Personal Obligation Research Articles

Elegies and Laments in the Nova Scotia Gaelic Song Tradition: Conservatism and Innovation

Gaelic-speaking emigrants brought with them a massive body of oral tradition, including a rich and varied corpus of song–poetry, and many of the emigrants were themselves highly skilled song-makers. Elegies were a particularly prominent genre that formed a crucially important aspect of the sizeable amount of panegyric verse for members of the Gaelic aristocracy, which is a tradition dating back to the Middle Ages. This contribution will demonstrate that elegies retained a prominent place in the Gaelic tradition in the new world Gaelic communities established in many parts of Canada and in particular in eastern Nova Scotia. In many respects, the tradition is a conservative one: there are strong elements of continuity. One important difference is the subjects for whom elegies were composed: in the new world context, praise for clan chiefs and other members of the traditional Gaelic aristocracy were no longer of relevance, although a small number were composed primarily out of a sense of personal obligation for patronage shown in the Old Country. Instead—and as was increasingly happening in the nineteenth century in Scotland, as well—the deaths of new community leaders, including clergy, and other prominent Gaels were recorded in verse. The large number of songs composed to mark the deaths of community members is also important—particularly young people lost at sea and in other tragic circumstances, occasionally in military service, and so forth. In these song–poems, we see local poets playing a role assumed by song-makers throughout Gaelic-speaking Scotland and Ireland: that of spokespeople for the community as a whole.

Features of the application of preventive measures in the investigation of criminal offenses related to domestic violence

Taking into account the analysis of international legal documents, current legislation, ECHR practice, national case law, the peculiarities of preventive measures in the investigation of criminal offenses related to domestic violence have been singled out, in particular those relating to the grounds for preventive measures, the circumstances taken into account election, the procedure for electing restrictive measures.
 It is proved that the meaning of the concept of "criminal offense related to domestic violence" is much broader than purely domestic violence as a part of a criminal offense under Art. 126-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.
 It is emphasized that tools for assessing the risk of domestic violence have not yet been developed for investigators, prosecutors and judges. The list of circumstances that can be clarified during the application of a preventive measure against a person suspected of committing a crime related to domestic violence, and an assessment of the risks of negative behavior of such a person during criminal proceedings is given.
 The essence and procedure for applying the restrictive measures provided for in Part 6 of Art. 194 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine have been investigated. Restrictive measures provided for in Part 6 of Art. 194 of the CPC of Ukraine, are not preventive, as they are used as additional responsibilities. Such restrictive measures may be taken during the application of preventive measures in the form of personal obligation, personal guarantee, bail, house arrest, detention. Restrictive measures may be imposed on a suspect or accused only when considering a request for a measure of restraint. It is proved that in the course of resolving the issue of choosing a measure of restraint during the investigation of criminal offenses related to domestic violence, it is appropriate to apply the restrictive measures provided for in Part 6 of Art. 194 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine.

The Counterproductive Effect of Pharmaceutical Marketing in Pakistan: A Qualitative Study

This study explores the effects of pharmaceutical marketing on patients and society in Pakistan. Pharmaceutical marketing is an integral part of the drug industry, which channels product-related information to healthcare professionals. Physicians are the target audience as they prescribe medicine to the users. The pharmaceutical industry mobilizes all resources to influence physicians’ prescriptions in favor of their brands. It is commendable from the organizational perspective, however; it leads to unintended negative consequences for society. The primary reason is the blind pursuit of commercial interest and near-total neglect of ethical behavior in marketing drugs. This study conducted open-ended 20 interviews from primary stakeholders of this issue that includes physicians, pharmaceutical managers, and officials of drug regulatory authority through purposive sampling. The findings show that misleading promotional strategies influencing physicians are responsible for the misuse and abuse of drugs and antibiotics. Pharmaceutical drug incentivization, the personal obligation for physicians, skewed data, and inappropriate promotions were the major categories developed during analysis. The study recommends various steps to minimize these ill effects.

Imposed volunteering: Gender and caring responsibilities during the COVID-19 lockdown

This article contributes to the sociology of care-relational justice by identifying, conceptualising and unpacking ‘imposed volunteering’ as a mechanism that shapes societal caring arrangements. Contemporary societies allocate care work disproportionately to women, ethnic minorities and working-class citizens, which exacerbates social inequalities. Distribution of caring responsibilities is a political question but often not recognised as such, because it is deeply immersed in everyday routines. Our study uses the context of the COVID-19 pandemic to dissect the distribution mechanisms that became unusually palpable when the lockdown of public welfare provision in Denmark relocated some forms of care work from professionals to volunteers. With the term imposed volunteering, we conceptualise the feeling of being coerced into taking on new caring responsibilities, which some women – and men – experienced during the lockdown. Drawing on a national, representative survey, we document that, compared to men, women carried out significantly more voluntary care work and organised voluntary work through informal personal networks rather than through formal civil society organisations to a significantly higher degree. We unpack the experience of imposed volunteering as it unfolded during the lockdown through qualitative case studies, and clarify how relational and institutional factors, such as gendered expectations and the sense of personal obligation, imposed volunteering. Our study illuminates the importance of public care, reciprocal caring relationships and care for carers, and demonstrates why the mobilisation of care work volunteers must take gendered implications into account if it is to be consistent with democratic commitments to justice, equality and freedom for all.

Career counselling Chinese youth in North America

ABSTRACT As a core component of culture, family influence plays an essential role on youths and individuals who grow up in families of Chinese cultural heritage in North America. This influence, overtly and covertly, shapes many aspects of these individuals’ life experiences, including their work-life experiences and vocational behaviours. In this article we delineate the familial influence on work-life and careers in Chinese youths within a North American context, namely, the USA and Canada. To this end, we elaborate on the interactions between North American and Chinese cultures, family acculturation and intergeneration conflicts. Based on that, we propose ideas and career counselling strategies for Chinese North American youths struggling with negotiating between personal fulfilment and family obligation in their career development.

Verification by the prosecutor of the legality and validity of the decisions made by the investigating judge regarding the applied security measures

The article is devoted to clarifying what the stage of an appeal in criminal proceedings is. During the investigation, the decisions of the investigating judge concerning the application of measures to ensure criminal proceedings are con-sidered to be appealed in accordance with the requirements of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine. It was empha-sized that appealing the decisions of the investigating judge during the pre-trial investigation is an important guarantee of ensuring the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of the participants in the criminal proceedings. The list of persons who have the right to file an appeal is covered. The normative regulation of appealing against the decisions of the investigating judge is analyzed. The problematic issues of this activity and the definition of ways of normative regulation are considered. In the course of the research the works of scientists on the outlined issues are analyzed.The article examines the role of the prosecutor in verifying the legality and validity of decisions made by the investigating judge on the election, change, cancellation of measures to ensure criminal proceedings. Attention is drawn to the peculiarities of the prosecutor’s appeal of certain precautionary measures. Emphasis is placed on the peculiarities of the prosecutor’s filing of appeals, the quality of preparation of response documents. The peculiarities of appealing the decision of the appellate court, ruled on the results of the review of the decision of the investigating judge on the application of certain precautionary measures, have been studied. The characteristic features of appealing certain measures to ensure criminal proceedings have been identified and investigated.It is concluded that it is expedient to supplement the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine with provisions on the possibility for the prosecutor to appeal the decisions of the investigating judge on seizure of property, refusal, full or partial revocation of seizure of property, revocation of seizure of property, return of temporarily seized items and documents. measures in the form of a personal obligation or refusal to apply it, application of a precautionary measure in the form of a personal guarantee, application of a measure of restraint in the form of transfer of a juvenile suspect or accused under the supervision of parents, guardians, trustees or administration of a child care institution.

Factors Associated With Leaving Against Medical Advice From Inpatient Substance Use Detoxification Treatment

Objective: The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with leaving against medical advice (AMA) from inpatient substance use detoxification treatment. Methods: A retrospective study of 832 adult patients discharged AMA from an inpatient substance use detoxification unit. Variables from the following factors were included: demographics, substance type, medical history, psychiatric history, tobacco use, detoxification protocol, legal history, and reason for discharge AMA. The outcome variable was days until discharge AMA. Results: For demographics, only increased age was significantly associated with increased days before leaving AMA (B=0.002, SE=0.001, P< 0.01). For detoxification protocol, lorazepam was significantly associated with increased days before leaving AMA (B=0.06, SE=0.03, P< 0.05). For reasons for discharge AMA, only personal obligation was significantly associated with increased days before leaving AMA (B=0.05, SE=0.02, P< 0.01). Medical history, substance type, psychiatric history, tobacco use, and legal history were each not significantly associated with days before leaving AMA. Conclusions: This study identified factors associated with leaving AMA from substance use detoxification units. Clinicians may find it useful to spend more time counseling younger patients to encourage engagement in the entire spectrum of care, including detoxification completion. Patients who cited personal obligations as a reason for leaving AMA stayed more days than those who did not cite personal obligations as a reason for leaving AMA. Clinicians may thus find it useful to assess the urgency of the patient’s personal obligations before initiating detoxification, highlight ways addiction impacts each patient’s personal obligations, and identify available supports in the community to promote treatment completion.

Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior in Sustainability Reporting of Institutions of Higher Educatio

Identity theory (Ashford & Mael, 1989) is a common theoretical frame used in past studies on unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB). Scholars assumed that organizational identification is a key factor driving permanent and temporary employees to engage in UPB. We extend this framework by integrating accountability theorization and identity theory to propose that individual perceived accountability (operationalized as personal obligation) may provide additional explanation of variance in UPB beyond organizational identification, especially for temporarily employees with a likely weak OI. We designed two studies - a 320-student-participant game theoretic experimental study and a 251-participant survey study - to test the influence of employment status (temporary vs. permanent), employee task role (preparer vs. reviewer), and interpersonal trust (chat vs. no chat) on employees’ engagement in UPB. Findings support an interacting influence of employment status and interpersonal trust building situations on employees’ UPB engagement. Interpersonal trust moderated the relationship between PO and UPB.

Meanings of Intrafamily Succession and Transgenerational Intent in Business Families

We offer guidelines regarding how business family parents who wish to pass the family business to the next generation may best generate transgenerational intent in their children. Our recommendations derive from making two distinctions that are implicit in studies on transgenerational intent. First, some predictors identified by scholars as having influence over children’s transgenerational intent cannot be manipulated by parents; some can. Second, there are two meanings to intrafamily succession in business families: personal choice and family obligation. Accounting for these two insights, we suggest that, given meaning context, certain parental tactics will be more practical and effective than others.

Beyond subjective and personal: Endorsing pro-environmental norms as moral norms

Numerous studies demonstrated that pro-environmental norms predict pro-environmental behavior. Yet little attention has been devoted to the normativity of these norms, whether they qualify as social-conventional or moral. The present study examined moral endorsement of pro-environmental norms and how it relates to moral emotions and pro-environmental behavior. Based on nation-wide online survey with 1251 Canadian participants (mean age = 23.3 years, 48.7% females), it was demonstrated that moral endorsement of pro-environmental norms forms a continuous scale that fits the assumptions of a Rasch item-response model. Moral endorsement of pro-environmental norms was associated with various types of moral emotions and pro-environmental behavior. Individuals' sense of personal obligation partially mediated the effect of moral endorsement on pro-environmental behavior. Findings indicate that moral endorsement is distinct from conceptualizations of pro-environmental norms as either personal or subjective as defined in leading accounts of environmental psychology employed to explain why people take pro-environmental actions.

Personal Metaphors as Motivational Resources: Boosting Anticipated Incentives and Feelings of Vitality Through a Personal Motto-Goal

Motto-goals describe a desired mind-set and provide a person with a guiding principle of how to approach a personal goal or obligation (e.g., with the inner strength of a bear I am forging ahead). We propose that motto-goals can be conceptionalized as individually created metaphors and that the figurative, metaphorical language and the characteristics of the formation process make them effective in changing the perception of unpleasant personal obligations as more inherently enjoyable and raise vitality levels. To test whether a newly devised minimalistic motto-goal intervention can make goal striving more attractive (stronger anticipation of activity related incentives) and energize goal-oriented action (increase vitality) in relation to an unpleasant obligation, two experimental studies were conducted. In Study 1 the motto-goal condition led to stronger anticipation of activity related incentives and vitality compared to a distraction task. The effect on vitality was partially mediated by a change in feelings of autonomy. Study 2 replicated the effects compared to a placebo intervention and further found motto-goals to be specifically effective in increasing the anticipation of activity related incentives as opposed to outcome related incentives. The results support that applying motto-goals built with a newly developed minimalist motto-goal intervention can influence the subjective experience of individuals faced with a previously unpleasant obligation.

The Debt Status of Commercial Company under Gharimin Perspective

Currently, commercial entity companies are not regarded yet as one of the groups that receive the zakat. This paper examines the debt status and its micro and macro-economic implications of corporations that experienced the debt shackled in the zakat system through analogy on personal gharim (person in the burden debt). The analysis presented here has been designed on a library research, an analogy method, as well as seen from a debt trap theory. This paper particularly argues that in the twist condition of enterprises to repay their debt, a commercial company may be entitled as the recipient of zakat on behalf of gharim (the fifth group who receives the zakat). It further argues that the loan of the commercial company has a larger impact than individual gharim. Synchronizing the entity companies as “syakhsun i’tibariyun” (the legal person) to the personal obligation to pay zakat is matched to be the reasons for their gharim’s status. The results of this paper contribute to expanding the recipient of zakat on behalf of gharim and enhance the insight of zakat distribution in Islamic philanthropy institutions.

Nurses working in healthcare facilities during natural disasters: a qualitative enquiry.

To explore the ability of nurses to be adequately ready for and to respond to a disaster caused by a natural hazard. During a disaster involving a healthcare facility, nurses are commonly the largest group of healthcare workers impacted. The range of problems facing nurses working in healthcare facilities in Australia and New Zealand at the time of disasters triggered by earthquakes and bushfires have been underexamined. A qualitative enquiry was used to explore matters facing nurses working in residential healthcare facilities during a natural disaster. Inductive thematic analysis was used to identify the key themes from fifteen in-depth interviews with nurses. Participants preserved a robust sense of professional duty, personal obligation and responsibility to their family, patients and the facility, demonstrating the ability to adapt, cope and respond despite experiencing diverse personal, structural and organizational barriers. Support was provided for using interactive systems and socio-ecological frameworks to better understand the contributions that individuals, teams and organizations make to facilitate the development and maintenance of adaptive capacity and resilience in a nursing workforce. An ecological model of adaptive capacity can be operationalized to guide education, training for nurses and the development of organizational systems and strategies. This study identified factors that help and hinder a nursing workforce's ability to prepared for, adapt to and learn from natural hazard disasters. This understanding of disaster preparedness and how this may be applied to enable the growth of adaptive nurses provides an insight for a global audience which also adds to nurse education, service delivery, organizational and policy development.

Individual investors’ intention towards SRI in India: an implementation of the theory of reasoned action

PurposeThis study aims to explore and comprehend the reasons behind individual investors’ intention towards socially responsible investment (SRI) in the Indian stock market along with examining the validity of the theory of reasoned action (TRA) model to predict such phenomenon in the Indian context.Design/methodology/approachThe TRA has been used as an underlying framework and has been extended by adding four variables, namely, moral norms, environmental concern, financial literacy and financial performance. The study used a self-administered questionnaire and adopted a convenience sampling method for a survey to collect the data from the individual investors from the capital cities of three states of India. Further, the collected data have been analysed using two-step structural equation modelling.FindingsResults of this study indicate a significant impact of attitude, subjective norms, moral norms, financial literacy and financial performance on investors’ intention towards SRI; however, no significant relation was found between environmental concern and investors’ SRI intention. The multiple squared correlation (R2) shows that the final model could explain 71% of the variance in investors’ intention towards SRI, which signifies a successful implementation of TRA model along with new additions to predict investors’ decision-making behaviour for SRI. Moreover, investors are found to be highly concerned primarily about their financial goals and then for their personal obligation towards society as far as SRI is concerned.Practical implicationsThis study reports significant and prominent importance of subjective norms in SRI which could be a strategic theme for the government and the policymakers to influence investors through their opinion leaders to promote SRI. The government should also increase its efforts to facilitate financial literacy among citizens.Originality/valueUsing the TRA model and four variables, namely, moral norms, environmental concern, financial literacy and financial performance addition to its original variables, this study extends the understandings of SRI which is perhaps the novelty of this paper because such examination of SRI has not been conducted, especially in the case of developing countries such as India.

Mitigating COVID-19 in a Nationally Representative UK Sample: Personal Abilities and Obligation to Obey the Law Shape Compliance with Mitigation Measures

The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly influenced daily life all over the world. The present study assesses what factors influenced inhabitants of the United Kingdom to comply with lockdown and social distancing measures. It analyses data from an online survey, conducted on April 6-8, 2020, amongst a nationally representative sample of 555 participants who currently reside in the UK. The results show that compliance depended mostly on people’s capacity to comply with the rules, and the normative obligation they feel to obey the law. As such, compliance was not associated with deterrence or obedience out of fear, but rather with people’s practical abilities and intrinsic motivation to comply. The paper discusses policy implications for effective mitigation of the virus.

Determinants of Pro-environmental Behaviours – A Cross Country Study of Would-be Managers

Purpose: This cross-cultural based paper aims to provide an understanding of the determinants contributing to adopting pro-environmental behaviour by ‘would-be managers’ represented by MBA students studying in two highly carbon emitting yet contrasting countries – India and Australia. The paper particularly examines the effects of personal values, moral obligation, attitudes, and subjective norms on pro-environmental behavior of such would-be managers. Design/methodology/approach: In predicting the pro-environmental behavior of would-be managers, a conceptual model was developed by combining Schwartz’s (1992) value theory and Homer and Kahle’s cognitive hierarchy model of value-attitude-behaviour (VAB). Data was collected from 476 respondents consisting of 342 MBA students from India and 134 MBA students from Australia. Partial least square based structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used in analysing the data. Findings: The findings reveal that the inclination of pro-environmental behaviour of would-be managers can be predicted by their personal value, moral obligation, attitudes and subjective norms, thereby providing both theoretical and empirical supports to our model in understanding the determinants of pro-environmental behaviour. Practical implications: The findings are critical in developing strategies for building capacity and willingness of would-be managers to adopt pro-environmental behaviour. In so doing, business schools may use these findings in designing effective CSR/sustainable development contents in their curriculum which will not only help educators to nurture classroom discussion but also sensitize students’ critical thinking in addressing issues of climate change as well as improving environmental well-being. Originality/value: Conceptually, this paper proposes a comprehensive framework to understand the determinants of pro-environmental behavior. Empirically, it applies a novel and appropriate method for predicting such behavior in two contrasting yet highly carbon emitting countries – an important issue that receives little attention in current CSR/sustainable development literature.

By the Numbers: Former U.S. Intelligence Officials Discuss Personal Opinion versus Professional Obligation

[P]art of the unwritten code of professional intelligence officers [is] to stay out of the media. —former Director of National Intelligence Lt. Gen. James ClapperTraditionally, former intelli...

LEGAL REGULATION PROBLEMSOF CHILDREN'S OBLIGATIONS TO MAINTAIN THEIR PARENTS: CASE OF LITHUANIA

The relevance of this study. Relevance of the topic. Children's support for parents is understood as the performance of their duties by providing parents with the support for their needs.This duty of children is a personal obligation that cannot be transferred to other persons and means that children must maintain supportfor their parents themselves. The right of parents to maintenance in Lithuanian law is linked to two mandatory conditions: 1) the parents are incapacitated for work due to disability, retirement age or illness (or other reasons); 2) the income or property received by the parents is not sufficient for subsistence, therefore they need maintenance.The main problem.The obligation of children to maintain the parents in need of their support is absolute, if it is established that the income received by the parents or their property is not sufficient to live and the parents have taken proper care of their children in the past and avoided improper performance of their duties.The aim of thisstudyto analyze the legal problems related with the obligation of children to maintain their parents. The following taskswere set for the defined goal: to reveal the concept of children's duty to maintain their support for parents; to examine the essential aspects of the legal regulation of the duty of children to maintain the necessary support for their parents; to analyze the problems of legal regulation of the duty of children to maintain the parents necessary for their support in court practice.The paper concludedEstablishing parental responsibility for children before death runs counter to the principles of equality, justice, proportionality and reasonableness, as the burden imposed is not equivalent to parental responsibility for children before adulthood.The responsible authorities do not take the initiative to protect the rights of obsolete parents.The novelty the law does not establish criteria for who should provide maintenance in order of priority - a spouse or an adult child.Neither the Constitution nor the Civil Code clarifies the concepts of guardianship and care.The criterion of incapacity for work established by law limits parents' access to maintenance.As the result to enable parents in need of maintenance who have not received maintenance from their adult children for more than a month to obtain maintenance from a public authority, which could subsequently recover the amounts paid from the adult children for whom maintenance has been imposed.Theused methodology is scientific literature analysis, analytical, comparative and descriptive methods

Economic Inequality, Corruption, and Personal Environmental Responsibility in Europe

Climate change represents a serious challenge to all societies, not least in Europe. For so long the elephant in the room, the scientific evidence for anthropogenic climate change is now accepted by an overwhelming majority of Europeans. So, how should Europeans address the issue? It is argued that personal environmental responsibility (PER)—a sense of personal obligation toward the environment and individual accountability for environmental outcomes—is an important factor in facilitating the collective action required to address climate change. Using data from the European Social Survey, a cross-country multilevel regression analysis and structural equation modelling were performed to explore various factors that influence PER. The results indicate that economic inequality and corruption are significant predictors of PER in Europe and that social trust plays a significant mediating role in these relationships. These findings are a useful addition to the body of empirical evidence that should be utilised by European policy makers to help formulate effective pro-environmental approaches at all levels. In addition, they provoke further discussion of the importance of personal responsibility within large-scale collective action problems.

When Someone Other than the Addressed Recipient Speaks Next: Three Kinds of Intervening Action After the Selection of Next Speaker

ABSTRACTAlthough speakers in conversation have ways to indicate which one of their recipients ought to speak next, who actually comes to speak next is not an automatic result. There are circumstances in which a participant other than the addressed recipient of a sequence-initiating action speaks next. Here, practices aimed at allocating turns at talk form a local, moment-to-moment normative sequential environment for other-than-addressed participant intervention. Other participants can intervene: to implement the implicated sequence-responding action, to intercede on behalf of the addressed recipient by blocking the continued relevance of a response, or to interject a supplemental action that expands the sequence before a response is produced. These sequence-organizational practices both underpin and expose such culturally prescribed grounds for intervention as personal entitlement, social obligation, and group solidarity among others. Data (happen to be) in several varieties of English found in the United States.