Personal Identification Number Research Articles

Incidence and Outcome of Popliteal Artery Injury Associated with Knee Dislocations, Ligamentous Injuries, and Close to Knee Fractures: A Nationwide Population Based Cohort Study

Arterial injury in knee trauma is rare but can be devastating if the diagnosis is delayed. The frequency of concomitant arterial injury resulting from knee dislocations remains unclear, and from knee fractures it remains unknown. The primary aim was to investigate the incidence of arterial injury in knee trauma requiring hospitalisation. Secondary aims were to identify risk factors and describe outcome. Traumatic popliteal artery injury and knee trauma were identified by International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 codes from the Swedish National Inpatient registry (NPR), 1998-2014 and linked with data using the unique personal identification number with the National Registry for vascular surgery (Swedvasc). Risk factors for popliteal artery injury (PAI) such as cause of injury, comorbidities and injury severity were extracted from the NPR. Socio-economic status data and population count came from Statistics Sweden, and cause and date of death from the Swedish Cause of Death Registry. A total of 71149 admissions due to all knee trauma were identified, and 359 with simultaneous PAIs. Some of those injuries were non-orthopaedic. The proportion of PAI after knee dislocation ranged between 3.4% (46/1370 dislocations or multiligamentous injuries) and 8.2% (46/564 dislocations), and 0.2% after fracture close to the knee (60/36483). The most common causes of injury with PAI were falls causing knee dislocations and motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) causing fractures. The fact that all 46 injuries occurring after multiligamentous injuries were classified as knee dislocations is probably explained by the fact that the ICD codes are chosen retrospectively when the patient leaves the hospital. PAI after knee dislocation is not uncommon, and most frequently caused by a fall. PAI associated with knee fracture is rare and mostly caused by a MVA, while in low energy knee fractures PAI is practically non-existent.

Surveillance system for coronavirus disease 2019 epidemiological parameters in Croatia

The Croatian Institute of Public Health (CIPH), as the institution responsible for national health statistics, was in early March 2020 confronted with a serious challenge. After the official declaration of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) epidemic, CIPH had to provide adequate resources for the surveillance of a wide array of epidemiological parameters on a short notice, which was necessary to manage the current public health crisis. It is noteworthy that at the time, Croatia, like many other countries in the European Union and worldwide, did not have a surveillance system established for this particular purpose. Fortunately, the Croatian health authorities managed to mobilize a broad inter-sector cooperation under CIPH coordination and established a functional surveillance system;this system now provides information to the National Civil Protection Directorate (NCPD), county Civil Protection Directorates, European institutions (such as the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), expert workgroups, national media, etc. In collaboration with the Ministry of Science and Education, CIPH also monitors the data on the number of SARSCoV-2-infected and self-isolated students and teachers. These data are obtained by matching personal identification numbers contained in the central test result database with those in the electronic register containing information on all students and teachers in elementary and high schools. The establishment of this surveillance system provided the basis for a timely and adequate epidemic response. The longer-term evaluation also allows for monitoring of various trends and projections development, which are useful for concurrent decision-making and preparations toward anticipated events.

Physical Activity and Psychosocial Factors Associated With Risk of Future Fractures in Middle-Aged Men and Women.

Identification of risk factors for fractures is important for improving public health. We aimed to identify which factors related to physical activity and psychosocial situation were associated with incident fractures among 30,446 middle-aged women and men, followed from 1991-1996 to 2016, in a prospective population-based cohort study. The association between the baseline variables and first incident fracture was assessed by Cox regression models, and significant risk factors were summed into fracture risk scores. Any first incident fracture affecting spine, thoracic cage, arms, shoulders, hands, pelvis, hips, or legs was obtained from the National Patient Register, using the unique personal identity number of each citizen. A total of 8240 subjects (27%) had at least one fracture during the follow-up of median 20.7 years. Age, female sex, body mass index, previous fracture, reported family history of fracture >50 years (all p < .001), low leisure-time physical activity (p=.018), heavy work (p=.024), living alone (p=.002), smoking (p < .001), and no or high alcohol consumption (p=.005) were factors independently associated with incident fracture. The fracture risk score (0-9 points) was strongly associated with incident fracture (p for trend <.001). Among men without risk factors, the incidence rate was 5.3/1000 person-years compared with 23.2 in men with six or more risk factors (hazard ratio [HR] = 5.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.7-8.2). Among women with no risk factors, the incidence rate was 10.7 compared with 28.4 in women with six or more risk factors (HR=3.1; 95% CI 2.4-4.0). Even moderate levels of leisure-time physical activity in middle age are associated with lower risk of future fractures. In contrast, heavy work, living alone, smoking, and no or high alcohol consumption increase the risk of fracture. Our results emphasize the importance of these factors in public health initiatives for fracture prevention. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).

Customers’ awareness and knowledge level of fraudulent acts in electronic banking in Ghana: evidence from a universal bank

PurposeThis study aims to assess customers’ awareness and level of knowledge on electronic banking fraud.Design/methodology/approachA well-structured interviewer-assisted questionnaire was used to collect data from 400 clients of a case study bank. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Kendall’s coefficient of concordance (W) statistic was also estimated to track and rank the fraudulent activities identified by the respondents with respect to electronic banking.FindingsThis study found that respondents were aware of most of the specific forms of electronic banking fraud. Firstly, automated teller machinfraud is the most common scam for which customers are aware of. Secondly, institutional factors such as lack of monitoring and education of clients are major factors which expose the bank and clients to fraudulent electronic banking acts. Thirdly, the most effective action that can be taken to prevent fraud in the bank is increased security and personal identification number (PIN) protection education.Research limitations/implicationsThis study focusses on a universal bank and uses data from customers of only one branch of the bank to achieve the research objectives.Originality/valueOne uniqueness of this paper is in the adoption of Kendall’s coefficient of concordance (W) statistic to track and rank fraudulent banking activities. The findings will allow financial institutions to know the forms of current and innovative electronic banking fraudulent activities that customers are aware of. It will also enable the banks to find ways to inform their clients about emerging electronic banking fraudulent activities to prevent them from falling victims.

Lyme borreliosis in Finland: a register-based linkage study

BackgroundIn Finland, the routine surveillance of Lyme borreliosis (LB) is laboratory-based. In addition, we have well established national health care registers where countrywide data from patient visits in public health care units are collected. In our previous study based on these registers, we reported an increasing incidence of both microbiologically confirmed and clinically diagnosed LB cases in Finland during the past years. Here, we evaluated our register data, refined LB incidence estimates provided in our previous study, and evaluated treatment practices considering LB in the primary health care.MethodsThree national health care registers were used. The Register for Primary Health Care Visits (Avohilmo) and the National Hospital Discharge Register (Hilmo) collect physician-recorded data from the outpatient and inpatient health care visits, respectively, whereas the National Infectious Diseases Register (NIDR) represents positive findings in LB diagnostics notified electronically by microbiological laboratories. We used a personal identification number in register-linkage to identify LB cases on an individual level in the study year 2014. In addition, antibiotic purchase data was retrieved from the Finnish Social Insurance Institution in order to evaluate the LB treatment practices in the primary health care in Finland.ResultsAvohilmo was found to be useful in monitoring clinically diagnosed LB (i.e. erythema migrans (EM) infections), whereas Hilmo did not add much value next to existing laboratory-based surveillance of disseminated LB. However, Hilmo gave valuable information about uncertainties related to physician-based surveillance of disseminated LB and the total annual number of EM infections in our country. Antibiotic purchases associated with the LB-related outpatient visits in the primary health care indicated a good compliance with the recommended treatment guidelines.ConclusionsAvohilmo and laboratory-based NIDR together are useful in monitoring LB incidence in Finland. A good compliance was observed with the recommended treatment guidelines of clinically diagnosed LB in the primary health care. In 2018, Avohilmo was introduced in the routine surveillance of LB in Finland next to laboratory-based surveillance of disseminated LB.

Mortality risk and life years lost in young patients with heart failure according ejection fraction. Data from the Swedish Heart failure, National Patient, Cause of Death and Population Registers

Abstract Background There is a lack of data evaluating excess mortality risk (over that of the general population) and life-years lost in young patients with different heart failure (HF) phenotypes. Purpose To study excess risk for all-cause mortality in patients &amp;lt;55 years by their ejection fraction (EF) categories and estimate lost “life years” compared to the general population in Sweden. Methods All patients ≥18 years registered in the national quality register SwedeHF from 2003 to 2014 were included. Patients were divided into ≥55 years and &amp;lt;55 years. For each patient two controls without a HF diagnosis, matched for age, sex and county, were identified from the Swedish Population Register. The use of personal identification number enabled linkage to other registers. All somatic hospital discharge diagnoses are recorded in the National Patient Register (NPR). Time of death and causes of death were obtained from the Cause of Death Register. International Classification of Disease ICD 9 and ICD 10-codes for all co-morbidities were identified in NPR and for underlying causes of death during the observation period from the 1st January 2003 to 31st December 2015. Life expectancy tables from Statistics Sweden were used as reference to the conditional life expectancy for controls calculated at the age 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 years. Life-years lost were calculated as the difference between conditional life expectancy and conditional survival for patients with HF &amp;lt;55 years presented as median. Results In total 60,962 patients, out of whom 3752 &amp;lt;55 years and 7425 controls &amp;lt;55 years were identified. Total observation time was 12 years; median 4.89 years. There were 2549 (67.9%) patients with ejection fraction (EF) &amp;lt;40% and 357 (9.5%) with EF &amp;gt;50%. Patients with HF&amp;lt;40% were more likely to be men (78.2% vs. 56.3%), to have ischemic heart disease (16.9% vs. 2.3%) and dilated cardiomyopathy (38.1% vs. 29.7%) whereas patients with EF &amp;gt;50% more often had hypertension (40.6% vs. 29.8%), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (11.5% vs. 0.7%) and congenital heart disease (7.6% vs. 2.7%), all p&amp;gt;0.001. Cardiovascular death was the most common cause of death in all EF categories (about 55%). In a Cox proportional hazard model, patients with EF &amp;gt;50% had hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI) 10.6 (5.71–19.8), those with EF 40–49% 6.83 (4.43–10.5) and patients with EF&amp;lt;40% 7.97 (6.45–9.85) for all-cause mortality (NS). According to the conditional survival analysis patients aged 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 years with EF&amp;lt;40% lost a median of 28.5, 26.6, 24.7, 22.2 and 20.1 “life years” whereas patients with EF&amp;gt;50% lost 32.3, 28.7, 26.1, 26.3 and 21.6 “life years” as presented in figure 1. Conclusion HF patients &amp;lt;55 years with EF&amp;gt;50% had different coexisting conditions and higher mortality risk, although not significant when compared to patients with EF &amp;lt;40%. Moreover, compared to the general population patients with EF&amp;gt;50% lost more life years than patients with EF&amp;lt;40%. Figure 1 Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

An extensive survey on finger and palm vein recognition system

The evolution of the internet drastically increases the utilization of online data, which needs security using unique identification. The traditional methods of security, such as password, personal identification number (PIN), could not reach the user-friendly requirement of the users. There is a necessity to provide high security for the data by using a unique identification system. Today, in many situations, biometrics plays a crucial role in today’s authentication and recognition. Biometrics deals with unique physical and behavioral characteristics. Fingerprint, face recognition, iris/retinal recognition, voice recognition and vein recognition are some of the biometrics which is used for authentication purpose. In this paper, we highlight different processes that involve finger veins and palm veins recognition and authentication. These finger and palm vein is identified as one of the important unique identifications that can be used for the authentication which provide the security for the important personal data. In this study, we noticed that the advantage of using a vein for the authentication process is that it provides high security because it can be detected even when a finger or palm got injured, and it works only when the person is alive otherwise the authentication fails.

Two-Factor Authentication Scheme for Mobile Money: A Review of Threat Models and Countermeasures

The proliferation of digital financial innovations like mobile money has led to the rise in mobile subscriptions and transactions. It has also increased the security challenges associated with the current two-factor authentication (2FA) scheme for mobile money due to the high demand. This review paper aims to determine the threat models in the 2FA scheme for mobile money. It also intends to identify the countermeasures to overcome the threat models. A comprehensive literature search was conducted from the Google Scholar and other leading scientific databases such as IEEE Xplore, MDPI, Emerald Insight, Hindawi, ACM, Elsevier, Springer, and Specific and International Journals, where 97 papers were reviewed that focused on the topic. Descriptive research papers and studies related to the theme were selected. Three reviewers extracted information independently on authentication, mobile money system architecture, mobile money access, the authentication scheme for mobile money, various attacks on the mobile money system (MMS), threat models in the 2FA scheme for mobile money, and countermeasures. Through literature analysis, it was found that the threat models in the 2FA scheme for mobile money were categorised into five, namely, attacks against privacy, attacks against authentication, attacks against confidentiality, attacks against integrity, and attacks against availability. The countermeasures include use of cryptographic functions (e.g., asymmetric encryption function, symmetric encryption function, and hash function) and personal identification (e.g., number-based and biometric-based countermeasures). This review study reveals that the current 2FA scheme for mobile money has security gaps that need to be addressed since it only uses a personal identification number (PIN) and a subscriber identity module (SIM) to authenticate users, which are susceptible to attacks. This work, therefore, will help mobile money service providers (MMSPs), decision-makers, and governments that wish to improve their current 2FA scheme for mobile money.

The impact of metformin on survival in patients with melanoma—national cohort study

PurposeThe primary study outcome was melanoma-specific mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using metformin. MethodsData regarding patients were provided by the Lithuanian Cancer Registry and were linked with National Health Insurance Fund in accordance with unique personal identification numbers during the period of thirteen years. ResultsAbout 2817 patients met eligibility criteria and were included in the retrospective cohort study. About 163 patients had pre-existing T2DM and 103 of them were treated with metformin. In the multivariable analysis, there was significant risk difference in melanoma-specific survival between diabetic, metformin-using patients, and nondiabetic patients (P=0.02) in favor of metformin users. ConclusionMelanoma patients with T2DM treated with metformin had lower risk of melanoma-specific mortality; however, prospective controlled studies are mandatory to confirm this finding.

A methodology for the decryption of encrypted smartphone backup data on android platform: A case study on the latest samsung smartphone backup system

Backups on smartphones protect user data from the risk of data corruption and loss by storing personal information, media data, application data, and other settings. Although backups were originally designed to maintain and protect user data, these data can be important in criminal investigations requiring the verification of suspect behavior-related information at the time of an incident. However, backup data are often encrypted by each manufacturer using different scheme to protect user privacy. Since the encryption acts as a disturbance to the use of backup data in investigations, it is necessary to decrypt backup data by analyzing the encryption schemes of each manufacturer.In this paper, we propose a widely applicable methodology that efficiently analyzes various encryption backup schemes. Our methodology checks the backup features, identifies the backup data, and their encrypting locations reverses encryption schemes used in the backup and finally decrypts encrypted backup data. As a case study, we apply our methodology to the latest Samsung smartphone backup system consisting of a Samsung SmartSwitch Mobile and a Samsung SmartSwitch PC. We acquired the backup data including the encrypted data generated by the Samsung smartphone backup in plain form, and revealed a technique to recover the Personal Identification Number (PIN) used for encryption through the authenticator included in the backup data. We also identified, through reverse engineering, a hidden feature that could be used to extract more data than was possible using the normal backup. Finally, we developed a decryption tool to verify that the encrypted backup data were correctly decrypted. Although, in this paper, we focused on the Samsung smartphone backup, our methodology could be applied to any smartphone backup system on Android platform. We believe that our work will be very helpful to mobile investigators.

A difference-in-difference analysis comparing a control and an intervention social housing area

Abstract Often an intervention is applied in an area (e.g. community, municipality) without it being an experiment and without a control group, this can be categorized as a natural experiment. Such a situation offers the opportunity to exploit exposure contrasts between areas regarding the specific intervention for evaluation. In the present study, we will employ the difference-in-difference approach to evaluate the natural experiment (the structural intervention) comparing measures of health and social factors retrieved from registers in the two social housing areas before and after the intervention. A 'natural experiment' study comparing individual and aggregated level differences in register-based information on health and social variables across time including the entire study period is included in the research project. The population includes all residents with an address in the study area and the control area at any point during the years 2015-2025 (∼3,000 residents in each area). All residents are linked to the Danish social and health registers by the unique personal identification number, which makes it possible to follow all permanent and former residents over time. Hereby we plan to study if the structural changes (the structural intervention, the 'natural experiment') give rise to differences in health (such as use of general practitioner, hospitalizations, use of selected medications) and social factors (e.g. divorces, income levels, unemployment) compared to the control area. The control area is representing a similar social housing area in the same municipality, which will not undergo structural changes until 2023. Findings will be evaluated drawing upon knowledge gained from the entire study from surveys and qualitative interviews as well experiences from the interventions. In this presentation, we wish to discuss how best to include the knowledge based on other methodologies in the register-based analyses.

Using population register data for health services research – the Finnish experience

Abstract The personal identification number was introduced in Finland in the mid-1960s. By 1970, it was universally used in administrative databases including population census, causes of death, cancer, hospital discharge, and health insurance registries. Early on data protection regulations recognised the use of registries and ID numbers for research and register linkages which allowed expanding the use of register data in population health and health services research. The possibility to analyse electronic health records (eHRs) linked to individual whole-population sociodemographic data has allowed the use of a wide range of study designs from cross-sectional to longitudinal studies and to various hierarchical designs. Some registers extend follow-up time up to over 50 years with detailed mapping of individual event histories. Data also allow detailed disentangling of individual and contextual factors, such as socioeconomics and comorbidities vs. provider characteristics. While some data items draw on administrative decisions or clinical discretion, such as granting insurance benefits or decisions on surgery, the research use of the data requires understanding of processes used to construct data items. The use of population registers in health services research is clearly cost-effective. However, the lack of a high-performance computing capacity and environment suitable for processing large sensitive data, as well as inadequate information on the use of primary health care and eHRs has limited efficient use of extensive and complex linkage schemes and the utilisation of machine learning. The Finnish register authorities have improved computing facilities for research use and the legislative reform on secondary use of health care data is opening eHRs for research use granting higher granularity in describing content and quality of care. These developments enable big-data methods to be an essential part of the future methodological toolbox for health service research.

INEC Improved Card Reader Machine and Credibility of the 2019 Gubernatorial Election in Rivers State, Nigeria

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has become an increasingly and indispensable aspect of living and working in the 21 st century. Based on the assumption that an automated system through ICT can aid human efficiency and eliminate bias, INEC in 2015 fully adopted the use of CRM in the Nigerian elections. However, in its debut season, the CRM witnessed a lot of hitches in terms of functionality. Data from INEC shows that the machine recorded an underwhelming average success rate of 42%nationwide during the presidential election. Therefore, to ensure a hitch-free election in 2019, INEC embarked on a massive repair and enhancement exercise to upgrade, fix, and improve all aspects of the CRM. Anchoring on the ‘Cybernetics Model of Communications Theory’, this paper examines the use of INEC improved CRM and the credibility of the 2019 gubernatorial election in Rivers State. Methodologically, a triangulation research design was utilized to facilitate the validation of data through qualitative and quantitative data collections. In the quantitative phase, 200 copies of questionnaires were randomly distributed in Port Harcourt, Obio-Akpor, Oyigbo, and Eleme local governments. Data collected were analyzed using Mean and Standard Deviation for the research items. Thus, items that rated 2.50 and above were considered as required while items that rated below 2.50 were considered not required. The paper found that the CRM was not given a fair trial and was not used in several places where results were produced due to heavy militarization of the election, and the destruction and hijacking of sensitive materials by cult groups, military personnel and armed thugs working for politicians. On the strength of the findings, the paper strongly recommended the adoption of an electronic voters’ system where voters can log-in and vote using bank verification number (BVN) and personal identification number (PIN), and those with no such capacity can as well vote in an INEC designated area closer to them.

Differences in income trajectories according to psychological distress and pain: A longitudinal study among Norwegian social assistance recipients.

Aim: Mental diseases and pain are serious public health problems and are a leading cause of disability worldwide. The aim of this study is to describe how pain and psychological distress separately and in combination are associated with four income trajectories over nine years in a cohort of long-term social assistance recipients (LTRs). Methods: A cohort of 456 LTRs from 14 municipalities in Norway were divided into four groups based on the presence or absence of pain and/or psychological distress. These were surveyed in 2005, and later linked by personal identification numbers to high-quality longitudinal administrative data covering the period 2005-2013. Methods include calculation of income statuses based on main sources of income, and multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results: In the group without pain and psychological distress, earnings from work as main source of income (14.6-38.0%) and disability benefits (2.9-16.1%) increased over the period. In the 'double burden' group the proportions who had social assistance as main income decreased (68.2-21.5%) and the proportions with disability benefits increased over time (5.6-36.6%). Only 27.2% of the total sample had earnings from work as their main income in 2013. Conclusion: LTRs are extra burdened by pain and psychological distress, and this has consequences for their life opportunities and income trajectories. This study indicates that the primary goal of the social assistance system, to make the clients self-sufficient, is hard to achieve. A better co-operation between health services and work-related services is needed.

Freely typed keystroke dynamics-based user authentication for mobile devices based on heterogeneous features

Keystroke dynamics-based authentication (KDA) is one of the human behavioral biometric-based user authentication methods based on the unique typing pattern of a person. Previous KDA studies on mobile devices primarily focused on fixed-length text-based KDA, such as passwords and personal identification numbers. This can strengthen the login system and prevent abnormal usage of impostors based on certain attack methods, such as shoulder surfing and smudge attacks. However, this method possesses a limitation that continuous monitoring is not possible after login. To solve this problem, KDA based on freely typed text was studied; however, there are only a few studies on this technique. Further, the performance authentication based on these studies is insufficient for a real-world implementation. In this paper, we propose a novel freely typed text-based KDA method for mobile devices named FACT, i.e., user authentication on mobile devices based on free text, accelerator, coordinate, and time. We collected data from three different smartphone sensors while typing in two languages (English and Korean), and 17 variables were extracted for a set of keystroke data. A total of six authentication methods were employed and the proposed FACT yielded an equal error rate lower than 1% with only one reference keystroke set; moreover, it demonstrated a perfect protection capability while using Korean when more than four reference keystroke sets were used. To contribute to the research and industrial community, we have publicized our collected keystroke dataset so that anyone who conducts a KDA study or develops a KDA-related mobile service can use the dataset without any restrictions.

Turning the tide: reducing mortality among Danish merchant seafarers

ObjectivesWhile life at sea traditionally has presented a variety of potential hazards, rigorous measures have been taken in the past decades to ensure the safety and health of all aboard...

BioTouchPass: Handwritten Passwords for Touchscreen Biometrics

This work enhances traditional authentication systems based on Personal Identification Numbers (PIN) and One-Time Passwords (OTP) through the incorporation of biometric information as a second level of user authentication. In our proposed approach, users draw each digit of the password on the touchscreen of the device instead of typing them as usual. A complete analysis of our proposed biometric system is carried out regarding the discriminative power of each handwritten digit and the robustness when increasing the length of the password and the number of enrolment samples. The new e-BioDigit database, which comprises on-line handwritten digits from 0 to 9, has been acquired using the finger as input on a mobile device. This database is used in the experiments reported in this work and it is available together with benchmark results in GitHub. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> 1.https://github.com/BiDAlab/eBioDigitDB. Finally, we discuss specific details for the deployment of our proposed approach on current PIN and OTP systems, achieving results with Equal Error Rates (EERs) ca. 4.0 percent when the attacker knows the password. These results encourage the deployment of our proposed approach in comparison to traditional PIN and OTP systems where the attack would have 100 percent success rate under the same impostor scenario.

Smart Secured Wireless ATM using Finger Print Recognition

Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) have become an essential part of the individual’s daily routine as it is utilized to change one’s existing ATM Personal Identification Number (PIN), check one’s amount balance and its most important function is to extract one’s money. Nowadays, the culprits have the latest technologies at their disposal, which aids them, to easily hack into the secured systems of the banks and collect the confidential information of the clients such as their ATM PINs, Card Details, etc., To counter that, fingerprint sensing incorporated with One Time Passwords (OTPs) has been suggested, as it is globally accepted that the fingerprints of every person are unique and different, while OTPs don’t hold its value like ATM PINs. This research is based on using Python Graphical User Interface (GUI) as the ATM screen. The innovation in this study exists in two ways. The first one is that OTPs will be sent via Python Graphical User Interface (GUI), on the client’s registered email address also (along with the client’s recorded phone number), so that OTPs can still be accessed in case of Subscriber Identity Modules (SIMs) lost. The second one is that including a Uniform Resource Allocator (URL: www.msbank.co.in) for online enrollments of the clients and producing Application Program Interfaces (APIs). The main idea is to first check the client’s fingerprints and then to verify the OTPs from our Admin-Password Protected Mongo Database. The involved algorithm also maintains a check that the same email address cannot be utilized again for registration.

A Study of Personal Recognition Method Based on EMG Signal.

With the increasing development of internet, the security of personal information becomes more and more important. Thus, variety of personal recognition methods have been introduced to ensure persons' information security. Traditional recognition methods such as Personal Identification Number (PIN), or Identification tag (ID) are vulnerable to hackers. Then the biometric technology, which uses the unique physiological characteristics of human body to identify user information has been proposed. But the biometrics widely used at present such as human face, fingerprint, iris, and voice can also be forged and falsified. The biometric with living body features such as electromyography (EMG) signal is a good method to achieve aliveness detection and prevent the spoofing attacks. However, there are few studies on personal recognition based on EMG signal. According to the application context, personal recognition system may operate either in identification mode or verification mode. In the personal identification mode, the system recognizes an individual by searching the templates of all the users in the database for a match. While in the personal verification mode, the system validates a person's identity by comparing the captured features with her or his own template(s) stored in the system database. In this paper, both EMG-based personal identification method and EMG-based personal verification method are investigated. First, the Myo armband is placed on the right forearm (specifically, the height of the radiohumeral joint) of 21 subjects to collect the surface EMG signal under hand-open gesture. Then, two different methods are proposed for EMG-based personal identification, i.e., personal identification method based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and ExtraTreesClassifier, and personal identification method based on Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). Experiments with 21 subjects show that the identification accuracy of this two methods can achieve 99.206% and 99.203% respectively. Then based on the identification method using CWT and CNN, transfer learning algorithm is adopted to solve the model update problem when new data is added. Finally, an EMG-based personal verification method using CWT and siamese networks is proposed. Experiments show that the verification accuracy of this method can achieve 99.285%.

Liver injury caused by oral anticoagulants: A population-based retrospective cohort study.

Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a rare adverse event. DILI caused by direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) has been reported, however, data on the risk of DILI are limited. The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of DILI caused by oral anticoagulants (OACs) in a population-based setting. A computerized database search in The National Prescription Database was performed identifying all patients in Iceland who were prescribed OACs (rivaroxaban, apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban or warfarin) in 2008-2017. Personal identification numbers of these patients were linked with a database containing laboratory results for all hospitals and most outpatient clinics in Iceland. A medical chart review was performed in all cases where onset of liver injury followed intake of OACs. Patients with other specific causes of liver injury were excluded. Causality assessment with the RUCAM method was undertaken in cases with suspected DILI. Three cases of suspected DILI were identified. In all cases, rivaroxaban was the implicated agent among patients prescribed this product (n=3446). All were women with a hepatocellular type of liver injury. One patient developed a suspected drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis and was treated with corticosteroids. No cases of DILI in patients on warfarin (n=9101), apixaban (n=1903), dabigatran (n=1335) and edoxaban (n=34) were identified. Rivaroxaban was the only OAC associated with DILI during the 10-year study period. Approximately 1 in 1100 patients treated with rivaroxaban developed DILI. Other OACs were not associated with liver injury in this population-based study.