Personal Practices Research Articles

Personal and Environmental Hygiene Practices of Mothers in Selected Primary Health Centers in Ekiti State, Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study

Personal and Environmental Hygiene Practices of Mothers in Selected Primary Health Centers in Ekiti State, Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study

Regaining focus: Promoting attentional literacy in digital higher education

The attentional demands placed on digital learners have grown, with online and blended education increasingly impacted by hyperconnectivity and digital disarray. In this context, it is essential for educators to help learners develop attentional literacy (AL). Building on past research on AL which fused insights from the fields of digital literacies and contemplative pedagogy (CP), this Delphi study examined the concept of AL and associated practices in higher education. Starting with a working definition of AL, expert feedback was invited from a global panel of experienced CP practitioners across academic disciplines. Through three Delphi rounds, the AL definition was validated and refined, before an abbreviated version was produced to facilitate operationalisation by digital educators who may not have a CP background. The study further explored how AL can be integrated into online higher education curricula, identifying strategies for educators and students to develop AL practices and address barriers to these practices. Despite systemic and structural constraints, cultivating AL allows educators and students to exercise a greater degree of individual and collective agency over their own attention in a digital world. Implications for practice or policy: Students can be guided in developing AL through a series of stages involving awareness and noticing, focus and intentional choice, openness and curiosity, and consideration of the wider attentional ecosystem. Educators should develop their own AL first, approaching it holistically by integrating personal, pedagogical and professional development-related practices, along with complementary offline activities. Institutions can maximise scope for AL development by increasing technological support and, especially, reducing curricular time pressure on educators and students.

Developing a Clinical Service in Interventional Radiology: Results from the 2024 CIRSE Clinical Practice Survey.

Engaging in clinical service development is a prerequisite for Interventional Radiology (IR) to prosper as a full clinical discipline. The CIRSE Clinical Services in IR Task Force conducted a survey of CIRSE members worldwide to assess the current status of their clinical practice and to identify areas of practice requiring further support. An online questionnaire with 63 structured items was sent to 7,501 CIRSE members in November 2023. The survey was closed in January 2024 and a statistical data analysis was performed. A total of 520 complete responses were collected. 49.6% of respondents have an IR outpatient clinic, 34.5% have a dedicated IR day-case ward and 19.8% have dedicated inpatient beds. While 62% of respondents treat patients as the primary consultant responsible for their patients' care, 40.3% of respondents currently without their own beds have admitting rights to the hospital. Clinical practice activities are itemised in the work schedule of 41.3% of respondents and 45% routinely perform ward rounds. A total of 40% feel very positive with their personal clinical practice competency. With half of responding IRs having primary patient access and clinical services in place, the results are encouraging; however further engagement by those who are not yet involved is required. The authors advocate a step-wise approach towards clinical services starting with ward rounds, and subsequently taking increasing responsibility for each step in the IR patient pathway.

Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a Yoga-Based Intervention Targeting Anger Management for People Who Are Incarcerated.

Introduction: Incarceration represents an opportune moment to improve self-management of anger and aggression. A hatha yoga-based intervention (YBI) could serve as a useful adjunctive intervention for anger within prisons. Methods: We enrolled 40 people with elevated levels of anger who were incarcerated (20 in a women's facility, and 20 in a men's facility) in a 10-week pilot randomized controlled trial of a YBI versus. a health education (HE) control group. Participants attended their respective groups once per week. We examined indices of feasibility and acceptability, including intervention credibility, expectancy the intervention would be helpful, intervention satisfaction, class attendance, engagement in personal practice, instructor fidelity, intervention safety, and study recruitment and retention rates. We also examined changes in clinical outcomes including anger, depression, anxiety, and behavioral infractions over time. Results: We met targets for several outcomes: credibility of the YBI and HE interventions, expectancy that they would be helpful, and satisfaction with the programs. Instructors demonstrated fidelity to both manuals. There were no serious adverse events related to study participation. Class attendance did not meet our target outcome in either facility and rates of personal practice met our target outcome in the men's but not the women's facility. For people enrolled in the YBI, anger, depression, and anxiety tended to decrease over time. Qualitative interviews with participants pointed to overall high satisfaction with the YBI and provided information on facility-related barriers to class attendance. Conclusion: Although we did not meet all our feasibility targets in this study, we note high participant enthusiasm. Thus, we believe this line of research is worth pursuing, with further attention to ways to decrease facility-related barriers to class attendance and personal practice. Clinical trials registration: NCT05336123.

Legislative developments in personal insolvency in China’s mainland: A comparative analysis of regional practices in China’s mainland, Hong Kong, and Taiwan Region

AbstractWith the ongoing implementation of personal insolvency practices in China’s mainland, the realization of a nationwide personal insolvency system in China’s mainland no longer appears distant. In the design of specific personal insolvency schemes, key elements to consider are establishing entry criteria, assessing the integrity of debtors, determining the duration of the discharge examination period, setting the length of the blocking period for subsequent insolvencies. Additionally, the availability of a simplified procedure for personal insolvency should also be considered. By analysing 12 official documents from regional practices in China's mainland and comparing them with corresponding regulations in Taiwan Region ("Taiwan") and Hong Kong, we can draw valuable experiences and identify shortcomings. This effort aims to lay the foundation for a unified personal insolvency system in the future of China’s mainland.

The Relationship of Individual Characteristics and Farm Biosecurity Implementation with The Incident of Contact Dermatitis

Poultry workers risk contracting diseases due to physical or biological exposure. One such disease is contact dermatitis. This study aims to analyze the individual and the application of livestock biosecurity that can be associated with cases of contact dermatitis in cage workers. This study a descriptive-quantitative that uses a cross-sectional approach. The research was conducted at PT. X in June 2022. The sample of this study was 43 people who were taken through simple random sampling. Data was collected using questionnaires, interviews, and observations. The results were then tested using Chi-Square and Odds Ratio (OR) with a Confidence Level of 95%. The study showed that two variables were associated with contact dermatitis, namely cage ventilation (OR= 5.45; 95% CI: 1.21 - 24.43; P=0,020) and frequency of hand washing (OR= 2.70; 95% CI: 2.57 - 282.99; P=0,001). Meanwhile, variables that were not significantly related were age (P=0.306), gender (P=0.206), length of work (p=0.698), floor (P=1.000), and PPE usage (P=0.245). Poor environmental quality and personal hygiene practices could affect contact dermatitis in workers. Therefore, efforts are needed, such as occupational safety and health education for workers, routine health checks, and environmental inspections at PT. X.

A cut above the rest? The value of post-mortem examinations in undergraduate forensic science education

Very few people have the opportunity to witness a post-mortem first-hand in a mortuary environment. These spaces are typically reserved for those in the medical profession, including doctors in training. However, students enrolled on other programmes may go on to future careers that involve interacting with deceased individuals. Forensic Science graduates, for example, may enter professional roles that require the recovery, sampling, analysis and/or identification of the dead. In only a small number of cases will forensic students have had the opportunity to attend a post-mortem in person. In this article, we explore the value of incorporating post-mortem visits on undergraduate forensic science degrees from an academic (KS) and a student (FS) perspective. As part of this research, we obtained supplementary feedback from students who had also attended a post-mortem as part of their undergraduate degree at the University of Staffordshire. This research shows that while there can be logistical challenges when arranging post-mortem visits, students find the experience to be incredibly valuable, allowing them to improve their own personal and professional practice, and learn about up-to-date methods and processes used by practitioners. It could be argued that these visits are invaluable as they facilitate observational learning, especially the practical application of theoretical knowledge and understanding of post-mortems and the identification process, which in turn improves the employability of students.

Fri rørsle for namn?

Combining autoethnographic methods with close observation of the use of personal names in identity documents, this article considers affective dimensions of personal names. Focusing especially on psychological aspects behind a decision made by the author at a young age to change his first name, the article suggests that Carl Rogers’ concept of conditions of worth offers insights into personal naming practices, while the notion of incongruence provides a useful framework for understanding some typical reasons for changing a name. The author proposes onomastic dysphoria as a term to encapsulate the extreme mismatch that an individual may experience between their own name and their self-concept. Analysing the bureaucratic implications of the name change and a subsequent naturalisation application, the article makes a case for free movement of names at an international level.

From classroom learning to real-world skills: an autoethnographic account of school field trips and STEM work immersion program management

Quality science education is crucial in preparing students for real-world challenges by fostering scientific literacy and critical thinking skills. Field trips and work immersion programs support this goal by providing hands-on experiences and real-world applications of scientific concepts, thereby enhancing student engagement and understanding. This autoethnographic study explores the management of school field trips and work immersion programs, emphasising their impact on student engagement and learning outcomes. Through personal experiences and reflective practices, I examine the logistical planning, risk management, and curriculum alignment necessary for successful implementation. The findings highlight how these programs enhance students’ understanding of scientific principles, foster critical thinking, and encourage STEM career interests. Key strategies include collaborative planning, flexibility, and ongoing evaluation, providing insights into optimising educational programs and bridging the gap between classroom learning and real-world application.

Understanding literacy as human practice: exploring stories about (people like) us

ABSTRACT This paper examines literacy as a sociocultural, personal and human practice dependent on and derived through relationships between people, settings and culture. Drawing on a recent empirical research study that combines learner, teacher and author perspectives [Curtin (2023) Reading and Writing Pathways Through Children’s and Young Adult Literature: Exploring Literacy, Identity and Story with Authors and Readers. Routledge], I explore how children’s literature may be used to develop meaningful and authentic literacy pedagogies in the primary classroom. The research methodology for this study employed interviews with sixteen international and award-winning children’s literature authors. This paper presents one author's interview from the study in detail in an effort to illustrate the importance of identity and personal resonance in literacy learning. To this end, funds of knowledge [Moll, Amanti, Neff, and Gonzalez. (1992). “Funds of Knowledge for Teaching: Using a Qualitative Approach to Connect Homes and Classrooms.” Theory Into Practice 31 (2): 132–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405849209543534] and light and dark [Zipin (2009). “Dark Funds of Knowledge, Deep Funds of Pedagogy: Exploring Boundaries Between Lifeworlds and Schools.” Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 30 (3): 317–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596300903037044] pedagogical approaches are applied in a discussion of genre study using (auto) biographical text in the primary classroom. Identity affirming and culturally resonant pedagogies developed seek to engage learners in literacy as a human practice. The paper concludes by considering key insights and ways forward.

Connecting the dots: Exploring the relationship between menstrual hygiene and bacterial vaginosis in eastern India

ABSTRACT Introduction: Menstruation is a normal physiological event that takes place in a rhythmic fashion during the reproductive period of a woman. Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) practices differ and depend on the individual’s socioeconomic status, local traditions and beliefs, and access to water and sanitation resources. Insufficient and incorrect information regarding menstruation and lack of knowledge and awareness leads to poor personal hygienic practices, which further leads to many infections. Bacterial vaginosis, the most common RTI, is characterized by an alteration in the vaginal micro biome with a decline in hydrogen peroxide producing Lactobacillus colonization and an overgrowth of facultative anaerobic bacteria like Gardnerella spp., Mobiluncus spp., etc. Aims: The primary objective of the study was to find out the association of bacterial vaginosis with menstrual hygiene practices. The secondary objective was to determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among patients presenting with vaginal discharge to the outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital. Methods: Women in the reproductive age group 18-45 years having regular menstrual cycles were included in the study. Participants were enquired for sociodemographic data, menstrual hygiene practices and symptoms of abnormal vaginal discharge. High vaginal swab was collected for the symptomatic patients and sent to investigate for presence of bacterial vaginosis. Results and observation: The prevalence of BV was found to be 13% among symptomatic patients presenting with abnormal vaginal discharge. Apart from abnormal discharge, itching and burning sensation was also seen to have a positive association with bacterial vaginosis (p < 0.001). The women who used clothes as absorbent were more prone to develop BV than women using sanitary pad. The other parameters to have positive association with BV were decreased frequency of taking body bath. Unsatisfactory sanitation of latrine was found to be strongly associated with BV after adjusting for confounders. Conclusion: In conclusion, the result of this study provided a strong association between poor MHM practices with BV.

The state of food safety and hygiene in bottled water production facilities in the five provinces of the Central Highlands region in 2023

A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from March 2023 to December 2023 to assess the implementation of food safety regulations in bottled water production facilities across the five provinces of the Central Highlands region (Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Dak Lak, Dak Nong, Lam Dong) in 2023. The study evaluated food safety conditions, practices of direct production personnel, and collected bottled water samples for testing five bacterial indicators according to QCVN 6-1:2010/BYT. The results showed that the majority of facilities did not meet the criteria of physical infrastructure conditions at 74.7% (56/75), equipment and utensil conditions at 74.7% (56/75), conditions of direct production personnel at 44.0% (33/75), personal hygiene practices at 65.3% (49/75), and bottle cleaning practices at 72% (54/75). The rate of microbial contamination in bottled water products was 70.7% (53/75), of which the main contamination was Pseudomonas aeruginosa 45.3% (34/75), total Coliforms 42.7% (32/75), Clostridia 6.7% (5/75) and Streptococci feacal 2.0% (2/75). Some factors related to bacterial contamination in bottled water products are the condition of facilities, practicing personal hygiene, and practicing bottle hygiene.

AI's Role in EFL: Optimizing Opportunities while Mitigating Risks

As artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are increasingly being adopted in educational contexts, it is essential to understand how key stakeholders perceive opportunities and challenges for responsible integration. This mixed-methods study explored EFL teachers' perspectives on utilizing AI tools for instruction, learning activities, and assessment. An online survey collected both quantitative and qualitative data from 150 EFL teachers regarding their experiences, attitudes, and beliefs about AI's pedagogical role and ethical considerations. Descriptive statistics revealed generally positive views of AI's potential for personalized learning and practice opportunities, though ongoing concerns around risks to human interaction, privacy, and bias. Teachers favored collaborative models, with AI playing a supporting role under educator oversight. Significant gaps in teachers' technical literacy and lack of training or support for integration emerged as barriers requiring attention. While potential applications for standardized assessment were acknowledged, ongoing validation of AI models against human judgment was deemed necessary. Qualitative analysis identified uncertainty around AI's impacts on higher-order skill development and communicative competence. Guidelines delineating appropriate roles and oversight frameworks were seen as imperative to ensure aligned, ethical usage maximizing opportunities. This study provides timely empirical insights to inform the development of policies, tools, programs, and practices facilitating the judicious adoption of AI as a partner in strengthening EFL education worldwide through collaborative human-AI partnerships grounded in evidence-based research.

The influence of stakeholder theory and Islamic faith on employee perception of CSR

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the influences of employee perception of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the Readymade Garment Industry (RMG). The RMG industry in Bangladesh has faced constant criticism of their working practices, and following some fatal incidents, the industry was faced with external pressures of implementing CSR practices and policies. Manufacturers invested and initiated CSR in their business and marketing strategy to survive in the global competition. Employees are internal stakeholders that help to implement and disseminate strategies successfully; however, there is not enough knowledge in the area of employee perception of CSR. Design/methodology/approach The paper is an exploratory study using the quantitative data collection method. In total, 128 responses have been collected from participants who are employees of garment factories in Bangladesh to understand their perception of CSR. Regression analysis has been conducted to ascertain the relationships between the factors that influence employee perception. Theories of stakeholder management, organizational citizenship behaviour, social exchange theory and employee engagement have been used to analyse the factors that influence employee perception. Findings The findings show that the factors that influence perception of CSR are not confined to the stakeholder’s initiatives but are significantly dependent on the employees’ direct involvement, engagement and personal values as a beneficiary and an executioner. In addition to the stakeholder’s initiatives that are a key deliverable to the marketing strategy, the employees are influenced by their personal beliefs and practices that can be associated with influences of religion, culture and the wider social landscape. Research limitations/implications The data is limited to a small number of factories located near the capital, Dhaka, this is a small sample compared to the 4,000 factories in Bangladesh. Further research can be conducted based on a larger data set, which could represent a wider range of employee perspectives from different factories relating to size, product category and geographical location. The study does not expand on the factors that influence employee perception specifically. Practical implications The findings of the study can help the employers understand that the organization’s priority and participation are not the only factors that influence the employee’s perceptions. The employees’ assessment of the stakeholder’s intentions of CSR, which are reflected in the organization’s priority, shapes employee perceptions that are influenced by their personal values and beliefs. The awareness of the factors that influence the employees will enable organizations to motivate them and deliver on expectations of the business partners. Social implications It is the practices aimed at the employees that enhance their engagement in CSR that enable them to reciprocate and influence their perception of the organization’s fair and genuine motives. The effectiveness of this aids the macro-marketing aspects of managing social concerns and the impact of businesses. Originality/value The data collected is primary data from employees of garment manufacturers. The hypothesized framework is developed by the authors, and the outcomes of the factors that influence the employee perception of CSR are escalated from the analysis conducted by the authors.

Evaluation of Self-Directed Learning Readiness Among Medical Students in Sharjah, the United Arab Emirates.

Self-directed learning (SDL) has become an essential learning principle in medical curricula and a requirement of the professional accreditation standards. It has been advocated that SDL is an effective learning strategy for medical students to develop competence in knowledge acquisition and in promoting life-long learning. Although it has been presumed that problem-based learning (PBL) improves the learner's SDL readiness (SDLR), its effects arestill debatable. This study aimed to investigate the readiness for self-directed learning readiness (SDLR) among undergraduate medical students in problem-based learning (PBL) and non-PBL programs, examining the influence of gender, academic performance, and program year level. This cross-sectional study used a validated instrument, the SDLR instrument (SDLRI), to assess self-directed learning readiness. It consists of 20 items classified into the following four domains: learning motivation (six items), planning and implementation (six items), self-monitoring (four items), and interpersonal communication (four items) based upon a five-point Likert scale. Additionally, demographic data like academic year level, gender, and the student's final grade from the previous semester were collected. Questionnaires were administered to students in their first, third, and fifth (final) academic year across three different medical colleges in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). One of these colleges adopts a hybrid problem-based learning (PBL) approach, while the other two follow non-PBL programs. A total of 386 responses were collected, with 200 students (51.8%) from the hybrid PBL program and 186 students (48.2%) from the non-PBL programs. The overall mean SDLR score was 59.0±18.2. In both programs, the high-achieving students scored SDLR of 64.7±18.0 (n=112), which was statistically significantly higher than the eight medium- and low-achieving students, 57.8±17.2 (n=224). However, the overall SDLR score showed no significant difference in gender or between PBL and non-PBL programs. Although the SDLR increased as PBL students advanced in the program, it decreased in the non-PBL curricula. However, this difference was not statistically significant. The high-achieving students displayed a higher level of SDLR than 10 of the medium- or low-achieving students, regardless of the educational program. This highlights the essential effect of the intrinsic factor for undertaking SDL and implies that students should initiate the process. Moreover, enhancing personal development and SDL educational practices might be effective in improving SDLR if partly implemented in medical programs.

The transformative power of practitioner inquiry: collaborative autoethnography, norm critique and research circles in Swedish education

ABSTRACT This article builds on the social justice and critical and emancipatory dimensions of practitioner inquiry in education. The aim is to demonstrate the potential and challenges of collaborative autoethnography for institutional change, transformative learning and norm critique. Taking Jack Mezirow’s and Paulo Freire’s theoretical framework as a starting point, I analyse four autoethnographic cases conducted by Swedish teachers. I demonstrate the ways in which autoethnography may help teachers realise their own silence and unresponsiveness regarding oppression related to ethnicity, gender, professional role and generational hierarchies in preschools and schools. The collaborative autoethnography also instigates teachers’ realisation of space-time dynamics and other institutionalised constraints and their constitutive power over practices, feelings, understandings and social relations. The transformative learning that has emerged from collaborative autoethnography has led us to recognise the necessity and challenges of conducting empirical analysis, engaging in self-reflection and dialogue, and transforming institutionalised and personal practices and norms. While bringing about institutional change has been challenging, individual and relational transformation has been more achievable. I argue that top-down initiated practitioner inquiry with colleagues and superiors at one’s workplace may be more challenging, and I also argue for the benefits of engaging in practitioner inquiry with people outside one’s own organisation.

RhD-positive red blood cell allocation practice to RhD-negative patients before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The red blood cell (RBC) D antigen is highly immunogenic, and anti-D alloimmunization can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. This study examined how RhD-negative patients who required packed RBCs (pRBCs) were handled during the COVID-19 pandemic and whether policies and practices on RhD-positive pRBC allocation to RhD-negative patients changed. The Association for the Advancement of Blood & Biotherapies (AABB) Clinical Hemotherapy Subsection distributed a 17-question survey to physician AABB members to elucidate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the policies and practices governing the provision of RhD-positive pRBCs to RhD-negative patients. There were 215 respondents who started the survey, but only 104 answered all the questions. Most institutional policies (130/155 [83.87%]) and personal practices (100/126 [79.37%]) on pRBC selection did not change during the COVID-19 pandemic. The practice of switching back to RhD-negative pRBCs after administration of RhD-positive pRBCs is variable. More than half of respondents (56/104 [53.85%]) reported offering Rh immunoglobulin to any Rh-negative patients who received RhD-positive pRBCs. Despite RhD-negative pRBC supply challenges, most institutional policies and personal practices on when to provide RhD-positive pRBCs to RhD-negative patients did not change during the pandemic.

Food Hygiene Practices and the Risk of Diarrhea in Children of Working Mothers in Rural Bangladesh

Background: This study addresses the imperative role of maternal personal and household hygiene in safeguarding young children from diarrhea in rural Bangladesh. With young children facing heightened susceptibility to diarrhea during weaning, potential sources of contamination include traditional weaning foods, water quality, and utensil hygiene. This study aims to investigate the influence of maternal hygiene practices on the prevalence of diarrhea among young children in rural area of Khulna, Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in rural areas of Bangladesh from January to June 2023, focusing on under-five children and their working mothers. Results: The study revealed significant associations between hygiene practices and diarrhea prevalence. Proper hand washing by mothers before food preparation exhibited a protective effect (OR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.03 - 3.24). Ensuring utensil hygiene was correlated with lower diarrhea risk (OR: 11.29, 95% CI: 5.19 - 24.55). Moreover, consistent maternal hand washing after using the toilet (OR: 6.92, 95% CI: 3.08 - 15.55) and before feeding (OR:2.38, 95% CI: 1.17 - 4.82) significantly reduced diarrhea risk among children. Conclusion: The study underscores the critical role of maternal personal and household hygiene practices in preventing diarrhea among young children in rural Bangladesh. IAHS Medical Journal Volume 6(2) December 2023; 73-77

THE MOTIF OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT'S INFLUENCE ON THE INDIVIDUAL

The article analyzes the motif of the influence of urban life on the characters (the fate of people) of Tolen Abdikov’s story “The right hand” and Didar Amantay’s story “I miss you”. Also, issues such as loneliness, misunderstanding within the family, lack of time in the city, the density of the life schedule, people’s envy and jealousy, that are part of city life were comprehensively analyzed through examples from the works. The influence of city life on the consciousness, mood and soul of a person, conflict situations in communication between people were revealed based on a psychoanalytic analysis of the heroes’ characters and analyzed with examples of situations which took place in the personal practice of the scientist K. Jung who studied the psychology of creativity. The hermeneutic method is employed for the interpretation of the text of a literary work, while the psychoanalytic method is utilized for discerning the author's unconscious imagination and analyzing the unconscious actions of characters within the literary piece. Furthermore, the article sets forth the task of analyzing changes in the psychology of urban characters in relation to societal transformations. The conclusions drawn from this study can be applied as additional educational material in preparation for lectures and practical classes in the disciplines “Theory of Literature”, “Modern Kazakh Literature”, “Literary Analysis and Literary Creativity” which are taught in universities and also during studying the formation of new directions in literary criticism.

Asymptomatic Bacteriuria: Multidisciplinary Perspectives

Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is the presence of a sufficient quantity of at least one bacterial species in the urine of a patient without any related symptoms. ASB may be diagnosed by urinalysis in a variety of settings. However, routine screening and treatment is not evidence-based in most clinical situations, and antibiotic use in this setting contributes to unintended outcomes including antimicrobial resistance. Personal and institutional practice should use a multidisciplinary approach to apply the best available evidence to minimize screening for ASB and avoid associated antimicrobial treatment.