Personal Income Level Research Articles

The association between arterial stiffness and socioeconomic status: a cross-sectional study using estimated pulse wave velocity

BackgroundThe impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on arterial stiffness remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the association between both personal and household income, as well as education level, and estimated pulse wave velocity (ePWV).MethodsA total of 13,539 participants (mean age 52.9 ± 16.7 years; 57.1% women) from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey database were analyzed. For SES variables, information on personal and household income and education level was collected using standardized questionnaires.ResultsThe ePWV did not show significant differences across groups categorized by individual income levels (P = 0.183). However, there was a noticeable trend of decreasing ePWV with increasing household income levels (P < 0.001). Additionally, ePWV demonstrated a significant negative correlation with higher education levels, indicating that ePWV decreased in groups with higher educational attainment (P < 0.001). In multiple linear regression analyses, both household income (β = -0.055; P < 0.001) and education level (β = -0.076; P < 0.001) were negatively associated with ePWV, even after adjusting for potential confounders.ConclusionsLower household income and lower education levels were associated with higher ePWV, providing further evidence of the influence of SES on arterial stiffness.Graphical abstract

What Are the Differences of Luxury Goods Purchasing Behaviors of Hetero- Geneous Consumer Groups?

In today's world, many scholars have begun to research the different benefits that luxury goods bring to society. Although luxury goods research-only appeared in the last hundred years, it has an absolute voice in today's trend circle and even involves other industries. However, few people have researched the impact of different people's characteristics on luxury consumption, so I choose to research the difference in luxury purchase behaviors among heterogeneous groups. I believe this research will provide a clear picture of how this difference arises and what the implications are. This research provides empirical evidence for the differences of the luxury goods purchasing from heterogeneous consumer groups. This model could be applied to empirical studies of Economics and Sociology. In practice, the empirical findings from some surveys, data research and some expertise provide convincing evidence for the reliability of the model. It can be used that people with different characteristics have different purposes when acquiring luxury goods. Although there are some limitations in the current study, the findings could give researchers and practitioners suggestions to the impact of population heterogeneity on luxury purchases. Specifically, this study demon st-rates that gender, age, personal or family income, job content and local development level will all influence people's different opinions on luxury brands, so they have different purposes for using luxury goods in China.

Spatial correlation network and influencing factors analysis of supply efficiency of basic public service (SEBPS) in rust belt regions of China: An empirical study from Northeast China

Equalizing basic public service is crucial for achieving social fairness and justice. Promoting the improvement of public service can be achieved through the improvement of supply efficiency and cross-regional coordinated development. We employed the Super-SBM model, modified gravity model, and social network analysis method to empirically study the spatial correlation network characteristics of supply efficiency of basic public service (SEBPS) based on the data of 34 prefecture-level cities in the three provinces of Northeastern China from 2011 to 2020. The results revealed the overall efficiency of SEBPS in the study area is relatively low, and the supply efficiency is polarized. There is significant non-equilibrium between regions, and the regional difference moment gradually expands over time. There exists a strong spatial correlation between SEBPS in each city, and the overall correlation effect is weak but the network stability has improved. Each city had different roles and statuses in the spatial correlation network, creating a hierarchical structure. The level of geospatial proximity had a positive impact on the spatial correlation and spillover of the network. The level of economic development and infrastructure configuration hurt the network, and there is obvious heterogeneity between cities. The differences in industrial structure, opening up level, urbanization level, population density, the level of fiscal decentralization and technological innovation and personal income level among cities affected the SEBPS network. This study not only provides a new network research perspective and theoretical foundation for public service policies in China's rust belt region but also serves as a reference for urban development in similar regions.

An Analysis of Chinas Housing Purchase Situation Based on Real Estate Policies

Because of some new policies in China, the government has begun to lower house prices and encourage people to buy more houses, at least in Anhui. However, the reduced housing prices have not led to an increase in residential housing sales. So the author analyzes the reasons for the current insufficient purchasing power of Chinese residents' housing based on existing literature and data. The result shows that, in the context of contemporary society, personal income levels have significantly decreased. This decline is influenced by various factors, including tax policy reforms and the profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy, including China. At the same time, the hedging ability of the real estate industry has also decreased, which hinders the improvement of personal purchasing power. Although the real estate market has shown strong risk resistance and has gradually recovered from the initial impact of the epidemic, the lingering impact and uncertainty still affect individual purchasing power.

Implementation on Large-Scale Mobile Fitness App Usage Analysis for Smart Health

Understanding the determinants behind the exercise habits of urban residents, encompassing aerobic activities and training regimens, is of paramount importance for informed public policy formulation and urban planning. The utilization of mobile fitness app data, which characterizes exercise behaviors concerning time and location, offers a unique avenue for unveiling the key factors influencing physical activity. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of mobile fitness app data, collecting information from over 14,000 cellular towers and studying the exercise patterns of 4,000 users. Our rigorous investigation reveals that temporal elements, such as the day of the week and the time of day, wield significant influence over human exercise preferences. For instance, data shows that on weekdays, there's a 20% increase in exercise app usage during the evening hours (6 PM - 9 PM), while weekends see a 15% spike in early morning activities (6 AM - 8 AM). Geographical location also emerges as a prominent influencer. Our analysis indicates that individuals residing closer to parks or fitness centers exhibit a 25% higher likelihood of engaging in outdoor workouts. Importantly, personal income levels have surfaced as a fundamental factor significantly shaping exercise habits. Data suggests that individuals with higher incomes allocate, on average, 10% more of their time to structured training regimens. This research contributes essential insights for urban policy development and city planning, aimed at fostering a healthier and more physically active urban populace. Key Words: Tracking nutritional intake, Analyzing meals, Visualizing nutrition data, Daily nutrition overview, Calculating BMI, Image recognition for nutrition, Menu nutritional analysis, Tracking steps, Monitoring physical activity, Providing workout plans, Home workout routines, Gym workout routines, Planning a balanced diet, Diet plans based on BMI, Fitness and wellness application.

Abstract P378: Life’s Essential 8 and Personal Income Level in Korean Adults

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has raised global income inequality. This study analyzes the association between personal income level and cardiovascular health matrix (CHM) utilizing AHA life’s essential 8 in Koreans. Methods: This study used the 2019-2021 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Those who have missing data for assessing Life’s essential 8 were excluded. A final total of 12,923 participants were enrolled in this study. We used Life's essential 8 CHM Metrix as exposure, defined by the AHA. Diet redefined them appropriately for the Korean population. The unweighted average of each CHM score was calculated, and the cardiovascular health assessment groups were categorized as "high (80-100)," "medium (50-79)," and "low (0-49)" and then subjected to logistic regression analysis. The results were adjusted for sex, age, education, drinking status, perceived stress, and family history of physician chronic disease diagnosis. Results: Score of diet, physical activity, nicotine exposure, sleep health, body mass index, blood glucose, and blood pressure were positively associated with personal income level (Figure 1). Compared to the middle CVH group and lower income level group, higher income levels were associated with being in the high CVH group before (OR 1.6, 95%CI 1.4-1.8) and after adjusted (OR 1.5, 95%CI 1.2-1.7) confounders. Conclusions: This study showed that personal income was positively associated with the total life’s essential 8 CVH score and individual factors of life’s essential 8. Our results imply that socioeconomic factors, specifically personal income levels, exert influence even within what is considered an individual's realm (diet, physical activity, nicotine exposure, sleep health, body mass index, blood glucose, blood pressure) of control.

Education, employment, and income among people living with cystic fibrosis across three decades – A matched cohort study using Danish health registries

BackgroundPast and ongoing advancements in cystic fibrosis (CF) care warrant long-term analysis of the societal impact of the condition. This study aims to evaluate changes in key socioeconomic factors across three decades among people living with CF (pwCF), compared with both the general population and an early-onset chronic disease population. MethodsThis nationwide, registry-based, matched cohort study included all pwCF ≥ 18 years in Denmark in the years 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2018. Each person living with CF was matched to five individuals in the general population and five individuals living with type 1 diabetes or juvenile arthritis based on age, sex, and municipality. ResultsThe Danish adult CF population increased nearly fourfold from 88 in 1990 to 331 in 2018, and mean age increased by ten years. The educational level of pwCF was similar to the two comparator cohorts, while pwCF were less often in employment and more often permanently outside the labor force. Personal and household income levels of the CF cohort were higher than those of the comparator cohorts. ConclusionsThe disadvantage in employment for pwCF remained, but, over time, the societal profiles of the one-year CF cohorts increasingly converged with those of the comparator cohorts, indicative of improved clinical management, extended life expectancy, and the supportive role of the Danish welfare system in reducing health inequalities. Further research should be done to evaluate the effects of the newly introduced modulator therapies on employment, considering the broader societal impact and impact on quality of life.

Развитие высшего образования в России: парадигма фундаментальности

The subject of the study is the fundamental problems of the development of higher education in Russia, due to the need to neutralize the destructive reforms implemented in the 1990s, ensuring a return to the basic principles of fundamental, rather than competence–based education. The purpose of the work is to identify the needs for a reverse transition from competencies to fundamental education with the deployment of personnel planning at the macroeconomic level of management of the Russian state. The research methodology consists of comparative institutional analysis, conceptual approaches to assessing the impact of higher education on economic development. It is concluded that the application of the Bologna education system has caused the undermining of the competitiveness of Russian universities, reducing the effectiveness of training highly qualified specialists. There was an effect of emasculating the procedures for training highly qualified personnel, and dysfunction in the activities of higher education in Russia increased. This was facilitated by the lack of planning at the federal level for the training of personnel for the national economy. The result of the analysis boils down to the fact that in relation to Russia, the doctrine of socialization of higher education should be implemented in full accordance with the Constitution as the basic source of the Russian legal system, where Russia is called a social state. This means equal and free access to higher education, which ensures the reproduction of national personnel (and not the provision of services), regardless of the level of personal income. Thus, in the strategic dimension, it is necessary to strengthen public higher education, which provides for the elimination of private forms of organization of this activity that have shown their inefficiency, and the establishment of a common vector for the de-elitization of higher education. It is concluded that the main emphasis in personnel training should be placed on increasing the knowledge intensity and research component of higher education in various specialties. It requires the training of a significant layer of specialists in each field with the strengthening of their general fundamental training. It is useful to recreate the system of employment of specialists in the public and private sectors of the economy.

Estimating the value of democracy relative to other institutional and economic outcomes among citizens in Brazil, France, and the United States.

How much do citizens value democracy? How willing are they to sacrifice their liberties and voting rights for growth, equality, or other social outcomes? We design a conjoint experiment in nationally representative surveys in Brazil, France, and the United States in which respondents choose between different societies that randomly vary in their economic outcomes (country income, income inequality, social mobility), political outcomes (democracy, public health insurance), and the level of personal income for each respondent. Our research allows us to estimate the respondents' willingness to trade off democracy for individual income (as well as other societal attributes). We find that, on average, individuals are strongly attached to democracy and a robust welfare state. They prefer to live in a country without free democratic elections only if their individual income multiplies by at least three times and in a country without public health insurance only if their individual income more than doubles. After estimating these preferences at the individual level for all respondents, we show that, although there is an authoritarian minority in all three countries, forming a nondemocratic majority (by offering more income and/or other goods to respondents) is very unlikely. Our findings imply that, contrary to a growing discussion about the crisis of democracy, liberal democratic values remain substantially robust in high and middle income democracies.

Encouraging Water Protection through Donation: Examining the Effects of Intention to Engage in Personal Water Conservation Behaviors on Donation Behaviors

In many parts of the world, water scarcity is increasing due to climate change and the deterioration of the quantity and quality of water sources. In the southeastern U.S., water conservation is of particular concern because of the decades-long water war between the states of Florida, Georgia, and Alabama over two shared river basins. Individuals can only do so much to conserve water in their home, but different forms of donations can contribute to larger efforts resulting in greater environmental impact. Using a conceptual framework connecting self-identity to water conservation contribution engagement, the purpose of this study was to determine if personal water conservation behavioral intent impacted contributions to organizations supporting water conservation so effective communication strategies can be developed. Previous studies connected self-identity and intention to engage in pro-environmental behaviors, but there is a lack of research on the connection to water conservation donation behavior. Respondents were recruited to take an online survey using non-probability opt-in sampling. Self-reported intent to engage in water conservation behaviors, current contribution behaviors (if they donate to an organization that protects water, are a member of a water conservation organization, own a specialty license plate that supports water conservation, and volunteer for water conservation events), and total family income in the past year were obtained. Data were analyzed using point-biserial correlations and binary logistic regressions. The results indicated personal water conservation behavioral intent was positively correlated to water conservation contribution behaviors. Personal water conservation behavioral intent and income level were significant predictors of contribution behaviors. Environmental communicators and educators should encourage those who identify as conservationists to increase their self-identity through contributing to organizations. Future research should be conducted to determine if actual versus perceived discretionary income and/or time is a predictor of contributions.

Do people think they have enough? A subjective income sufficiency assessment

To what degree do individuals experience sufficiency in contemporary society? Although this question is highly relevant from an environmental sustainability point of view, empirical research on this topic is limited. In this article we conceptualize and measure sufficiency from a subjective perspective in a micro-economic context using two concepts: what level of personal monthly income is considered to be enough (sufficiency level) and to what degree do individuals evaluate their personal monthly income as being enough (sufficiency evaluation). The second concept is measured both directly and indirectly. Additionally, we perform an explorative investigation of the potential determinants of the concepts by regression analysis with a main focus on economic variables (income and homeownership) and personal values (materialism and environmental self-identity). Based on Belgian survey data (N = 1645) we find that, while the vast majority of individuals evaluate their income to be at least sufficient, there is substantial variation across individuals as to what level of income is considered to be enough. Furthermore, our regression results suggest that personal monthly income plays a primary role for subjective income sufficiency, albeit with contradicting effects for both concepts: having a higher income is associated with a higher income sufficiency evaluation, yet also pushes the quoted sufficiency level upwards. Homeownership is positively related to one of both concepts only: homeowners (whose property is fully paid off) directly evaluate their income as being more sufficient compared to non-homeowners, but they do not quote different sufficiency levels. On the other hand, our results show that materialism as well as environmental self-identity negatively contribute to subjective income sufficiency: being more materialistic is associated with both a lower income sufficiency evaluation as well as a higher quoted sufficiency level, while seeing oneself more as acting environmentally-friendly is found to push the quoted sufficiency level further upwards. We conclude that the high levels of subjective income sufficiency reported by the respondents are promising to the extent that this may suggest society is ready for environmental strategies that are focused on the demand-side.

Investigation of Sports Sciences Faculty Students’ Motivation for Participation in Physical Activity in Terms of Various Variables

This research was carried out in order to examine the motivation of the students of the faculty of sports sciences for participation in physical activity in terms of various variables. In this context, the general survey model, which is consistent with the main purpose of the study was used in this quantitative study. The sample of the study consists of a total of 479 students, of which 214 are female and 265 are male. In the creation of the sample, it was benefited from convenience sampling method which is one of the non-probabilistic sampling approaches. Questionnaire form was used as data collection tool and this form consists of two parts. In the first part of the questionnaire, there is the “Personal Information Form,” and in the second part, there is the “Motivation Scale for Participation in Physical Activity.” The illustrative statistics of the raw data obtained through this form were firstly calculated by considering the data type. Then, the reliability of the scale dimensions related to the obtained data was investigated and the difference and correlation tests were used in statistical evaluations. Accordingly, significant differences were found in the variables of gender, mother education level and active sports status. However, there was no significant difference found in the scale dimensions within the scope of the father’s education level, the place of residence with the family, the licensed sportsman status and the national sportsman status. In addition to this, it was observed that there were negative and low-level significant correlations between the age variable and individual causes and the motivation for participation in physical activity (total) dimensions. On the other hand, no significant correlation was found between personal income level and family income level variables and scale dimensions. As a result, the motivation of the students of the faculty of sports sciences for participation in physical activity within the scope of various variables is described as it exists.

Factors Related to Suicidal Ideation and Prediction of High-Risk Groups among Youngest-Old Adults in South Korea.

(1) Background: The suicide of older adults shows different factors between the youngest-old adults and the old-old adults. This study aimed to identify factors predicting suicidal ideation among youngest-old adults (ages 65 to 74 years) and predict high-risk groups’ characteristics. (2) Methods: The subjects of this study were 970 youngest-old adults who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VIII Year 1, 2019). Logistic regression analysis identified factors related to suicidal ideation, and decision tree analysis identified combined characteristics among high-risk groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS 27.0. (3) Results: Suicidal ideation became more common among those with relatively lower income levels (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.04–2.12), those whom had experienced depression (OR = 9.28, 95% CI = 4.57–18.84), those with relatively higher stress levels (OR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.11–5.28), and those reporting a relatively worse perceived health (OR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.23–3.11). Complex characteristics that combined depression, low personal income level, and low perceived health predicted a high risk of suicidal ideation (64.6%, p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: The findings indicate that this high-risk group should be prioritized when developing suicide prevention strategies.

Human and Social Capital as Factors of Entrepreneurial Success in Russian Conditions

Subject. The article investigates the role of human and social capital as success factors of Russian entrepreneurs. Objectives. The focus is on the estimation of the impact of human, social, and religious capital on the choice of entrepreneurial career and its results in Russian conditions. Methods. The study employs regression analysis of the Russian Longitudinal monitoring survey data to review factors determining the choice of business activities, the level of income and work and life satisfaction of Russian entrepreneurs. The Heckman model is used to consider the effect of self-selection into the group of entrepreneurs. Results. Entrepreneurial career provides both an increased personal income and higher level of work satisfaction, despite a higher workload. Higher education and high activity in social networks, indicating developed communication skills and readiness to use new opportunities provided by modern technologies, increase the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur. Russian religious believers are more actively engaged in entrepreneurship compared to agnostics and atheists, and gain increased entrepreneurial income. Conclusions. Individuals who tend to trust others are more likely to become entrepreneurs, and a necessary condition for obtaining high entrepreneurial income is the formation of a team that can be trusted. Since Russia is characterized by a significantly lower level of trust in people compared to most economically developed countries, this fact limits the level of entrepreneurial activity.

Association of social factors and health conditions with capacity and performance.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE Determine and measure the association of social factors and health conditions with worse capacity and performance levels.METHODS Dependent variables consisted of performance and capacity; independent variables comprised age, gender, level of education, personal income, and health conditions. Means (95%CI) of performance and capacity were presented according to the independent variables. Generalized linear models, using a mutual adjustment for all variables considered statistically significant (p < 0.05), measured the associations between each exposure and outcomes. Study population included 12,265 individuals.RESULTS Older women with lower education and income levels and with some health condition showed the worst performance and capacity.CONCLUSION Results showed that the capacity and performance levels of the Chilean population changed according to social demographic characteristics and health conditions.

Colorado’s Political Climate, Economy, and Budget during COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic was a monumental exogeneous shock to the Colorado economy. Prior to the pandemic’s onset the state reported historically low unemployment alongside robust growth in personal income levels and state revenue. While the negative economic effects of the pandemic were sharp, the state’s economic recovery is outpacing what many economists previously projected. The General Assembly was compelled to impose major cuts to last year’s budget, many of which were restored with the enactment of the budget for the 2021–2022 fiscal year. The General Fund budget of $13.6 billion proposed by Democratic Governor Jared Polis represented a substantial spending increase of 20 percent from the prior year. The enacted $13.1 billion General Fund budget received nearly unanimous approval among Democrats and modest Republican support. Policymakers ultimately sought to balance competing priorities across many issue areas, while also preparing for the future with a major investment of $1.5 billion to the state’s reserve fund.

Investigation of the Relationships between Self-Confidence Levels and Job Finding Anxiety of Faculty of Sports Sciences Students

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the relationship between the self-confidence levels and job finding anxiety of the students of the faculty of sports sciences within the framework of Bayburt University. In this context, the relational survey model, which is consistent with the main purpose, was used in this quantitative study. The sample of the study consists of a total of 311 students, 113 females and 198 males, at the Faculty of Sports Sciences of Bayburt University. Convenience sampling method, one of the non-probabilistic sampling approaches, was used in the selection of the sample. Questionnaire form was used as data collection tool and this form consists of three parts. In the first part of the questionnaire form includes “Personal Information Form,” in the second part includes “Self-Confidence Scale” and in the third part includes “Sports Sciences Students' Job Finding Anxiety Scale.” First of all, descriptive statistics were calculated by considering the data type of the raw data obtained through this form. Then, the reliability of the dimensions of the scales related to the data obtained were investigated, and difference and correlation tests were used in statistical evaluations. In this direction, significant differences were determined in terms of the variables of gender, department, grade and place of residence. In addition, it was observed that there were significant correlations within the scope of the age and monthly average family income level of the participants regarding the scales. On the other hand, no significant correlation was found between the monthly average personal income level and the dimensions of the scales. As a result, it was found that there was a negative and significant correlation between the external self-confidence mean scores and job finding anxiety mean scores of the participants. However, no significant correlation was found between the participants' inner self-confidence mean scores and their job finding anxiety mean scores.

Investigation of Occupational Burnout Levels of Physical Education and Sports Teachers in Terms of Various Factors: The Case of Bayburt and Gümüşhane Provinces

This research examines the occupational burnout levels of physical education and sports teachers in terms of various factors. In this context, the general survey model, which is consistent with the main purpose of the study, is used in this quantitative study. The survey pool of the research consists of a total of 67 physical education and sports teachers, 5 females and 62 males, working in Bayburt and Gümüşhane provinces. Convenience sampling method, one of the non-probability sampling approaches, is used in the selection of the research group. Data collection tool is a questionnaire form which consists of two parts. In the first part of the questionnaire, there is the “Personal Information Form”, and in the second part, there is the “Maslach Burnout Inventory-Educator Form”. Difference and correlation tests are used in statistical evaluations. Accordingly, significant differences are present in the factors of gender, perceived welfare level and exercise status. However, within the scope of marital status, status of being a manager at the current school, current level of duty, location of the current school, perceived personal income level, perceived family income level (including personal income), active sports status and the type of the active sport, there is no significant difference in the sub-dimensions of the scale. However, the research concludes that there are positive and significant relationships between the participants’ total years of service in the teaching profession and the mean scores of the sub-dimensions of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. On the other hand, there is no significant relationship between the factors of age and years of service in the teaching profession for the school where they are currently employed, and the sub-dimensions of the scale. As a result, occupational burnout levels of physical education and sports teachers within the scope of various factors are described as they exist.

Socioeconomic and clinical factors affecting the proportion of breast conserving surgery in Chinese women with breast cancer.

This study investigated the socioeconomic and clinical factors affecting the proportion of breast conserving surgery (BCS) in China, to improve the proportion and success rate of BCS in Chinese breast cancer patients. Six hundred and forty breast cancer patients treated with BCS were compared with 700 selected breast cancer patients (controls) treated with modified radical mastectomy (MRM) in Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital from January 2005 to January 2018. Patients' socioeconomic and clinical factors were collected through telephone interviews or face-to-face interviews. A total of 5,660 BCS patients were enrolled to analyze independent factors affecting initial positive margins. Chi-squared test and multiple logistic regressions were used to examine factors associated with BCS. The locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRRFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), and overall survival (OS) were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the survival distribution between BCS and MRM groups was compared by log-rank test. Breast cancer patients who were younger, lived in urban areas, had medical insurance, and higher levels of education and Personal income were more likely to choose BCS. We also observed that patients of Han nationality were more likely to choose BCS. Univariate analysis showed that the frozen section analysis (FSA) positive margin was significantly correlated with tumor distance from the nipple, preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination, T stage, pathological subtype, and lymphovascular invasion (LVI). Multivariate analysis showed the distance from the nipple, T stage, pathological subtype, and LVI, and no preoperative MRI examination were independent predictors of positive resection margins. Multivariate analysis of the correlation between MRI findings and positive resection margins revealed that tumor size, non-mass enhancement (NME), and malignant enhancement surrounding the tumor were independent predictors of positive resection margins. In China, socioeconomic factors largely influence the choice of surgical procedures for breast cancer patients. A gradual reduction in the influence of socioeconomic factors on the proportion of BCS is recommended. Furthermore, preoperative MRI should be encouraged in patients preparing for BCS. Clinicopathological characteristics and MRI findings are significantly associated with a positive resection margin in breast cancer patients.

Uticaj psihološkog određivanja cena i aktivnosti unapređenja prodaje na impulsivne kupovine odeće u maloprodajnim objektima - istraživanje ponašanja potrošača u Srbiji i Bosni i Hercegovini

The impact of psychological pricing and sales promotion activities on impulse purchases of clothing in retail stores: research on consumer behavior in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina The aim of this research was to determine the relationship between psychological pricing and impulsive buying, as well as the tendency towards impulsive buying and the demographic characteristics of the respondents. The two methods of psychological pricing used in this research are: odd prices and promotions and discounts. Impulsive buying is defined as a purchase in which the consumer gets a sudden, often very strong and lasting desire to buy something immediately. The sample consisted of 343 respondents, the battery of tests consisted of: Questionnaire for examining the influence of different methods of psychological pricing on consumer decision-making and behavior, Impulsive buying tendency scale and Questionnaire for examining data on demographic characteristics of respondents. The results showed that promotions and price discounts as a method of psychological pricing have a statistically significant effect on the tendency towards impulsive buying. Also, it was concluded that women are more inclined to impulsive buying of clothing items compared to men. The results showed that there are no statistically significant differences between respondents of different levels of personal income, satisfaction with personal income and level of education in the tendency towards impulsive buying.