Personal Inclinations Research Articles

Caring about Other People

Caring about Other People

PROFESSIONAL CAREER, SUCCESS AND HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE VALUE SYSTEM OF REGIONAL UNIVERSITY STUDENTS (BASED ON THE SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY MATERIALS)

The relevance of studying the ideas of the regional university students about professional success, career, and the role of education is due to the fact that the choice of professional journey, building a future career in the educational process among modern students remains rather low. At the same time, the problem of personnel outflow in the regions of Russia is regularly discussed at all levels of government bodies and in the scientific community. The purpose of this article is to study the ideas of modern students of a regional university about professional success, career and education. The authors suggest that the research data can help clarify the ideas about the value orientations of modern student youth, study various aspects related to the career of young people, and contribute to the construction of career strategies for young people. Since it is young people who play the main role in the professional reproduction of society, the study of the career strategies of young people can make it possible to develop career guidance work at school and university. The given article considers some questions of the survey conducted in November - December 2020. 111 students of humanities field, 65 – natural science field and 80 – technical field were interviewed. Selection criteria were faculty (humanitarian and technical) and course (3-4 courses of bachelor's degree). The research was carried out by the method of group questioning in classrooms. The survey involved young men (41.8%) and girls (58.2%), aged 18-19 (10.9%); 20-21 years old (82.8%); 22 years and older – 6.3% of respondents. We were interested in the question of the motives for choosing a profession by students. Having analyzed the motives, we were able to identify those factors that influence the choice of a particular profession by applicants. Overall, the results turned out to be quite predictable: in the first place were good wages, well-being (58.6%); personal inclinations, abilities (53.5%); demand in the labor market (39.1%) and career opportunities (39.1%). It is also worth noting that some respondents indicated their ideas about professional activity as a mission in society as a determining factor. One of the questions asked the respondents to express their opinion about such an instrument of success as having a higher education. 44.1% of respondents do not consider having higher education a guarantee of success in life. Most likely, there is an understanding in Russian society that other components are also needed to achieve success. One cannot but agree with a number of researchers who believe that “... a career is perceived by students in a vague and rather broad sense of the word.” This thesis is confirmed by the data of the question “What, in your opinion, is most important in assessing the work?” Income is the most important for respondents when assessing work, this opinion is shared by 69.5% of respondents, for 51.6% – good working conditions (safety, cleanliness, convenient schedule, etc.), professional self-realization (the opportunity to show one's abilities, business qualities) – 44.9%, career growth – 41.0% of students. The choice of respondents is predictable, there are slight differences in the areas of study. To the open-ended question “What does it mean to be a successful person in the professional environment that you have chosen?” the respondents in their answers put the criterion of achievement in the first place, the most often in their answers were: “recognition, help people, having feedback”, “authority”, “know your business 100%”; in second place was the level of wages; further – the position held: “to hold senior positions and do their job perfectly”; then comes the career advancement “to climb well up the career ladder, to have a good command of the relevant competence”, and career mobility “permanent business trips abroad”. The study showed that for the respondents, career growth means activities in the form of achievements, for example, “... do their job well” (students of the humanities), “self-realization in the professional sphere” (students of natural sciences), "the opportunity to show their professional skills" (technical students). So, a modern employer is interested in highly qualified specialists, therefore, today higher educational institutions are faced with the task of professional training of graduates in accordance with those competencies that will not only correspond to the labor market, but even outstrip the requirements of the market. The conducted survey allows us to investigate the perceptions of respondents at a given time stage. The result of such a study can be designed career guidance work, starting with school, with the involvement of employers of city-forming enterprises and the administration of universities.

Factors affecting consumers’ impulsive buying behavior in tourism mobile commerce using SEM and fsQCA

Transactions through mobile commerce for tourism-related products and services are increasing. This phenomenon can lead to impulse buying due to technological features and personal inclinations. However, few studies have shed light on the phenomenon empirically. The purpose of this study is to investigate what motivates buyers to purchase tourism products through mobile commerce and how these motives impact consumers’ impulse buying behavior. First, we interviewed participants to study their motivation for mobile commerce application use. Then, we extracted the motivation factors and examined how these factors affect impulse purchase intentions for tourism products through mobile commerce applications. To do this, we administered a questionnaire survey. In addition, fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) provided in-depth analysis of factors that can influence impulse buying. Results show that convenience and ubiquity have an effect on perceived value. Furthermore, perceived value, notice of special promotion, and impulsiveness have a direct effect on impulse buying behavior. According to the results of the fsQCA, not only impulsiveness but also other factors can serve as antecedents to impulse buying behavior.

Учебные периодические издания в «придворной педагогике» М.Н. Муравьева и В. А. Жуковского. Статья третья

The article analyzes Vasily Zhukovsky’s magazine Muraveynik (Anthill) and proves that it combines features of both an educational and a “circle” magazine. The starting point for Muraveynik was the educational context. But, unlike Sobiratel ’, Muraveynik had its educational nature smoothed and supplemented with “circle” features. The concept of the magazine implied cooperation between adult, eminent teachers of literature (Zhukovsky, who actually took over the duties of the editor-inchief of Muraveynik, and Pletnev, who became his assistant) and their very young students. The status of Muraveynik as a “circle” magazine was emphasized by its subtitle. Traditionally, researchers see this subtitle as a reference to the Arzamas circle. However, Muraveynik took the ideal of moral brotherhood from the Arzamas heritage, rather than game. In this sense, the conceptions of Muraveynik were closer to the “serious” circles originating in boarding schools, which also strongly influenced Zhukovsky: the Assembly of Noble Pupils of University Boarding School, the Friendly Literary Society. The Moscow Noble Boarding School strongly encouraged students’ literary creative works, their compositions and translations were constantly published in the school’s editions. In fact, when conceiving Muraveynik, Zhukovsky turned to this experience. He hoped to form around the magazine a friendly community uniting teachers and students in the field of literature. These hopes were not realized. Too young an age, a specific social affiliation and life priorities associated with it, and, finally, personal inclinations and abilities did not allow Zhukovsky’s students to respond to his life-building message. The students perceived Muraveynik more as part of the school routine than as an exciting intellectual adventure. Most of the “children’s” texts published in Muraveynik were not related to free creativity, but to the educational process and were often exercises performed as homework or class assignments. But in his own materials Zhukovsky actively tried to involve the “circle” context and even the life-building context. In this, he follows Mikhail Muravyov, who used the same strategy in Obitatel’ predmestiya (Suburban Dweller). As part of this “circle” strategy, Zhukovsky filled his texts in Muraveynik with motifs and allusions that build up two leading themes - idyllic and chivalrous. They were connected to each other in the life-building ideal of the chivalrous idyll. The author declares no conflicts of interests.

Достоинство ученого как путь к истине

The article is devoted to the 90th anniversary of Academy member Vladislav Alexandrovich Lectorsky, his scientific views and personal qualities. On the basis of acquaintance with his works and many years of personal communication, an attempt is made to comprehend the reasons and conditions for the fruitful life in science, which allowed him to become a universally recognized classic of Russian philosophy during his lifetime and a recognized worldwide authority in the field of epistemology and philosophy of science. The mechanism of interaction of scientific inclinations and interests with personal inclinations and ethical principles of a scientist, which determined the choice of life path and direction of scientific research, is considered. There is a tendency to expand the scope of research from special problems of the theory of knowledge to generalizing concepts of philosophical epistemology, philosophy of consciousness, philosophical anthropology, encompassing cognition, man and culture in a holistic worldview system. There is a pronounced social orientation of epistemological research. The way of formation of a scientist’s personality and his civic position in the process of solving research tasks is shown – from the analysis of cognition as an end in itself to the application of the concepts and principles developed in this process to the philosophical understanding of a person, his place and destiny in a modern transforming society, the protection of rationality and humanism as values of civilization. The talent of V.A. Lektorsky as an organizer of science, who worked for a long time as the head of the theory of knowledge department and editor-in-chief of the journal “Voprosy filosofii”, the current professor and dean of the Faculty of Philosophy of GAUGN and editor-in-chief of the journal “Philosophy of Science and Technology” is noted. It is shown how the theoretical concepts of tolerance, critical thinking, and humanism developed by him are at the same time practical principles of his own life. This is the sign of a real philosopher, not just a researcher in the field of philosophy.

Avoiding negative information as a strategy for emotion regulation

The aim of the paper is to investigate whether the personality trait negative emotionality and sense of coherence influence emotionally motivated information avoidance, i.e., avoidance of negative information that potentially evoke anxiety or worry. Data from 412 respondents was collected in a survey which measured negative emotionality, sense of coherence and information avoidance. A conceptual model is proposed, and structural equation modelling (SEM) was applied to analyse the data. Negative emotionality was found to influence information avoidance not only directly, but also indirectly through the manageability dimension of sense of coherence. In other words, manageability mediates the relationship between negative emotionality and information avoidance. The study contributes by showing that personal inclinations impact emotionally motivated information avoidance across contexts.

A Year after the Outbreak of COVID-19: Applicants’ Perception of Higher Education Quality in the Context of Digitalization and Blended Learning

Introduction. The forced transition of Russian universities to distance learning in 2020 and accelerated digital transformation of educational processes in higher education are the first effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. A key aspect of measuring higher education quality is the perception of its formats by students as university change agents. The aim of the study is to identify the factors that determine the applicants’ positive attitude to learning that includes online elements in the context of the Russian universities’ transition to the blended learning model. Materials and Methods. The empirical base of the research includes the results of an online sociological survey conducted among the applicants for Ural Federal University undergraduate and graduate programmes in 2021. The methods of classification, factor analysis, and coefficients of pair correlations were applied. Additionally, for comparison, data from 2015 for a similar sample (1st year bachelor’s degree students) were used. Results. Positive attitudes towards online and blended learning are gradually increasing. The factor analysis of data from 2021 showed that applicants who support the online and blended learning include: those aspiring for master’s degree upon completing their bachelor’s degree course; those who choose their degree field rationally – men who apply for a state-funded education in any Russian university (including participants of federal contests – ‘Academic Olympics’). The above groups are formed mainly under the influence of external factors. Another group includes those oriented towards self-realization – women who choose their degree field relying on their personal inclinations for a future profession (the influence of internal factors). Discussion and Conclusion. The research results contribute to the development of scientific ideas about the blended learning model and emphasize the value of institutional research based on feedback from university students for making informed management decisions on change. The materials of the paper will be useful when designing the educational process in the Russian universities’ transition to the blended learning model.

نزعة التَّمرُّد في شعر الأُقَيْشِر الأسَدِيِّ ت80هـ (( دوافعها، واتجاهاتها الفکرية، وقيمها الفنية))

نزعة التمرد في شعر الأقيشر الأسدي ت80هـ (( دوافعها، واتجاهاتها الفکرية، وقيمها الفنية)) رزق المتولي رزق أحمد قسم اللغة العربية والدراسات الإسلامية ، کلية التربية، جامعة المنصورة ، مصر. البريد الإلکتروني: rizkelmetwally@mans.edu.eg. الملخص: يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة نزعة التمرد في شعر الأقيشر الأسدي، حيث رکز البحث على استجلاء الأسباب والدوافع لهذا التمرد ونتائجه، من خلال دراسة أشعاره ومناقشتها وتحليلها، حيث دراسة اتجاهات التمرد في شعره، ممثلة في تمرده على شعائر الدين الإسلامي، وکذلک على عادات المجتمع وتقاليده، فضلا عن تمرده على التقاليد الفنية للقصيدة العربية. وقد جاء هذا البحث في مقدمة، تمهيد، وثلاثة مباحث رئيسة، يعقبهما نتائج البحث، وأهم المصادر والمراجع التى اعتمد عليها. أما التمهيد فتناول محاور ثلاثة، أولا: الأقيشر الاسدي موجز حياة. ثانيا: النزعة بين اللغة والاصطلاح. ثالثا: التمرد بين المفهوم والقضية؛ ليکون مدخلا مناسبا إلى موضوعات البحث ذات الصلة بهذا المصطلح. أما المبحث الأول فإن الحديث فيه عن دوافع التمرد ودواعيه في شعر الأقيشر الأسدي. وجاء المبحث الثاني عن الاتجاهات الفکرية لشعر التمرد عند الأقيشر الأسدي. أما المبحث الثالث فتضمن أهم القيم الفنية في تجربة التمرد عند الأقيشر الأسدي.أما المنهج الذى اتبعه الباحث، فهو المنهج الفني التحليلي، حيث استجلاء دوافع التمرد، واتجاهاته الفکرية، فضلا عن استنباط أهم القيم الفنية التى تميز بها شعر التمرد عند شاعرنا. وقد توصل الباحث إلى جملة من النتائج، أهمها: تعدد دوافع التمرد عند الأقيشر الأسدي، ما بين دوافع ذاتية ودوافع اجتماعية. کما تنوعت محاور الاتجاهات الفکرية في شعر التمرد عند شاعرنا، مثل: تمرده على شعائر الدين الإسلامي، وتمرده على قيم المجتمع وعاداته، وتمرده على التقاليد الفنية للقصيدة العربية، وأخيرا تمرده على مستوى اللغة الشعرية. فضلا عن أن شعر التمرد عند الأقيشر الأسدي قد تجلت فيه بعض القيم الفنية، مثل: النزعة الذاتية، وضوح الخيال، التأثر بالمعاني القرآنية، شيوع النظم في الأوزان الطويلة. الکلمات المفتاحية : التمرد ، الدوافع ، الأقيشر الأسدي ، النزعة الذاتية ، القيم الفنية . The Inclination towards Rebellion in the Poetry of Al-Uqaishir Al-Asadi (died in 80 A.H.) (Its Motives, Intellectual Trends, and Artistic Values) Rizk Al-Metwally Rizk Ahmed. Department of Arabic and Islamic Studies, Faculty of Education, Mansoura University, Egypt. Email: rizkelmetwally@mans.edu.eg Abstract: The present study aims to investigate the inclination towards rebellion in the poetry of Al-Uqaishir Al-Asadi. It focuses on exploring the reasons, motives, results of this rebellion through studying, discussing, and analyzing his poetry. The study of his inclination towards rebellion in his poetry is represented in his rebellion against Islamic rituals of worship, customs and traditions of his society, and the artistic traditions of the Arabic poem. The study consists of a preface, introduction, three main sections, followed by a conclusion and a list of references used in the study. The introduction focuses on three points: first, an overview of the life of Al-Uqaishir Al-Asadi; second, the definition of ‘inclination’ in language in general and its specialized meaning; third, rebellion between concept and case. This is intended to pave the way for the topics of the study that are related to this term.The first section is concerned with the incentives and justifications of rebellion in the poetry of Al-Uqaishir Al-Asadi. The second section is about the intellectual trends of the poetry of rebellion of Al-Uqaishir Al-Asadi. The third section includes the most important artistic values in the experience of rebellion of Al-Uqaishir Al-Asadi. The study adopts the artistic analytical approach where the motives of rebellion and its intellectual trends are explored as well as the most important artistic values that are characteristics of the poetry of rebellion of Al-Uqaishir Al-Asadi are deduced. The study arrives at a number of conclusions, most important of which is that the poet has a variety of motives of rebellion including personal motives and social motives. The intellectual trends in the poetry of rebellion of Al-Uqaishir Al-Asadi are versatile including: his rebellion against Islamic rituals of worship, customs and traditions of his society, the artistic traditions of the Arabic poem, and the level of the poetic language. Moreover, the poetry of rebellion of Al-Uqaishir Al-Asadi shows some artistic values such as personal inclination, clarity of fantasy, being influenced by Quranic meanings, and the prevalence of versification in long meters. Keywords: Rebellion, Motives, Al-Uqaishir Al-Asadi , Personal inclination, Artistic values.

Why do people visit primate tourism sites? Investigating macaque tourism in Japan and Indonesia.

Primates are popular species in wildlife tourism contexts and provide economic benefits to habitat countries where primate-based tourism activities are a part of the country's tourism economy. Primate tourism runs a broad gamut from safari-like expeditions within remote primate habitats to designated monkey parks and incidental primate tourism. In most forms of primate tourism, primate ecology and behaviour are directly influenced by humans, making these interfaces particularly relevant for examination using the lens of ethnoprimatology. While several studies have assessed the impact of tourism on primates, little is known about people's motivations for observing monkeys for recreational purposes. Here we present two case studies-the Jigokudani Monkey Park, Japan, and the Telaga Warna Nature Recreational Park, Indonesia-where we provide quantitative assessments of people's motivations for visiting managed (monkey parks) and unmanaged (incidental) monkey tourism sites. We further show that management regimes, socio-demographic attributes, previous experience of interactions with macaques, and feeding them play a role in people's desire to visit macaque tourism sites. In Japan, those who had interacted with macaques before were more likely to visit the park to observe macaques clearly and at close quarters. In contrast, respondents in Indonesia were more interested in the recreational opportunities offered by the nature reserve rather than in macaques. However, here too, people who had interacted with macaques earlier were more likely to visit incidental macaque tourist sites for the sole purpose of viewing or interacting with macaques. Almost 50% of the Japanese respondents visited the monkey park due to personal inclinations, while less than 14% of people in Indonesia visited the park of their own volition. Also, over 57% of the Japanese respondents said that visiting monkey parks helped them gain a better understanding of macaque behaviour, whereas only about 26% respondents said likewise in Indonesia. Unlike the Japanese respondents, most of the Indonesian respondents engaged in feeding macaques. These findings suggest that management regimes as well as socio-demographic attributes may influence people's motivations to visit macaque tourism sites.

Is academic research useful to EU officials? The logic of institutional openness in the Commission

ABSTRACT This paper contributes to the ‘reflective turn’ in academic research on the EU (AREU) by asking: is AREU useful to EU policymakers? The findings come from a survey of 57 Commission officials of mixed ranks from 15 DGs, and 45 in-depth interviews with mostly mid-level officials from 22 DGs and the Secretariat General. Officials value AREU’s data, concepts, and methods for specific ends – with differences across ranks, roles, and personal inclinations. Accessing AREU through multiple venues, they leverage it pragmatically – to improve their work’s quality, boost its credibility internally and externally, and justify it publicly. They feel their Commission colleagues use AREU, albeit to a lesser extent. They see several institutional features of the Commission as conducive to AREU: ‘positive’ ones (technocratic freedom, evidence-based expectations, a multinational staff) and ‘constraining’ ones (scarce resources, subsidiarity). The conclusion highlights the interviewees’ desire for more integration of AREU into their work.

Three clusters of content-audience associations in expression of racial prejudice while consuming online television news.

It is well investigated that the expression of racial prejudice is often induced by news coverage on the internet, and the exposure to media contributes to the cultivation of long-term prejudice. However, there is a lack of information regarding the immediate effects of news delivered through television or television-like media on the expression of racial prejudice. This study provides a framework for understanding such effects by focusing on content-audience associations using the logs of an "online television" service, which provides television-like content and user experiences. With these logs, we found an association between the news-watching and comment-posting behaviors. Consequently, logs relevant to two distinct forms of racism, modern and old-fashioned racism, were extracted. Using mathematical modeling, which considers the different levels of program inducements to racist expression, personal inclinations of audiences to racism, and certainty of prediction of audience behaviors, we found three associative patterns between the news programs and audiences. The relevance of the topics covered to the basic beliefs of each form of racism was characterized into three clusters: expression as a reaction to news that is directly relevant to the basic beliefs of racism with weak inducements by non-bigots, minority abuse by distorting the meanings of news content indirectly relevant to the beliefs but with strong inducements by audiences with a strong bias, and racial toxic opinions independent of the news content by clear bigots. Our findings provide implications for inhibiting the expression of online prejudice based on the characteristics of these patterns.

Open to Debate: Reducing Polarization by Approaching Political Argument as Negotiation

One of the most prominent features of political polarization is the decline in civility and quality of political discourse. Those with opposing political viewpoints often refuse to engage in dialogue, and their limited attempts often end in unproductive conflict. In this article, I examine the commonalities between political arguments and negotiations to consider how the principles of negotiation theory can usefully be applied to improve the quality of political discourse. I survey existing research on political and moral psychology to analyze the competitive dynamics and emotions underlying the use of reason in political contexts. I propose a model of political arguments in which stated positions function as proxies for personal, moral, and tribal interests, and offer specific examples of prescriptive strategies for how negotiation theory can foster constructive dialogue. My core contention is that most political arguments reflect a zero‐sum dynamic that inflames unproductive competitive instincts, whereas an interest‐based approach moves beyond political positioning to allow for more substantive reflection and mutual understanding. Effective argumentation requires parties to view rational dialogue as consistent with their mutual interests, using shared curiosity, trust in good faith, and other cooperative principles as procedural ground rules. It also requires parties to address the social and emotional dynamics influencing their shared use of reason, working to replace adversarial tension with a personal inclination toward fair‐mindedness and reciprocity.

의사소통행위 이론 관점에서 본 태권도 선수의 위기현상 인식에 대한 분석

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find the meaning of the crisis phenomena recognized by Taekwondo players based on the Theory of Communicative Action by Jürgen Habermas and to find a way to resolve irrational and unethical behaviors.<BR> Method: A qualitative research method was used, and data were analyzed through hermeneutical research. The study participants consisted of 6 adult Taekwondo athletes with 8 to 19 years of experience, and data were collected through in-depth interviews. <BR> Results: First, the participants of the study recognized that the influence of the referee on the game was greater than that of the player. Second, The players felt anxious about the referees who could not protect the players, and claimed that this would cause a decrease in performance. In addition, it was found that the referee’s misjudgment or unfair judgment also gave players a negative perception. Third, the players were feeling the burden on the judge’s coercive words & actions and when judgments changed according to the personal inclinations in applying the rules. Accordingly, it was found that this could decrease the reliability of the judge.<BR> Conclusion: Based on Habermas’ theory, the study researches how players perceive the crisis situation. A method for maintaining a smooth relationship between the athletes & the referees who are the main players of the Taekwondo games must be prepared so that it can be a fair and rational Taekwondo game.

The Individual Inclination to an Occupation and its Neuronal Correlate

Many young people decide their professional direction during adolescence. This often coincides with vulnerable phases of puberty-related maturation that is usually accompanied by difficulties in assessing one’s personal inclinations and competences. Several psychological tests have been established among teachers and career advisers serving as a tool for professional coaching the teenagers’ competences and preferences. Many tools are based on the “Theory of Vocational Personalities in Work Environment” developed by John L. Holland since the 1950s, comprising the “RIASEC” model. Today, this theory provides the basis for tests which are used and refined all over the world. Professor Stangl’s online assessable “Situational Interest Test” (SIT) is based on Holland’s theory. By means of 30 short assessments the SIT questionnaire assesses the participant’s personality traits: Realistic (“Doers”), Investigative (“Thinkers”), Artistic (“Creators”), Social (“Helpers”), Enterprising (“Persuaders”), and Conventional (“Organizers”). Modern Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is able to discriminate between the brain’s compartments as Gray and White Matter using Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM). This tool allows to reshape and to normalize human brains’ structure to statistically examining individual brains. Up to now findings from 20 years of functional MRI gave detailed insights in correlations between brain structures and mental functions. Hence, knowledge on structural base of cognitive or behavioral patterns is available as a brain’s map for assigning anatomical regions to their functions. The present study demonstrates that there are statistically relevant correlations between all dimensions of Holland’s RIASEC theory by assessing individual professional inclinations and the neuronal structures of the brain. Results show correspondence between the personality traits assigned by the RIASEC test and the functions of significant structural alterations in distinct brain areas well-known from literature.

A Cognitive Semantics of Politics: With Focus on Debates between the U.S. Presidential Candidates

Most of the studies of previous presidential debates focused on the types and numbers of words and sentences used by individual candidates, the impact of debates on polls, turn-takings, and gender roles, but little attention has been paid to figurative languages used in political debates. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the figurative language used in the 2020 U.S. presidential TV debates and compare the results with the results of the past five elections since 2000, and find out the characteristics of the political rhetoric. The findings of this study are as follows. First, there is no regularity in using conceptual metaphors at each election. Second, the frequency of conceptual metaphors is the candidate’s personal inclination in that the number of conceptual metaphors used by political party or year does not vary much. Finally, it is shown that historical events are actively reflected in political rhetoric and especially expressed in terms of conceptual metaphors.

In Reply to the Letter to the Editor regarding “Temporal Bone Chondroblastoma: Systematic Review of Clinical Features and Outcomes”

Medicine has made progress toward gender equality and has achieved almost equal distribution between men and women among graduates. However, more still needs to be done because most surgical subspecialties are still lacking adequate female representation and this persisting gender gap is particularly evident in both practical neurosurgery and the academic world. Gradual advancements have enabled a few women to pursue a successful career in neurologic surgery, pairing clinical practice with mentoring and involvement in academic research. These efforts show that more needs to be done to bridge the historic and current gap, which has recently aroused increasing interest among the neurosurgical community through internationally relevant studies. In neurosurgical societies worldwide, the existence of gender-related issues and women-reserved sections has started to attract attention and recognition on how to properly address this issue among present and future neurosurgeons.In this study, we discuss the timeline of women’s road to gaining their place in neurosurgery, inspired by Hippocrates’ motto “Declare the past, diagnose the present, foretell the future.” Although neurosurgery had been traditionally considered too difficult a subject in which to engage, the first female neurosurgeons challenged themselves in this field, previously reserved only for men, at a time when society was not yet ready to embrace women's presence. Their successes paved the way for future generations of women, progressively shedding light on complex themes such as peer considerations, difficulty in reaching academic positions, and work–life balance.Our aim is to analyze the historic reasons for inequality among men and women, which might be found in the themes of personal choice and willingness, aside from cultural bias or stereotypically based thinking.Accordingly, if the difference in numbers were considered a reality related to personal inclination, perhaps, nobody would pay attention to this topic and the presence of even a few women in neurosurgery would be considered less strange. By thinking along those lines on a daily basis, we could all simply write about the history of valuable neurosurgeons in the past, present, and future without any distinction between men and women.

Women in Neurosurgery: From a Matter of Fortuitous Occasions Toward a Conscious Choice

Medicine has made progress toward gender equality and has achieved almost equal distribution between men and women among graduates. However, more still needs to be done because most surgical subspecialties are still lacking adequate female representation and this persisting gender gap is particularly evident in both practical neurosurgery and the academic world. Gradual advancements have enabled a few women to pursue a successful career in neurologic surgery, pairing clinical practice with mentoring and involvement in academic research. These efforts show that more needs to be done to bridge the historic and current gap, which has recently aroused increasing interest among the neurosurgical community through internationally relevant studies. In neurosurgical societies worldwide, the existence of gender-related issues and women-reserved sections has started to attract attention and recognition on how to properly address this issue among present and future neurosurgeons. In this study, we discuss the timeline of women's road to gaining their place in neurosurgery, inspired by Hippocrates' motto "Declare the past, diagnose the present, foretell the future." Although neurosurgery had been traditionally considered too difficult a subject in which to engage, the first female neurosurgeons challenged themselves in this field, previously reserved only for men, at a time when society was not yet ready to embrace women's presence. Their successes paved the way for future generations of women, progressively shedding light on complex themes such as peer considerations, difficulty in reaching academic positions, and work-life balance. Our aim is to analyze the historic reasons for inequality among men and women, which might be found in the themes of personal choice and willingness, aside from cultural bias or stereotypically based thinking. Accordingly, if the difference in numbers were considered a reality related to personal inclination, perhaps, nobody would pay attention to this topic and the presence of even a few women in neurosurgery would be considered less strange. By thinking along those lines on a daily basis, we could all simply write about the history of valuable neurosurgeons in the past, present, and future without any distinction between men and women.

Environmental impact study in application of a lake-shore holiday village planning

A new holiday village will be located by the Fleesensee lake of Silz district in Germany. It is proposed to serve travelers and citizens for boating and water sports. The existing planning plan will interrupt local environment due to an indiscriminately transformation of the landscape. Though Environment Landscape Convention (ELC) provides designers a reference for planning policies and tools, there is still a gap between researches and planning practices. Planning plans are always carried out based on designer’s personal inclination into the landscape and results in an impossible prediction of change for the landscape and locals. This paper presents a process of using the Environmental impact study (EIS) as a tool to set up a temperate planning plan for the holiday village. Two steps were evolved: landscape interpretation and landscape evaluation. In the first step, multidisciplinary data of the site was collected. Parameters consist of nature and cultural elements were mapped out. Based on the characteristics and identities of the landscape, the second step was rating, overlaying and analyzing parameters according to their protective function. By calculating the environmental net loss and gain, the validity and reliability of the study could be verified. The compliment of EIS can explicitly demonstrate a reasonable decision making process based on respecting existing site condition. The result will indicate the protective area and the new potential design boundary of the site. From the results of the study, a new planning boundary has been put froward to compensating ecology loss by creating new habitats and corridors. Two goals have been attained by the new planning plan: (1) minimal deconstruction of the site; (2) 13.3 ha of additional biotopes was created.

Correlation of Personnel Management, Sustainable Development of Coal Mining Region and its Financial Security

The article examines the problems of sustainable social and economic development of the region of the mineral and raw material cluster associated with the search for the effectiveness of personnel management at the enterprise level. It is stated that under the conditions of economic turbulence, stagnation of production, sluggish growth of real income and wages, the issue of motivation and its connection with labor productivity becomes a major goal. A field study of personnel motivation was carried out and the results of an assessment of the management concept were obtained. It has been found that the main form of the motivational complex is the motivation model in which the external positive incentive of the personnel prevails over the external negative incentive which is greater than the internal motivation of the personnel. The conclusion is made that the motivation to labour exceeds the compulsion which is higher than the personal inclination to labour. In this case, the personal desire to effective work is low and subsequently it reduces labor productivity and increases staff turnover. The statement is justified that a decrease in the importance of external negative motives and (or) an increase in the importance of external positive incentives and internal incentives will lead to better motivation to work, which will contribute to an increase in labor productivity. In its turn, an enterprise with such attitude will be more resistant to external influences. It is concluded that this will stimulate the financial stability of the region in general and have a positive effect on financial security.

Georg Simmel and the Idea of Moral Law

In the article, I analyze Georg Simmel’s essay on individual law and summarize his criticism of the concept of a universal moral law, which was developed by Immanuel Kant. Simmel identifies two ways of conceptualizing the concept of a moral law: as universal, referring to the regulation of the actions of all rational beings, and as individual, including a specific acting person in his integrity and connection with the world, which is, at the same time, absolute only for him. Kant became the personification of the first method for Simmel; Simmel put forward the second method as an alternative to the first. The central characteristic of law for Simmel is its integrity and individuality, not rationality and universality. If Kant understands the moral law through a distraction from personal characteristics and inclinations in favor of impersonal norms that operate for all rational beings, then, for Simmel, the moral law manifests itself as an integral and individual human act, in which the flow of life manifests itself in the whole. Simmel insists that the idea of Kant’s universal law overlooks the very es-sence of moral obligation, which can only be individual, since only in an individual form life manifests itself – a single source of both the real and the proper. The article ends with a criticism of Simmel’s example of an individual law, which, as I show, not only contradicts a number of Simmel’s statements made earlier, but also demonstrates the undeveloped nature of his concept as a whole, namely: Simmel’s insensitivity to the distinction between integrity and totality as well as disregard for the figure of the Other.