS-CoV-2 cases and the GPDR requirements in terms of personal data protection implemented in the year 2018, it seems advisable to state patient’s problems in the field of medical data protection during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study discusses measures of the Pateint’s Rights Ombudsman regarding documentation and medical confidentiality in the years of the pandemic. Based on reports of respecting the patient’s rights for 2020-2022, the number of infringement cases on the protection of medical data was announced and the dynamics of the phenomenon was assessed by comparing the data from the years 2019-2022.

Ochrona danych genetycznych – od koncepcji indywidualnej do grupowej

The article presents a gradual shift from the individual concept of data protection to the application of the group concept in the case of genetic data, which by its nature applies to more than one person. The application of the group concept is based on the norms of EU law, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the Supreme Court of Iceland, as well as soft law documents. The jurisprudence presented in the paper argues that genetic information is relevant both to the donor of genetic material and to his relatives. Thus, the genetic data of person A created from a biological sample taken from him, may also constitute the genetic data of person B. Thus, the status of the data subject established under EU law should be extended to a larger number of persons than suggested by EU data protection legislation. The argumentation presented confirms the formation of indicating the group nature of genetic data. The continuous increase in the amount of genetic information in social and economic circulation will only reinforce this trend, which is aimed at the full realization of the right to personal data protection.

Цифровой политический маркетинг: использование социальных сетей и Big Data для управления политическими предпочтениями

The article discusses the features of the use of digital political marketing as a special technology of political PR. The authors of the study note that digital political marketing has become a favorite method of promoting political products due to the wide opportunities provided by multimedia platforms for public and private communication on the Internet, as well as Big Data technologies, with which you can analyze an incredibly large amount of all kinds of data about users. Based on these data, the course of the political process is effectively adjusted and the political preferences and views of the online electorate are implicitly changed. The authors examine in detail the possibilities of social networks for promoting PR campaigns, analyze ways to collect data about users and note the risks posed by technological innovations of the digital age for political democracy. In conclusion, the authors conclude that in order to achieve effective interaction between political actors and citizens on the Web, it is necessary to maintain a balance between innovative methods of voter engagement and ensuring their rights to privacy and personal data protection in a risky digital era.

개인정보자기결정권과 이익형량 - 대상판결: 대법원 2016. 8. 17. 선고 2014다235080 판결 -

The Personal Information Protection Act (PIPA) stipulates stringent controls over personal information. Data processors are, in principle, prohibited from collecting or processing personal information without the data subject’s consent. This grants the data subject exclusive control over their personal information, which can be compared to the rights of a property owner. However, personal information covers a wide range of data, including neutral information unrelated to the secrecy of private life. Furthermore, since concepts like "identifiability" are vague and indeterminate, it is not easy to define the exact scope of personal information. This suggests that a more flexible approach to protecting personal information is required. The right to control personal information remains abstract, retaining much of its idealistic and declaratory nature from its initial advocacy. As such, this right must consider not only the need for information control but also the public's access to information, freedom of expression, the technological and industrial utility of information, and the interests of data processors who collect and process that information. In the case under review, the data processor collected and provided publicly available personal information without the explicit consent of the data subject. While this may partially limit the data subject's right to control their personal information, the general public interest in utilizing publicly available personal information must also be considered. The current PIPA does not provide a clear legal basis for the broad utilization of publicly available personal information. Justification for such use must instead be found in the general principles of civil law, such as those in Articles 2, 103, 750, and 751 of the Civil Act, along with the balancing of competing interests. This was the general approach to protecting the right to control personal information under Korea's legal system before the enactment of the PIPA, and it remains applicable even after its implementation.

MANAGING INDONESIAN DATA BREACH NOTIFICATION IN THE FINANCIAL SERVICES SECTOR: A CASE FOR ONE-STOP NOTIFICATION MODEL

As a business of trust, the banking and financial services industry must protect its reputation to ensure consumer’s confidence. However, recent adoption of emerging internet communication technologies (ICT) have introduced new risks and challenges, such as safeguarding systems from cyberattacks and protecting consumer’s personal data. Cyberattacks, especially ransomware have shed new light on the importance of privacy and security throughout the banking and financial industry’s digitization efforts. Any organisation affected by cybersecurity attacks must face a twofold legal question. First, whether or not there has been a violation of the legal security requirements? Second, is to determine whether the attack triggers Data Breach Notification to the Data Protection Authority and/or Data Owners. This paper examines the complexity of maintaining security obligations under Indonesian Law (UU ITE, UU PDP, RPP PDP, and other relevant regulations) while also highlighting the common challenges in steering Data Breach Notification, with an enhanced perspective of the European General Data Protection Regulation (EU GDPR) practices. To address the challenges of patchwork data breach notification requirements in Indonesia, this paper proposes a proactive approach by Indonesia’s future Personal Data Protection Authority in creating a one-stop notification model to enable effective data breach incident management and notification.

A Study on the Scope of Personal Protection Services in the Security Services Industry Act from the Criminal Perspective

A Study on the Scope of Personal Protection Services in the Security Services Industry Act from the Criminal Perspective

Nurses' Adherence to Infection Control Practices in Emergency Departments

Background: Follow-Up on Infection Prevention Measures It is an assortment of techniques intended to keep things free of microbes, Patient protection from diseases necessitates several actions. Preventing and controlling infections is one of the most crucial tasks for nurses. Using hand hygiene with personal protection equipment is a crucial step that can help prevent infections or their repercussions. The safety of patients and maintaining sterility and cleanliness in hospitals are the responsibilities of all nurses working there. Objectives: to evaluate the adherence of emergency department nurses to infection control protocols and recommendations. Methodology: This cross-sectional study selected a nonprobability (purposive) sample of 120 nurses working in emergency departments across three hospitals: Baghdad Teaching Hospital (50%), Al-Kindy Teaching Hospital (35.8%), and Sheik Zaydi Hospital 14.2%. The study was conducted from September 20, 2023, to 30 June 2024. collection tool, which consists of two parts: The first part is the demographic characteristics of the nursing staff (age, gender, level of education, years of experience in the emergency department, and participation in training courses related to infection control measures). Second part: Checklists were utilized for observation. The study instrument's reliability was assessed using the Statistical Package for Social Science Program (IBM SPSS) by applying Cronbach's Alpha. Results: The study finding shows that, based on the data, 66.7% of the respondents reported a fair level of practices about infection control measures. Sociodemographic factors such as qualifications notably impact nurses' practices regarding adherence to infection control practices. CONCLUSIONS: The researcher concluded that the nurses' practices were not at the level required (fair) to fit with the critical and special nature of the emergency department. Recommendations: Standard precautions are the basic level of the infection control process. The participants may possess satisfactory knowledge and compliance levels. However, more training programs and more focus on the standard precautions by educational institutes are needed for nurses to improve their knowledge and compliance with infection-control standard precautions.

THE EU RESPONSE TO THE MASSIVE INFLUX OF DISPLACED PERSONS FROM UKRAINE IN 2022

Russia has been conducting military action against Ukraine since 24 February 2022, in violation of the prohibition on the threat or use of violence against the territorial integrity or independence of any state, which is one of the fundamental principles of modern international law. The Russian aggression has resulted in a sharp increase in migratory pressure on the EU. As a result, the Union launched a special temporary protection procedure for the first time in its history. As temporary protection is one of the instruments of the Common European Asylum System, this article begins with an analysis of its nature within EU asylum policy. The article’s next research question and objective relate directly to the EU’s response to the Russian act of aggression. They are relevant for clarifying the political context of the activation of temporary protection and, simultaneously, establishing the circumstances necessary for the activation of temporary protection in the light of Council Directive 2001/55/EC. This Directive and Council Implementing Decision 2022/382 determine the normative construction of the temporary protection 2022. These elements are its duration, the categories of beneficiaries, and the beneficiaries’ entitlements, which result in obligations for Member States. The analysis of these issues will determine to what extent temporary protection is a viable and effective measure of international protection for displaced persons from Ukraine.

Privacy Protection Guarantee For Data Hacking Victims According To Indonesian Law

Personal data leaks have become one of the major issues in cybercrime. The government has attempted to overcome this issue by implementing Law on Personal Data Protection (UU PDP) and establishing law enforcement agencies for Personal Data Protection. Despite the existence of laws that regulate and agencies responsible for this issue, personal data leaks still occur frequently. One of the cases was the leak of customer data from Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI). This study analyzes the assurance of privacy rights concerning data managed by Big Data Controllers under the Personal Data Protection Law and identifies legal actions that victims of data hacking due to the data controller’s negligence regarding the Big Data security systems. This research uses normative juridical methods with a descriptive-analytical approach. The results of the research show that Indonesia has regulations to protect the privacy rights of its citizens, specifically in the Personal Data Protection Law which regulates actions and restoration of the right to privacy if data leaks occur by the limitations of this article.

Legal support of social guarantees for persons employed in the gig economy: Russian and foreign experience

The subject. Legal support of social guarantees for persons employed in the gig economy: russian and foreign experienceThe purpose of the article is to reveal the features of providing social guarantees to gig workers, as well as protecting their rights through the institution of trade unions, to give the concept of “guarantees of gig workers”, “social guarantees of gig workers” The methodology includes systematic approach, comparative method, formal-logical method, formal-legal method, analysis, synthesis.The main results of the research. The situation of gig workers appears to be less protected in terms of their rights and the guarantees provided to them. In this regard, there is a need to determine what social guarantees should be provided to which categories of gig workers, as well as possible measures of social protection for such persons. There is a need to once again ensure the rights of workers employed in self-employment or platform employment. A definition of guarantees for gig workers is proposed: guarantees are the means, methods and conditions by which the implementation of the rights granted to gig workers in the field of employment and their social security is ensured. Social guarantees for gig workers can be defined as a set of social and legal obligations of the state to workers employed in the gig economy (self-employment, platform employment), aimed at creating the necessary conditions for them to perform their work and meet their social needs and professional interests.In cases where a gig worker is, in some respects, close in his legal status to an employee under an employment contract (full-time work, etc.), his pension and social insurance should give him the maximum opportunity for social guarantees in case of temporary disability and in connection with retirement.

Private Cctv Liability Under Biometric Data Protection Rules

The penetration of technology that is increasingly developing has a lot of impact on human life. Increasing technology also results in the rapid development of home security equipment, especially Closed-Circuit Television cameras (hereinafter mentioned as CCTV). The right to privacy, to which everyone is entitled to personal self- protection Doctrinal legal research is a crucial aspect in recognizing various societal problems. Doctrinal research combines a systematic analysis of the provisions of legislation and the legal principles contained in it or derived from it, but also the logical and rational order of legal propositions and principles. Doctrinal legal research methods involve the analysis of legal propositions or legal concepts on which the main study is based. Case base approach demands the researcher to understand the reasons that used by the judges or another adjudicator until it reaches the final decision. Most personal data protection laws around the world distinguish between regular personal data and biometric data. At the beginning, Article 4 paragraph (1) of EU GDPR regular personal data commonly define on the laws as a set of data that able to identify a natural person either from electronic or non-electronic devices. Under the data protection laws regime especially GDPR, UK Data Protection Law and Indonesia Data Protection Law, mitigation during a data protection failure involving household CCTV systems typically involves taking immediate steps to minimize the impact of the breach Furthermore, stated in the Fairhurst v Woodard case homeowner could be held liable for failure to protect the personal data if they use camera on the outside boundary of their house and they could face hefty fine and/or tools removal. Finally, this writing contributes to undergoing discourse on cyber law field especially in data protection law and provide insights for academician, practitioner, and society.

Dialogue in Silence: Inter-American and Brazilian Protection of the Human Rights of Older Persons

As society needs to face ageing as a plural process that goes beyond biological and chronological aspects, it is recognised that it also has societal, political, judicial, and psychosocial changes and consequences. Imposing a social clock of expected normative behaviors, understanding older persons as inactive citizens and mere objects of legal protection instead of social actors and specialised human rights’ holders is a critical problem to be confronted in the upcoming years as the global population becomes older. This article aims to comparatively analyse the legal aspects of the protection of older persons in the Brazilian and Inter-American legal framework, perceiving a movement of dialogue in silence, opposing moments of resistance and periods of adequacy between international and national jurisdiction, allowing the analysis of how it impacts the enforcement of these rights. In order to evaluate this phenomenon, this article analyses bibliographic and legislative material, focusing on a human rights-based approach of older persons and an older persons perspective. Firstly, it discusses the social construct of old age, followed by the comparative analysis of Brazilian and international legal framework on the topic of ageing. Finally, it establishes the contours of the ‘dialogue in silence’ between Brazilian and Inter-American protection of older persons’ rights. Results show that a better cross-fertilisation and dialogical approach is needed, overcoming the legislative resistance and difficulties in implementation of rights and policies relating to older persons.

CYBER SECURITY FOR POWER GRIDS: THREATS, MITIGATION, AND FUTURE OUTLOOK

Cybersecurity is often confused with information security, although the latter focuses on human involvement, while the former sees individuals as potential targets and considers this an additional dimension. Cybersecurity discussions highlight important ethical issues impacting society and have led to the development of various frameworks addressing challenges like workforce development and personal data protection. This paper reviews these models, their limitations, and past mitigation techniques while offering future research recommendations. It explores vulnerabilities in wireless communication systems, the evolving nature of cyberattacks, quantum cryptography, and advanced key management schemes. Furthermore, it emphasizes the growing cybersecurity risks in power grids due to the integration of computing and communication capabilities into cyber-physical systems (CPS). A notable example is the 2015 cyberattack on Ukraine's power grid, illustrating the urgent need for improved security. This paper presents a comprehensive review of cybersecurity standards, emerging threats, and challenges in power systems. Index Terms—Cybersecurity, Cyber Threats frameworks, workforces, threats, techniques web 3.0, Implications

General theoretical characterization of contractual obligations for the provision of agency services

Problem setting. The development of market economy and globalization of business processes have increased the importance of agency services. However, the legal regulation of agency relations in Ukraine is characterized by gaps and conflicts, creating problems in law enforcement practice. This problem is particularly acute in the field of courier activities, where issues of consumer protection and distribution of responsibility between the agent and the principal arise. Purpose of research is to conduct a comprehensive theoretical and legal analysis of contractual obligations for the provision of agency services, determine their place in the system of civil law contracts of Ukraine, and develop proposals for improving their legal regulation. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The issues of agency contracts and services have been studied by such scholars as R.A. Maidanyk, Ye.O. Kharytonov, O.I. Kharytonova, N.V. Fedorchenko, A.B. Hryniak, M.D. Pleniuk, O.O. Kot, H.B. Yanovytska and others. However, despite the significant number of scientific works, the specifics of agency services in the field of courier activities and consumer protection remain insufficiently studied. Article’s main body. The legal regulation of agency relations in Ukraine is analyzed, the elements of the agency agreement and the peculiarities of the rights and obligations of the parties are determined. The article examines the fiduciary nature of agency relations and its impact on the assessment of the parties’ actions in the performance of the contract. Particular attention is paid to the specifics of providing agency services in the field of courier activities, including issues of consumer protection, personal data protection, and dispute resolution. The article proposes ways to improve the legal regulation of agency services, including the development of special regulatory acts for courier agents, the introduction of a certification system, and the development of effective mechanisms for consumer protection. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The study concludes that agency services are an important element of modern economic relations that requires proper legal regulation. The legal framework of Ukraine in this area is characterized by complexity but contains certain gaps and conflicts that need to be addressed. The agency agreement has specific elements that distinguish it from other types of contracts. For improving the legal regulation of agency services, it is necessary to unify approaches in civil and commercial law, develop special mechanisms for consumer protection, harmonize legislation with international standards, and improve mechanisms of agent liability. Future research should focus on developing detailed recommendations for improving legislation in the field of agency services, taking into account international experience and the specifics of different sectors of the economy.

Characterization of contractual relations in digital turnover

The article is devoted to identifying the peculiarities of contractual relations in digital circulation. Digital turnover is becoming increasingly widespread, which leads to the emergence of new forms of contractual relations characterized by significant differences. The purpose of the article is to reveal the characteristics and peculiarities of contractual relations arising within the framework of digital civil turnover. The study of contractual relations in digital circulation is necessitated by the lack of sustainable legal regulation of this area which requires further improvement. The peculiarity of building relations in digital circulation is associated with its technical properties, primarily the need to gain access to digital platforms for the exercise of subjective rights by users. The author emphasizes that the exercise of subjective rights in digital circulation can be realized only through the use of complex intellectual property objects, in particular, those combining computer programs, databases, music, animation objects, photographs, etc. The author proposes to distinguish the following types of relations in the field of digital circulation: 1) regarding the creation and maintenance of digital circulation (legal regime of intellectual property rights); 2) organizational relations in the field of business administration of the digital environment (corporate, labor relations with the appropriate legal regime); 3) between the user and the administrator of the relevant digital environment (contractual regulation, with elements of the legal regime of personal data protection); 4) between users of the digital space regarding digital assets (a complex regime of legal regulation which may combine the legal regimes of. The author emphasizes that contractual relations in digital circulation are based on both civil law and rules and standards used in electronic systems. It is proved that different types of relations require a comprehensive application of different legal norms and are mediated by different agreements, such as: license agreements; agreements for the provision of digital services (cloud storage, marketplaces); sale and purchase of goods; exchange and pledge of digital assets; token agreements (regulating the use of cryptocurrencies and other tokens in digital ecosystems), etc.

Identity Diffuser: Preserving Abnormal Region of Interests While Diffusing Identity

To release medical images that can be freely used in downstream processes while maintaining their utility, it is necessary to remove personal features from the images while preserving the lesion structures. Unlike previous studies that focused on removing lesion structures while preserving the individuality of medical images, this study proposes and validates a new framework that maintains the lesion structures while diffusing individual characteristics. In this framework, we apply local differential privacy techniques to provide theoretical guarantees of privacy protection. Additionally, to enhance the utility of protected medical images, we perform denoising using a diffusion model on the noise-contaminated medical images. Numerous chest X-rays generated by the proposed method were evaluated by physicians, revealing a trade-off between the level of privacy protection and utility. In other words, it was confirmed that increasing the level of personal information protection tends to result in relatively lower utility. This study potentially enables the release of certain types of medical images that were previously difficult to share.