Achievement Of Personal Goals Research Articles

Time management practice and associated factors among health professionals working in public and private hospitals in Dessie City, Northeast Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study.

Time management is a widely ignored concern in all types of organizations, including the healthcare system, despite its crucial role in the achievement of personal and organizational goals. Therefore, determining the practice of time management and its associated factors among health professionals is of paramount importance. We aimed to assess time management practice and associated factors among health professionals working in public and private hospitals in Dessie City, Northeast Ethiopia. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from 24 March to 24 April 24 2021 among 660 health professionals (220 from private hospitals and 440 from public hospitals), who were randomly selected using a stratified sampling technique. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. A multivariable binary logistic regression model was run separately for public and private hospitals. A p-value of < 0.05 and a 95% confidence interval were reported to be statistically significant. A total of 615 participants responded to the survey, which resulted in a response rate of 93.2%. The magnitude of good time management practice among health professionals in both public and private hospitals was reported to be 57.1% (95% CI: 53.5-60.8%). However, the magnitude differed between public [50.1% (95% CI:45.5-54.7%)] and private hospitals [70.9% (95% CI: 63.5-76.7%)]. Living with families (AOR: 5.39, 95% CI: 1.84-15.77), satisfaction with compensation and benefits (AOR: 7.83, 95% CI: 1.97-31.16), satisfaction with work autonomy (AOR: 7.10, 95% CI: 1.94-25.95), and having a good plan (AOR: 3.42, 95% CI: 1.15-10.13) were statistically significant predictors of time management practice in private hospitals. Satisfaction with an organizational policy and strategy (AOR: 2.34, 95% CI: 1.25-4.36), performance appraisal (AOR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.13-3.36), work autonomy (AOR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.12-3.27), and the good approach of employees toward time (AOR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.26-3.58) were statistically significant predictors of time management practice in public hospitals. The magnitude of a good time management practice in public and private hospitals in the study area was low. The practice was observed to be higher in private hospitals than in public hospitals. The study revealed that the magnitude and associated factors of time management practice vary between hospitals, indicating the need for targeted intervention.

How sustainability shapes consumer preferences on special occasions

AbstractWith the aim to guide sustainability strategies of fashion companies, this study explores consumers' interest in sustainable alternatives on special occasions, which have been largely neglected by the literature. Drawing on 35 semistructured interviews and using weddings as the consumption setting, this study first identifies the meanings that are associated with special occasions and defines the role of fashion products in achieving such meanings (uniqueness, achievement of personal goals, emotionality and memory). Second, it reveals how sustainability facilitates or limits the achievement of such goals through fashion products. Finally, it shows how different sustainability strategies affect consumers' inferences and preferences differently. This research offers fashion companies actionable strategies for promotion of sustainable fashion products for special occasions. Specifically, we recommend that marketers consider the associations elicited by different sustainability strategies implementation in the development of their communication and extend the use of and, consequently, the meanings associated with exceptional fashion products.

Contributing to 'a sense of purpose' - Evaluating consumer recovery progress after attending a therapeutic-recreation intervention programme: A quantitative analysis.

The recommended objective for mental health plans and policies is the adoption of recovery approaches to mental healthcare. Mental health recovery is no longer defined by symptom resolution but as a journey towards a meaningful life from the consumer's own perspective. Recovery approaches focus on consumers' strengths, feelings of well-being and the achievement of personal goals. Designing recovery-oriented interventions is crucial for supporting people in their personal recovery journey. This study sought to evaluate how attending a recovery-oriented intervention impacts the recovery of attending people living with serious mental illness. A quasi-experimental approach was utilised to examine changes in self-reported recovery progress in a purposive sample of consumers living with enduring mental illness (N = 105). Recovery progress was evaluated via the Recovery Assessment Scale - Domains and Stages (RAS-DS). Data were collected at entry and exit to a therapeutic recreation programme grounded in principles of recovery-oriented care and social contact theory. Pre-post scores were analysed via a repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance (RM-MANOVA) per the four RAS-DS recovery domains. After attending the therapeutic recreation programme, consumer recovery scores significantly increased in the functional, personal, and social recovery RAS-DS domains as measured by 'Doing Things I Value', 'Looking Forward', and 'Connecting and Belonging' (respectively). No changes were observed to consumers' clinical recovery progress, as assessed via the recovery domain 'Mastering my Illness'. The results of this study demonstrate that therapeutic recreation camps can provide a recovery-based approach to mental healthcare, with positive effects on the three areas of: a purposeful life; connection and belonging; and optimism and hope. Recovery Camp has been previously identified by the Productivity Commission as having potential person-centred recovery benefits for mental health consumers. The results of this study now establish these benefits as evidence based and can be used to guide mental health practice and policy for the implementation of therapeutic recreation camps for mental health recovery.

Linking Teachers’ Student-Oriented Goals to Their Emotions in Mathematics Classrooms: The Mediation of Personal Achievement Goals

Linking Teachers’ Student-Oriented Goals to Their Emotions in Mathematics Classrooms: The Mediation of Personal Achievement Goals

Quality of education: monitoring and evaluation of educational results

The quality of education is one of the most important and urgent problems in the modern educational world. With the advent of new technologies, global challenges and changes in the socio-cultural environment, education is becoming increasingly important as a factor of successful integration into society and achievement of personal and professional goals. The quality of education determines not only the level of knowledge and skills, but also forms competencies, develops critical thinking and promotes personal growth of students. In this context, the issues of the quality of education become the subject of universal interest and discussion, both among educational institutions and in society as a whole. How to ensure high quality training? How to evaluate and measure this quality? How to adapt educational standards to the changing needs of students and the labor market? This article discusses research on the quality of education, the search for optimal ways to modernize educational practices and achieve high standards of learning quality. The author examines various aspects of the quality of education, its impact on the personal and professional development of students, as well as ways to improve the quality of educational process in accordance with modern requirements and challenges, ways of students’ competencies in the modern educational system. The article also focuses on standardization and personalization of evaluation procedures, monitoring of educational results. Recommendations for improving the intra-university system of monitoring and evaluation of students’ educational results are offered.

The effectiveness of cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections for the treatment of cervical radicular pain: A prospective cohort study reporting 12-month outcomes

ObjectivesTo evaluate the effectiveness of cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injection (CTFESI) for the treatment of unilateral cervical radicular pain. DesignSingle-group prospective cohort study. MethodsOutcomes included ≥50% reductions in Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for arm pain, ≥30% Neck Disability Index (NDI-5) improvement, health-related quality of life (EQ-5D), global improvement (PGIC), personal goal achievement (COMBI), Chronic Pain Sleep Index (CPSI), and healthcare utilization at one, three, six, and 12 months. Data analysis included descriptive statistics with the calculations of 95% confidence intervals (CIs), contingency table analysis, and multilevel logistic regression (LR) analysis, including a worst-case (WC) sensitivity analysis in which missing data were treated as treatment failure. Participants who were treated surgically were considered failures in the categorical analyses. Results33 consecutively enrolled participants (63.6% females, 51.2 ± 12.2 years of age, BMI 28.3 ± 4.5 kg/m2) were analyzed. Success rates for ≥50% reduction in NRS for arm pain at one, three, six and 12 months were 57.6% (95% CI 40.8–72.8%), 71.9% (95% CI 54.6–84.4%), 64.5% (95% CI 46.9–78.9%), and 64.5% (95% CI 46.9–78.9%). Success rates for ≥30% improvement in NDI-5 were 60.6% (95% CI 43.7–75.3%), 68.8% (95% CI 51.4–82.0%), 61.3% (95% CI 43.8–76.3%), and 71.0% (95% CI 53.4–83.9%). In WC analysis, success rates for ≥50% arm NRS and NDI-5 were 0–4.3% lower between 1 and 12 months. PGIC scores were at least “much improved” or “very much improved,” in 48.4–65.6% of participants between 1 and 12 months. 6.1%, 6.1%, and 3.0% had one, two, or three repeat injections, respectively. 18.2% of participants underwent surgery by 12 months. Participants showed significant improvements in arm NRS and NDI-5 after treatment (p < 0.05), multilevel logistic regression models showed no significant decline in improvements across the follow-up time points (p > 0.05). ConclusionStatistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in pain and disability were observed after CTFESI for up to 12 months in individuals with unilateral cervical radicular pain.

О ПОТЕНЦИАЛЕ ТЕМЫ «ИМЯ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ КАК ЧАСТЬ РЕЧИ» В КОНТЕКСТЕ АКСИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ЛИНГВОМЕТОДИКИ

The relevance of this study is due to the lack of development of the problem of studying morphology based on the axiological approach and, as a result, the insufficient use of the value potential of morphology for the development of personal qualities of students, subject and meta-subject skills. The purpose of the work is to substantiate the expediency of using axiological linguistic methods in morphology lessons and, in particular, when studying the topic “Noun as a part of speech”. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were identified: firstly, to analyze the sources and substantiate the presence in the pedagogical and methodological literature of scientific prerequisites for the implementation of the axiological approach in the study of morphology; secondly, to prove the expediency of the axiological approach as a meta-approach that ensures the achievement of personal, meta-subject and subject goals in teaching the Russian (native) language; thirdly, to substantiate the axiological nature of linguistic knowledge on the topic “Noun as a part of speech” and the need to rely on it in the process of teaching the Russian (native) language. In the process of studying the problem posed, theoretical methods and analysis of empirically obtained data on the formation of students&amp;#x27; morphological skills were used. The article proves the pedagogical and methodological expediency of updating the axiological linguistic methodology in the study of the morphology and axiological nature of morphological knowledge on the topic &amp;quot;Noun as a part of speech&amp;quot; for the development of the student&amp;#x27;s personality and the formation of meta-subject and subject skills.

Peran Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia Dalam Pendidikan

This study aimed to determine the role of human resource management in education. Management comes from the English word to manage, which means to organize, manage or manage. According to the term, management is the process of coordinating work activities so that they can be completed efficiently and effectively with and through other people. Based on the above, management is a way to organize or even manage something to get excellent and maximum results and get the job done optimally. Human Resources can be observed in two aspects, namely quality, and quantity. Quantity concerns the number of human resources (population) whose contribution is less critical in development than quality. Even the amount of human resources must be accompanied by good quality to avoid becoming a burden for the development of a nation. While quality concerns the quality of human resources, which involves physical and non-physical abilities (intelligence and mental). In conclusion, the goals in educational HR management include: the goals of society as a whole, the achievement of organizational goals, the achievement of functional purposes, the achievement of personal goals.&#x0D; Keywords: Education, Management, Human Resources

ЗМІСТ І СТРУКТУРА САМООСВІТНЬОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ МАЙБУТНІХ БАКАЛАВРІВ З ЕКОНОМІКИ: КАТЕГОРІАЛЬНО-ДЕФІНІЦІЙНИЙ АНАЛІЗ

The article carries out a categorical and definitional analysis of the self-educational competence phenomenon of future bachelors in economics, analyses the concepts of «self-education», «self-educational activity», «competence», «self-educational competence». It has been emphasized that, along with indicators of professional mastery, future specialists, for the sake of their self-efficacy and professional success, are called to become proficient in the knowledge, skills and experience of self-education, as well as to develop professionally important personal qualities - cognitive independence, cognitive activity, the ability for professional self-development and self-improvement via specially organized self-study. The purpose of the article is to determine the essence and structure of self-educational activity and self-educational competence and their specific content for future bachelors of economics. To implement the set tasks, in the study, a number of methods are used; among them a categorical and definitional analysis of scientific research enlightened the essence of self-education and self-educational competence, modelling of components of self-educational competence, specification and systematization of existing theoretical works to determine the structure of self-educational competence of future bachelors in economics. Self-education in the context of future bachelors of economics professional training is defined as a type of basic and professional education directed at systematic, purposeful, continuous improvement of knowledge, abilities and skills necessary for successful performance of one’s activities and achievement of certain personal and social significant goals. It has been established that the goal of students’ self-education is the achievement of certain personally significant educational aims, the satisfaction of cognitive interests, general cultural and professional requests, and qualitative changes of personality in the process of independent acquisition of subjectively and objectively new knowledge. It has been found that the crucial characteristics of self-education are self-governance, self-organization, self-efficacy, self-activity, internal freedom, voluntariness, self-regulation, focus on self-improvement and self-realization. It has been substantiated that self-educational competence is a crucial component of the future specialists’ professional competence, a person’s integrative property, which allows them to achieve productivity and success in self-educational activities, receive a quality education, master the profession, and achieve necessary qualifications. The self-educational competence of future bachelors in economics is presented from the point of view of the structure of self-educational activity, which covers the motivational and value aspect (needs, motives, instructions and attitude); knowledge-based aspect (special knowledge); the activity-based aspect (ability, skills, competences), the reflective aspect (that which characterizes the products of self-educational activity in external and internal plans) and the personal aspect (specific features and qualities that enable self-educational activity). Self-educational competence is revealed as a multidimensional personal formation that encompasses a number of other competencies including moral and ethical, general educational, subject, methodological, informational, digital, general cultural ones, and competence in self-development. It has been concluded that the formation of self-educational competence should be a mandatory component of the content of studies in higher education institutions and the system of professional training of future bachelors in economics.

“This has changed me to be a better mum”: A qualitative study exploring how the Australian Nurse-Family Partnership Program contributes to the development of First Nations women’s self-efficacy

BackgroundThe Australian Nurse-Family Partnership Program is based on the Nurse-Family Partnership program from the United States, which was designed to support first-time mothers experiencing social and economic disadvantage from early in pregnancy until their child’s second birthday. International trials have demonstrated this program measurably improves family environment, maternal competencies, and child development. The Australian program has been tailored for mothers having a First Nations baby. AimThis study aimed to understand how the program impacts self-efficacy using a qualitative interpretive approach. MethodsThe study took place in two sites within one Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Service in Meanjin (Brisbane), Australia. Twenty-nine participants were interviewed: first-time mothers having a First Nations baby who had accessed the program (n = 26), their family members (n = 1), and First Nations Elders (n = 2). Interviews were conducted either face-to-face or by telephone, using a yarning tool and method, to explore women’s experiences and perceptions. Yarns were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. FindingsThree main themes were generated: 1) sustaining connections and relationships; 2) developing self-belief and personal skills; and 3) achieving transformation and growth. We interpret that when the program facilitates the development of culturally safe relationships with staff and peers, it enables behaviour change, skill development, personal goal setting and achievement, leading to self-efficacy. DiscussionLocated within a community-controlled health service, the program can foster cultural connection, peer support and access to health and social services; all contributing to self-efficacy. ConclusionWe recommend the program indicators are strengthened to reflect these findings and enable monitoring and reporting of activities that facilitate self-efficacy, growth, and empowerment.

Common pathomechanism of migraine and depression.

Migraine and depression often coexist and constitute an important clinical problem. Both disorders are associated with the necessity of chronic treatment, and their mutual coexistence contributes to the phenomenon of drug resistance. Influencing the functioning of patients, they also cause numerous social consequences - affecting the quality of life and achievement of personal goals of patients. This review presents factors that may explain the common pathomechanisms of depression and migraine. Structural and functional disturbances of the central nervous system (CNS), disturbances in the neurotransmitter systems, inflammatory theories, hormonal disturbances, as well as a possible genetic basis were taken into account. Due to the fact that both depression and migraine have a multifactorial etiology and at the present stage of scientific research it is difficult to clearly determine which factor is the most important, such a broad overview has been presented. It is also difficult to determine which of the above-mentioned factors, well documented in international studies, only coexist, and which of them may have a cause-and-effect relationship in the described disorders. Further research into the comorbidity and causes of migraine and depression seems to be worth considering.

Self-esteem and Life Satisfaction among University Students

The achievement of personal goals and aspirations affect a person’s self-esteem and will critically determine the person’s psychosocial well-being. Being acutely aware of one’s intrinsic strengths and positive traits defines one’s self-esteem. This awareness results in present good experiences instead of negative thoughts becoming the focal point. The sum total of good experiences will result in better life satisfaction. It is found that self-esteem is an important determinant of one’s life satisfaction because of the close relationship between the two, with demographic characteristics, social relationships, and personality being the other determinants. This study aims to investigate the relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction among Psychology Program students in a university in Sabah. The two instruments used in this study were Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). A total of 243 Psychology Program students participated in this study. The results indicated that there was a large positive relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction among the Psychology Program students. However, there were no significant differences between self-esteem and life satisfaction based on gender, age, and year of study. Thus, increased self-esteem is crucially important as it would directly increase life satisfaction regardless of gender, age and year of study.

Factors shaping the timing of later entry into parenthood: Narratives of choice and constraint

ObjectiveThis study explores the choices and constraints affecting timing of parenthood among those who became parents in their mid-thirties and early forties and how their fertility decisions were both affected by and negotiated within the interplay of different temporal frameworks. BackgroundRecent decades have seen a trend towards postponement of parenthood in many countries. Explanations for this delay include structural factors, changing social norms and the influence of the social meanings of age. The study assesses the influence of these factors on perceptions of the ‘right’ time to become parents. MethodThe study draws on qualitative interviews with 23 women and men who participated in the third British National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3) survey and had a first child when they were aged between 33 and 46. ResultsPrerequisites for parenthood were seen as financial security, a suitable home and a steady relationship. Educational attainment and the achievement of personal and lifestyle goals affected the age at which parenthood was considered as were individual circumstances. Age was less influential than life stage as a criterion for readiness although, for women, chronological age was a decisive factor. ConclusionsChoice in shaping personal biographies was greater among participants than it would have been for previous generations but its consequences acted to constrain options regarding the timing of parenthood. Time taken to fulfil personal and professional ambitions, changing social norms regarding the appropriate age for parenthood as well as individual and structural factors resulted in less predictable life trajectories.

A Mathematical Basis for Representation of Social Activities and Judgement

goal-directed thinking. Well organized activities result in significant and optimal projects, solutions, and even patents that contribute to social welfare, personal achievement, and corporate goals. The converse effect is also a serious outcome. In this case, lack of concern causes disruption. Interleaved actions of the organized thinkers lead to progress and prolife activities such as love, peaceful transactions, diplomacy, etc. Conversely, actions of the dispassionate and unconcerned groups result in antilife activities such as crime, wars, brutality, etc. Restless cycles of progress and regress occur in numerous phases. Society being dynamic supports both the movements and in numerous directions, disciplines, and demographics. The inflexions result from social, cultural, and economic factors making sciences almost incapable of predicting events and extents of swings in prolife environments to antilife settings. Science may fail in these situations, but human discretion has favored “good” over “evil”; true over false, love over hate, or honesty over deception, etc. This prolife urge has prevailed over the millennia making human evolution a continual and ceaseless social process. In this paper, we present a basis of economic reasoning in human minds, societies, and corporate environments to gracefully balance in deployment of resources and actions to maximize the expected utility gained by any action in life, culture, society, or corporation. The variations in human personalities, societies, cultures, and corporations are included by classifying the objectives and/or goals. The equations for an individual become evident and extend for societies, cultures, corporations and even nations.

ПАРАДИГМА УПРАВЛІННЯ ЗМІНАМИ В КОНТЕКСТІ КАДРОВОГО МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ

The article explores the change management process from the perspective of human resource management, taking into account the functioning peculiarities of modern organizations. The influence of organizational inertia on its adaptability to external and internal environment demands, as well as its ability to change, is identified. Based on organizational criteria, the impact of inertia on the speed of change for different organizations is determined. It is argued that organizational changes are complex, hard to predict, and somewhat conflicting processes, requiring the consideration of human resource management specifics. The study demonstrates that the human aspect plays a fundamental role in any change process, as the potential and interactions between employees and organizational leaders define the success of change implementation. Practical recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness of change components are provided using D. Gleicher's change formula. Typical mistakes in change implementation are detailed, and managerial approaches to prevent such symptoms are proposed. The most significant reasons inhibiting the achievement of personal goals by both managers and individual employee groups are identified. Approaches for more effective time utilization and the implementation of individual and team changes are suggested. The typology of employees concerning changes is analyzed, and utilizing practical results from the diffusion of innovation theory, appropriate managerial directions are identified to activate collective efforts towards change. The application possibilities of D. Kolb's four-stage learning cycle for engaging and implementing changes among various employee psychotypes are substantiated. The study concludes that different employee types exhibit different strengths and weaknesses, motivating and demotivating factors, as well as diverse needs and prospects for personal development. Considering distinctive characteristics, motivational and demotivating influences, and risk zones in professional activity, the main employee types are delineated, accompanied by recommendations to mitigate risk zones during their integration into the change process.

International Learner Perceptions, Educational Value, and Cost Associated With the Use of Start-to-Finish Surgical Simulation Compared With Cadaveric Models.

Graduate surgical education is highly variable across regions and institutions regarding case volume and degree of trainee participation in each case. Dedicated educational curriculum using cadaveric tissue has been shown to enhance graduate surgical training, however with associated financial and utility burden to the institution. To investigate the utility of educational and cost applications of a novel method of combining mixed organic hydrogel polymers and 3-dimensional printed anatomic structures to create a complete "start-to-finish" simulation for resident education in spinal anatomy, instrumentation, and surgical techniques. This qualitative pilot study investigated 14 international participants on achievement of objective and personal learning goals in a standardized curriculum using biomimetic simulation compared with cadaveric tissue. A questionnaire was developed to examine trainee evaluation of individual anatomic components of the biomimetic simulators compared with previous experience with cadaveric tissue. A total of 210 responses were acquired from 14 participants. Six participants originated from US residency education programs and 8 from transcontinental residency programs. Survey results for the simulation session revealed high user satisfaction. Score averages for each portion of the simulation session indicated learner validation of anatomic features for the simulation compared with previous cadaveric experience. Cost analysis resulted in an estimated savings of $10 833.00 for this single simulation session compared with previous cadaveric tissue sessions. The results of this study indicate a strong potential of establishing biomimetic simulation as a cost-effective and high-quality alternative to cadaveric tissue for the instruction of fundamental spine surgical techniques.

Recreational Running Motivations among Breast Cancer Survivors

Lifestyle-associated factors play an important role in prevention of such malignancies as breast cancer (BC), prostate cancer, or colon cancer. Physical activity (PA) before, during, and after diagnosis improves outcomes for BC. People after BC live with numerous side effects and PA has potential to reduce some of them. Unfortunately, few cancer survivors exercise regularly. The aim of this study was to ascertain motivations for running among BC survivors (in comparison with the motivations of healthy women) in order to better manage their attitudes in terms of PA and active lifestyle. A total of 317 Polish women took part in the study: 152 BC women (age 46.49 ± 7.83; BMI 24.78 ± 3.50) and 165 healthy runners (control group (age 36.91 ± 9.68; BMI 23.41 ± 3.94)) using the diagnostic survey method with the Motivation for Marathoners Scale (MOMS) questionnaire. Study results show that healthy runners had higher scores for health orientation, personal goal achievement, and affiliation compared to the group of BC survivors. The scores for weight concern, recognition, psychological coping, life meaning, and self-esteem were lower than those of BC survivors. These results should be included in the management of PA attitudes among BC survivors.

Social Robotics and Dementia: Results from the eWare Project in Supporting Older People and Their Informal Caregivers.

The aim of this paper is to describe the results collected with the Italian study conducted within eWare project, aimed at supporting the autonomy and health of the older people affected by dementia and their informal caregivers, through the use of an innovative system based on a social robot and a sensorized environmental infrastructure. Nine dyads of older participants with their caregivers were enrolled in testing the system for 6 months. The results show a positive impact of the system in supporting the achievement of personal goals of the participants, as well as in supporting the quality of life of the informal caregivers. Nevertheless, the impact of the system in reducing the caregivers’ burden needs to be deeply investigated. This research highlights the potential of the eWare system but modifications will have to be made, especially on the interactivity capabilities, in order to meet the peculiar needs and wishes of older people with dementia and to favor the long-term use of the system.

The Influence of Students’ Self-Determination and Personal Achievement Goals in Learning and Engagement: A Mediation Model for Traditional and Nontraditional Students

Self-determination theory (SDT) and achievement goal theory (AGT) assume that students’ level of self-determination and the goals they pursue in class are important factors in engagement and learning. The aims of this study were to: (1) investigate the links between the students’ types of motivation and personal achievement goals; (2) explore how these two sets of variables relate to learning, engagement, and exploring mediation effects; and (3) understand the specificities of nontraditional students vs. traditional students, regarding the way these variables relate to each other. The study used a sample of 361 Portuguese adult students, 138 traditional (younger than 25 years old), and 223 nontraditional (active adults returning to education, 25 or older). The instruments used were: Self-regulation Questionnaire—Learning, Personal Achievement Goal Orientations Scale, Adult Learning Strategies Evaluation Scale and Behavioral Engagement Questionnaire. Path analysis for the total sample revealed that mastery goals mediated the relationship between autonomous motivation and all educational outcomes, and performance-avoidance goals mediated the relationship between introjected regulation, external regulation, and behavioral and emotional engagement. Multiple-group path analysis revealed a much stronger pattern of relationships for nontraditional students, especially between the SDT and AGT variables. The theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.

판매원의 지각된 고객 인게이지먼트가 적응판매행동에 미치는 영향 연구: 접근·회피성향의 조절효과를 중심으로

Purpose: This study aims to confirm the effect of perceived customer engagement of department store salespersons on adaptive selling behavior. Based on the job demand-resource model, we want to verify whether perceived customer engagement plays a role as a salesperson’s job resource. In addition, it is intended to check whether approach orientation and avoid orientation, which are the goal-oriented characteristics of individual salesperson, have moderating effects between perceived customer engagement and work engagement. Research design, data, and methodology: To verify the hypotheses, a survey was conducted with department store sales representatives in South Korea. After conducting a pretest with 30 people, some ambiguous and awkward expressions were corrected. The survey was conducted for about two weeks from September 20, 2021, and 468 responses out of 480 distributed questionnaires were collected. SPSS22.0 and SmartPLS 3.3.3. were used for statistical processing, and after verifying the validity and reliability of the questionnaire items, hypothesis testing was conducted. Results: As a result, all the hypotheses were supported. First, the more the salesperson recognizes the customer’s positive engagement, the more the salesperson will interact with the customer to enhance their work engagement and ultimately create higher value with the customer. This indicates that salesperson who perceive customer’s engagement are inclined to be more faithful to their job, and the higher the likelihood of showing performance. Second, it was found that the salesperson’s approach orientation positively strengthens the relationship between perceived customer engagement and work engagement. This means that salespeople with a strong tendency to achieve personal goals increase their enthusiasm for their jobs by interacting positively with customer-level efforts such as customer engagement. Third, it was found that salespersons with passive and negative motivation for personal goal achievement reduce the effect of perceived customer engagement on work engagement. The avoidance tendency of salespeople, such as pre-checking and taking action on problematic areas to achieve organizational goals, reduces the positive effect of perceived job resources on work engagement. Fourth, it was found that when salespersons increase their engagement for their jobs, this in turn induces high motivation for work and has a positive effect on adaptive selling behaviors to achieve actual sales goals. Salespersons with enthusiasm for their job will show high sales performance by flexibly and actively responding to fluid sales situations, non-flexible sales conditions, and various customer needs. Fifth, it was found that salespeople who actively perform their duties will actively engage in stewardship for customers who are dedicated to their customers’ interests. This means that a salesperson with high work engagement will act as a steward to his/her duties and responsibilities towards customers and to help the welfare of customers. Sixth, salesperson who are tend to have customer-oriented stewardship would increase customer-oriented adaptive sales behavior. This means that the salesperson actively responds to the sales situation by serving the customer with a stewardship attitude and prioritizing the customer’s interests. Based on the above study results, the following implications are suggested. First, it was verified that the salesperson’s perceived customer engagement plays as an antecedent variable of work engagement. Unlike previous studies, this paper examines customer engagement from the perspective of a salesperson. Second, the empirical analysis targeting department store salespeople expanded the field of application and added depth to the study. In previous studies, empirical analysis was mainly conducted in the tourism industry, but it was extended to the distribution industry and focused on the salesperson rather than the customer. In particular, it is meaningful to empirically analyze the relationship between the salesperson’s approach/avoidance tendency and perceived customer engagement formed based on emotional factors in the salesperson-customer relationship. Conclusions: Summarizing the above results, the salesperson