Personal Familiarity Research Articles

Lawyer and Counselor as an Interdisciplinary Team: Preparing the Father for Custody*

Traditionally, the mother received custody of the children unless she was clearly proven to be “unfit.“ The “unfit mother” concept has been superseded by a doctrine which would indicate that either parent has an equal right to custody, and the proper measure is what is in the “best interest of the children.” A father who seeks custody faces unique problems which the mother does not face because of her personal familiarity with the children, their needs and activities. Educating the father to fulfill these needs and to develop proper parenting skills is the role of the marriage and family counselor. Proving to the judge or jury who should be custodian is the duty of the lawyer with the guidance of the counselor. This article suggests areas which should be familiar to every father who is preparing for trial and provides a checklist for objective testimony.

The Vietnamese experience and the third world

Based on Vietnam's experience over the past years, I wish to make some general observations about development in the third world. The major consideration, though not the sole one, for my treating such a topic is undoubtedly my own participation in the Vietnamese experience and my personal familiarity with many of the aspects involved. Furthermore, the historical process has moved so fast over the past years in Vietnam that my country has passed rapidly through a succession of different phases. Over a period of 15 years, an adult would have lived under totally different social, political and economic regimes, directly experiencing such important movements as a war of national liberation, land reform, and the transition from a colonial and feudal regime to an independent and finally socialist state.

HOW BOSTON YOUNG LADIES IN 1836 SHOULD ACT TOWARD YOUNG MEN

Young girls once received much advice about how to behave toward young men. The following is quite typical of the rules of behavior or taught to proper Boston young girls in the 1830's: If the natural feelings of modesty are not sufficient to guard you from all personal familiarity with the young men of your acquaintance, let good breeding, and good taste, aid you in laying down rules for yourself on this head. Never join in any rude plays, that will subject you to being kissed or handled in any way by gentlemen. Do not suffer your hand to be squeezed, without showing that it displeases you by instantly withdrawing it. If a finger is put out to touch a chain that is round your neck, or a breast-pin that you are wearing, draw back, and take it off for inspection. Accept not unnecessary assistance in putting on cloaks, shawls, over-shoes, or anything of the sort. Be not lifted in and out of carriages, on or off a horse; sit not with another in a place that is too narrow; read not out of the same book; let not your eagerness to see anything induce you to place your head close to another person's. These, and many other little points of delicacy and refinement, deserve to be made fixed habits, and then they will sit easily and gracefully upon you, heightening the respect of all who approach you, and operating as an almost invisible, though a very impenetrable fence, keeping off vulgar familiarity, and that desecration of the person, which has too often led to vice.1

The Soviet Silurian: Recent Impressions

Since early in 1960 Dr. W. B. N. Berry and I have been actively engaged in synthesizing the available information concerning stratigraphic correlation, lithofacies and pa-leogeography for the Silurian System. Manuscripts dealing with the System for both North and South America have been accepted by The Geological Society of America for publication. First drafts, and in some instances even fourth drafts, have been prepared for the other continents. All of this work has been done with the active collaboration and friendly assistance everywhere of geologists and paleontologists interested in Silurian problems. Berry and I have a personal familiarity in the field with much of the North American, European, and Australian Silurian, as well as a portion of the Near East and Southeast Asia. In addition, we have had the opportunity of dealing with very extensive collections of South American Silurian fossils. With this information in mind, it is obvious that I was happy to have the opportunity under the Cultural Exchange Agreement to make a six months' visit to the Soviet Union with the avowed purpose of examining as much of their Silurian as possible. The chance to check in the field on the lithofacies and paleogeographic concepts developed entirely from the literature and largely at variance with current Soviet concepts, was an attractive one. Unfortunately, however, permission for the farflung travel within the Soviet Union to really “sample” the System was not granted in actual practice despite the terms of the original agreement between the Soviet Academy of Science and our National Academy of Science. However, brief visits to Silurian exposures in Estonia, Podolia, the southwest Urals in Bashkiria, Uzbekistan, and the Altai Mountains gave valuable insights. These insights, combined with the examination of specimens, both fossil and lithologic from most of the Soviet Silurian, and extended discussions with a number of Soviet geologists and paleontologists have been very useful in forwarding our knowledge and synthesis of the System. The following paragraphs will record the outstanding impressions; some substantiate previous conclusions, but others entail serious modifications and emendations.

Visual processes in the Limulus eye.

INTRODUCTION Sources of information.-In this monograph, the reviewers have taken advantage of their personal familiarity with the research on the Limulus eye to introduce the reader to some unpublished research where it seemed appropriate. This unpublished research has been mentioned only to make the prevalence of certain theories more understandable. There are hazards attached to any unpublished work. It may not have been done carefully, or there may be certain features of it which are not understood well enough to allow a coherent publication of it. We feel that it is important to the reader for us to present all the theories which have been published or are widely held, along with the experimental evidence that supports them. Most of the unpublished material is well known to all the workers in the field, and this review will serve to extend the knowledge of the conceptions (and misconceptions) that are current. The bibliography does not refer to all the printed work. Unless a complete listing of papers is necessary, only the latest paper in a series on a particular subject is presented. There are two excellent reviews on the physiology of the compound eye (1, 2) which will serve to supplement the present one, especially on the comparative aspects of the subject. Scope .-The Limulus eye has been worked on extensively by many groups of investigators. This review is an attempt to present a synthesis of our knowledge of both the structure and function. Perhaps this will serve as a paradigm for the processes which any eye must possess in order to function. The horseshoe crab eye has been picked because more work has been done on it than on any other type of eye. It has a relatively uncompli­ cated structure; only two types of neurons are present. The functions of each and the relations between them will be described below. The Limulus eye was initially described almost 200 years ago by Andre (3). He concerned himself mainly with depicting the crystalline cones of the cornea of the eye. In recent years, chiefly through the efforts of Hart­ line and his co-workers (4) , the Limulus eye has been recognized as the

Dozoku Organization and Kindred in a Japanese

One outstanding characteristic of kinship organization in in Japan is that both Dozoku (patrilineal descent) and Shinrui (bilateral kindred) are operating simultaneously in it. Therefore, the study of Japanese kinship organization as a whole requires that structural and functional relationships and the mutual dynamism between these two be analyzed together rather than each of them separately. From this point of view this paper first presents a theoretical hypothesis regarding the fundamental mutual relationships between Dozoku and Shinrui and then attempts to verify this hypothesis on the basis of empirical data.Hypothesis: The symbiosis of two different organizations assumes that the Ie, their structural unit, contains the two forces for uniting its members, thus making possible the simultaneous operation of Dozoku and Shinrui. The first force of ties refers to the institutionalized and histolical patriarchal ties and the second force refers to the universal nucleal bonding of family.Dozoku ties are the result of the extention of the structural principles of the Ie as a patriarchal family, the patrilineal descent system in the descent rules, to the kinship system. In contrast, Shinrui ties are the result of the bilaterally direct extention to the kinship system of the structural principles of the family nucleus which excludes the lineal principle as a bilateral kin group. Therefore, Dozoku as a lineage has the characteristics of a corporate group which requires continuity, whereas Shinrui as an ego-centered network has the characteristics of a quasi-group. As a result, Shinrui relationships are equal, their range is fluctuating, and kinship roles are unstable.The simultaneous operation of these two organizations is possible due to their structural, functional differentiation. This implies that, if one of them becomes dominant in its function, the functional significance of the other is weakened. For instance, when the structural principles of the Ie permeate into the family nucleus and Dozoku bonding is reinforced, it is likely that Shinrui relationships will be in terms of the Ie rather than individuals, personal selectivity will be curbed, and a bias will be shown towards the paternal side in the kinship system. In short, the dominance of either of these two organizations determines the character of the kinship organization and its regional variations in Japan.Findings: An empirical analysis was made of the organizations of the Kabu (a group of families having the same family name) and the Ikke (a kindred in Futamata-buraku, Tango. The analysis produced the following results: (a) The basis of the Kabu is usually Dozoku ties. However, in Futamata the Ie descent relationships are already unidentifiable and the function of the Kabu is limited to the sphere of ancestral worship as a Kabu-Ko (a formal Kabu organization for ancestral worshipping services) and in the sphere of routine mutual aids the Kabu strongly tends to function as a simple neighbourhood. Also the Honya-Inkyo (stock family-branch family) relationships, which have emerged from the internal differentiation within the Kabu, have completely dissolved the hierarchical order that placed the stock family at its top, and their relationships are barely maintained in the sphere of formal association among Ie. Therefore, Shinrui is functionally more dominant than Dozoku in the kinship organization of Futamata. (b) The analysis of the Ikke relationships in terms of i) maximum range, ii) internal differentiation, and iii) mutual contact and grouping showed first that the maximum range of the Ikke's potential mobilization towards grouping is shallow in its generation depth and narrow in its lateral extention. The range and depth of nominated kin shows inclination and continuity towards the Ego side and personal familiarity is high on the consanguineal side. Also the formal grading in the Ikke presents an asymmetrical structure, Koishin (intimate kin) favoring

Clinical Chemistry: Principles and Technics

Dr. Henry, as director of a large laboratory specializing in clinical chemistry, is in a unique position for acquiring a personal familiarity with a wide variety of chemical methods. Surveying the literature of clinical chemistry, evaluating hundreds of published methods, and selecting that small fraction of material which can be included in a book certainly constitute an impressive task. Not since publication of Peters and Van Slyke's classic<i>Quantitative Clinical Chemistry</i>has anyone been courageous enough to undertake this project, and Dr. Henry has succeeded remarkably well. The first chapters of the book cover basic principles of analytical methods such as colorimetry, spectrophotometry, and flame photometry. The remaining chapters deal with analytical methods for specific substances, and for each substance one or two methods are given in sufficient detail to permit use of the book as a laboratory manual. No attempt is made to include methods such as gas chromatography

Nitrogen in Fertilizers: 1962 AOAC Collaborative Study

Abstract Studies were continued on methods for determining nitrogen in fertilizers: (1) the reduced iron method, 2.039; (2) the modified reduced iron method of Gehrke, et ah; (3) the chromous reduction method of Nelson; and (4) the chromium powder method of Perrin. Eight collaborators were provided with a 7—7—7 liquid sample, four of the same stock as 1961 samples (Nos. 3, 4, 5, and 6 ) , and a sample of reagent grade KNOs . Collaborative results indicated no "best" method; each method will give equally reliable results from an over-all standpoint. Personal likes or familiarity with a particular technique may produce more consistent results with one method than with another in the individual laboratory; no uniform preference was indicated. Studies of these methods should be continued, and certain editorial changes in terms relating to "organic N" are recommended.

The Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Cramer-von Mises Tests

1. Preface. This is an expository paper giving an account of the goodness of fit test and the two sample test based on the empirical distribution functiontests which were initiated by the four authors cited in the title. An attempt is made here to give a fairly complete coverage of the history, development, present status, and outstanding current problems related to these topics. The reader is advised that the relative amount of space and emphasis allotted to the various phases of the subject does not reflect necessarily their intrinsic merit and importance, but rather the author's personal interest and familiarity. Also, for the sake of uniformity the notationt of miany of the writers quoted has been altered so that when referring to the original papers it will be necessary to check their nomenlclature. 2. The empirical distribution function and the tests. Let XI, X2, * * ,XXn be independent random variables (observations) each having the same distribution

On Matrimonial Selection in the Highland Rural Village of Japan.

1. Village Miwa, Nagano Prefecture, where the Sekiguchis live, is a typical rural community in a highland district of Central Japan. A survey showed 20.5% of the whole couples in this village were of consanguineous marriage, including that between second cousins and of nearer relations.2. Further detailed survey involving 149 consanguineous couples and as many nonconsaguineous couples revealed various features of marriage customs concerning matrimonial selection.3. Selection is done by other persons in 60-70% of marriages on the male side, in more than 80% on the female side. In most of the cases the father or the parents are responsible for the selection.4. Comparison between consanguineous and non-consanguineous marriages as to various criteria considered in the matrimonial selection disclosed a most probable primary reason for the appalling frequency of the consanguineous marriage. It is the sentiment of unity, involving various units of community formation. This is actually sentiment lying on the bottom of morals and customs of the Japanese race. As characteristics of community structure in Japan, stratification by traditional social ranking and segmentation by personal familiarity or relationship are very conspicuous; and these are conditioned by sentiment of unity of the group as against the remaining part of the public.5. Much is not expected, therefore, from eugenic attempts in the form of mere intellectual dissuation toavoid consanguineous marriage, sofar as the custom in rural Japan is concerned.

The Castle of St. Georges-d'Espéranche

The castle of St. Georges-d'Espéranche has a direct and immediate interest for English readers as being the place where, on 25th June 1273, Count Philip of Savoy rendered homage to his great-nephew, the as yet uncrowned King Edward I, for the Alpine passes and towns which, by an arrangement dating from 1246, were held by the counts of Savoy of the kings of England. Amongst those noted as being present with the king on that occasion were Otto de Grandison, John de Vescy, and Roger de Clifford; these men had been in Edward's company on the crusade from which he was then returning and, a few years later, were to play prominent parts in the English wars and settlement in Wales. Others who were probably there were Robert de Tibetot, the future justiciar of west Wales, and Payn de Chaworth, lord of Kidwelly, who in 1277 was to be captain of the English army in west Wales and who, at about that date, rebuilt the inner ward of Kidwelly Castle. St. Georges is interesting, however, not only as the scene of this vividly recorded incident of the king's travels, but also because the castle itself is a building which may not be unrelated, through its builders and the personal familiarity with it of Edward, Edmund of Lancaster, and their confidantes, to the new castles built in Wales in the last quarter of the thirteenth century.

Hypertension and hypertensive cardiovascular disease; review of recent observations.

THE GREAT increase in the productive study of cardiovascular diseases generally and of hypertensive disease in particular has been especially notable in the period July 1949 to July 1950. The review which follows deviates from the staid and sometimes tedious paths of the classic review in that the field is considered in terms of concepts and technics with which we have some personal familiarity. Topics which could not readily fit into this frame have regretfully been omitted from consideration, while in order to maintain the perspective it has sometimes been necessary to extend beyond the time limits originally set. Lest this approach be considered unduly presumptuous, we note that it was selected at the request of the Chief Editor. In a field which is changing so rapidly and in which the animal experiments of the recent past will almost surely soon be reflected in new approaches to clinical diagnosis and

Acromegaly: A Consideration of Its Course and Treatment Report of Four Cases with Autopsies

In the final analysis it is long personal familiarity with, and a critical discriminating attitude toward, a wealth of clinical material that add a modicum of authoritative information to the sum of our knowledge of a given disease. Lack of opportunity to fulfill these requirements probably accounts for the fact that very little has been added to our knowledge of acromegaly since the comprehensive work of Cushing and Davidoff (1–5) was published nearly 15 years ago. Although many of their conclusions were hypothetical at the time, they have since been substantiated in the light of newer knowledge concerning the pituitary gland. Their analysis included 100 verified cases, a truly sizeable series considering the rarity of the disease. Up to 1938, Atkinson (6, 7, 8), after diligent search of the literature and with the aid of the British Consular Service all over the world, had been able to uncover only 1606 cases of acromegaly which he tabulated in a unique monograph.

The Right Hon. Lord Rutherford of Nelson, O.M., F.R.S

RUTHERFORD'S death removes from science the most outstanding personality of the age. My most vivid memories naturally date from the autumn of 1900 and the two subsequent years when I worked with him at McGill. A born experimenter, entirely devoted to his work and with few, if any, outside interests, I can see now more clearly than I did then how he neglected no opportunity or preparation the better to advance it. Though the qualities for which in later life he was so publicly beloved were then still undeveloped, yet undoubtedly they existed and they helped to leaven the McGill of those days and to make it the enchanted place it was. The personal familiarity with the man, and his methods of work in the laboratory, that I gained in those years remained, of course, an abiding possession. Yet I do not think it was entirely, if at all, this that later was to make all his scientific communications a unique pleasure to read. True, admiration for some new and striking advances was pretty sure to be evoked, but over and above this they seemed to radiate an entirely undefinable charm.

ABSORPTION OF MINERAL ELEMENTS BY PLANTS IN RELATION TO SOIL PROBLEMS

The discussion which I wish to present falls in the general field of research which can be designated by the phrase Soil Conditions and Plant Growth, to quote the title of a well known monograph by E. J. Russell, An attempt will be made on this occasion to give some consideration to both soils and plants, with particular reference to researches of the past fifteen years. I am aware that some of our most important knowledge of soils has come from those who have dealt with the soil as a chemical and physical system without much reference to plants, and that much of what we know concerning plant physiology has come from investigators not greatly interested in soil conditions. Nevertheless, there does remain an indispensable place for investigations in which specifically planned efforts are made to relate soil conditions to plant growth, the ultimate purpose of all the researches from an agricultural point of view. In California the desirability of conducting such researches was stressed early by C. B. Lip man, and various circumstances, partly accidental, have made it possible to give long continued attention to this type of investigation. With your permission I shall refer frequently to experiments with which I have had some personal familiarity including, of course, the work of various colleagues and associates. I assume that you are not now desirous of a review of literature or an extensive citation of the names of the many investigators over the world who have contributed to our understanding of soil and plant relations.

ISOLATION AND ENDEMISM IN NORTHEASTERN AMERICA AND THEIR RELATION TO THE AGE‐AND‐AREA HYPOTHESIS

From a purely academic standpoint, it seems perfectly obvious that, given a static world, the longer a plant or a group of plants has existed the more time it will have had to spread and consequently the more space it can have covered. No one can doubt this truism; and if this were all there were to Age and Area the proposition would need no discussion. But, unfortunately, Dr. Willis insists that Age and Area is the general rule in a world which has been far from static, and he has saddled upon his axiomatic proposition a great body of corollaries and from it has deduced a vast number of conclusions, many of which are diametrically opposed to the experiences of other botanists. In studying Willis' numerous interlocking papers I find myself constantly impressed by the ease with which the great facts of Cretaceous and Tertiary and modern geological history are brushed aside, and by the way in which edaphic factors are swept into the discard. In the time at my disposal only a limited number of Willis' deductions can be discussed, but I have aimed to select a few matters about which I can speak through personal familiarity with the situation. At the eastern margin of the heavily glaciated region of North America lies an area of much interrupted lands which to a great extent passed unscathed through the Pleistocene glaciation. This is the area immediately surrounding the Gulf of St. Lawrence: the Gaspe Peninsula of Quebec, the Magdalen Islands, Prince Edward Island, northern Cape Breton Island, and western Newfoundland. During the past two decades much of my field work has been devoted to some of these areas, and I wish particularly to draw your attention to two of the regions, the Gaspe Peninsula and the island of Newfoundland. Both have long mountain ranges which stand high above the area of general glaciation, the Shickshock Mountains of Gaspe rising 2,000 to 2,500 feet above the region of general denudation, and the Long Range, which forms the backbone of western Newfoundland, likewise showing signs of general glacial activity only on its lower slopes. The two regions are, then, nearly unique in the latitudes of extreme Pleistocene glaciation, in that they both have ancient floras which locally outlived the alacial period; but, like the other regions in the glaciated

LAENNEC APRES 1806; 1806-1826; D'APRES DES DOCUMENTS INEDITS.

The publication in 1912 of the first volume of Professor Rouxeau's life of Laennec (Laennec avant 1806, etc. 80 Paris, 1912, J. B. Baillière et fils) was a happy event for those who cherish the memory of one of the great figures in the history of medicine. And now, after more than eight years, comes the conclusion. Filled with a just admiration of the man and his work, together with the pride of a compatriot in the accomplishments and contributions of a fellow Breton, generously aided by the living members of the Laennec family, Professor Rouxeau has gathered a remarkably full material bearing on the life and career of the discoverer of auscultation. From a minute and judicial study of this material, and from a personal familiarity with the scenes which surrounded Laennec's boyhood, the author has constructed faithfully, lovingly, sympathetically, the narrative of his career. One follows step by

Physical Diagnosis.

The work of Dr. Cabot is the expression of his individuality in that it gives no space to methods with which the author has no personal familiarity. The advance of diagnostic meth ods has rendered necessary a recasting of the entire book with thorough revision for the fifth edition. New sections are added on the phlebogram and arteriogram, and a more adequate notice is given of the bismuth Roentgen-ray examination of the stomach. Thus improved there is every reason to anticipate a continuation of professional favor to this excellent treatise on an extremely important subject.

Wild Neighbours: Out-door Studies in the United States

THIS collection of articles from various magazines may be recommended to observers, and especially to young observers, of North American life. It contains a good deal of information, is written in an easy style, and bears frequent marks of personal familiarity with the animals described. A foreigner, visiting the United States for the first time, would pick up from this book, very rapidly and pleasantly, such knowledge of the commoner quadrupeds as he might extract from a well-informed naturalist, native to the country, in two or three weeks. The author has the habit of inquiry, and this renders his book particularly fit for young people, who may hope to fall in with grey squirrels, Canadian porcupines, skunks, racoons and wood-chucks. Perhaps the chapter on the “Badger and his kin” might leave the impression that shrews and moles are near relatives of the badger. “Animal training and animal intelligence” is a little bookish; and the performing elephants, &c, have little to do with the main subject. But these are trifles. The book is good of its kind. Wild Neighbours: Out-door Studies in the United States. By Ernest Ingersoll. Pp. viii + 301. Woodcuts. (New York and London: Macmillan and Co., 1897.)

Instruction to Science Teachers at South Kensington

DURING the months of June and July, a number of science teachers from various parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland, were assembled in London, for the purpose of attending special classes, arranged for their instruction under the auspices of the Science and Art Department. We propose to give some account of the course of instruction in the principles of Biology, which was directed by Prof. Huxley, to whose suggestion, we believe, liberally accepted by Mr. Forster and acted upon by the Government, this important scheme for raising the character of science teaching in the various schools and classes at present in relation with South Kensington is due. It had long been felt by those who annually examined teachers and pupils for certificates in various branches of science, under the Science and Art Department, that the candidates displayed a sad want of practical acquaintance with the subjects in which they presented themselves for examination; many showed considerable ability and great book knowledge, but a knowledge of the things themselves with which science deals, a proof of personal intercourse with Nature, which after all is the only foundation of scientific knowledge, and without which all the 'ologies are so much book-wormery, was to a very great extent wanting. Under the existing state of things it seemed almost impossible to get out of this vicious condition, for the scholars who were in their turn destined to become teachers were for the most part taught by men who were deficient in practical knowledge; and with the increasing demand for science teaching there appeared to be a probability of the evil being increased by the rapid accession of these book-taught students to the position of instructors. The only way to meet this difficulty was to find teachers who had the requisite familiarity with “the solid ground of Nature,” and set them to work to leaven the mass. The readiest means of doing this was undoubtedly that adopted by the authorities—namely, to summon to a central class the ablest of the teachers at present distributed throughout the kingdom, and to impart to them as much practical acquaintance and personal familiarity with the things of which they had read in books, as was possible in a given time. By annual repetition of this plan there can be little doubt that the body of science teachers throughout the country would be materially affected. Being already acquainted with the outlines and much of the detail of their subjects by hearsay, they would readily understand and appreciate the facts and methods of investigating facts placed before them, and after passing through such a course of instruction would be prepared to proceed further in the same direction by their own individual efforts, ancl what is more important, to teach, not at second-hand, but from experience, not as fluent repeating machines, but as thoughtful students of phenomena.