Personal Expenses Research Articles

YOUNG PEOPLE’S ATTITUDES AND FINANCIAL BEHAVIOUR. EVIDENCE FROM ROMANIA

Nowadays, it is well known that money, through the means of obtaining and saving, has a major influence on the good functioning of the economy in society and implicitly in the process of its development. This influence has an impact on every individual in our society, on our decisions, choices, plans and preferences. At the same time, however, each participant in the economy of a state, whether it be individuals, companies, corporations or business partners, competes in the evolution of the economy through the type of management of the finances it adopts. In this regard, the present research aims to establish what is the young peoples' behavior (aged between 18 and 40) in terms of how to save money as well as the peoples' inclination to call a financial advisor for making decisions regarding the management of personal income and expenses. Therefore, with the help of survey type research, based on a questionnaire, the results of the study reveal an increased interest of Romanian young people in terms of the tendency to save money. It also highlights the awareness of the importance of financial knowledge in the process of saving money, as well as the tendency of respondents to constantly update this information, with the help of financial experts.

PancREatic Cancer and Individualised Supervised Exercise (PRECISE): a feasibility trial protocol for patients with resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Background: Patients with resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy can experience an array of complications including fatigue, pain and the loss of physical function. Accumulating evidence from largely early stage breast cancer studies supports exercise as an adjunct therapy to help mitigate treatment complications. However, there is a lack of evidence of its feasibility in pancreatic cancer. The purpose of this study is to explore the initial feasibility of delivering a supervised, individualized, and progressive concurrent exercise intervention to individuals with resectable PDAC who are undergoing adjuvant therapy. Methodology: Ten patients with resectable PDAC undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy will be recruited. Clinical care teams will screen patients against inclusion criteria to determine eligibility. All enrolled participants will complete a 16-week, supervised, tailored, moderate intensity exercise intervention consisting of aerobic and muscle strengthening activities. The primary outcome will be feasibility of delivering a supervised exercise intervention. Secondary outcomes will include measures of physical fitness, fatigue, and quality of life. Outcomes will be measured at baseline (T1), 16 weeks (T2) and 3 months post intervention (T3). The feasibility, acceptability and potential utility of the supervised exercise intervention will be explored qualitatively through semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders (e.g. active participants, eligible participants that declined participation and the research staff including exercise physiologists and recruiting clinicians). The use of health and social care services, medications and personal expenses incurred during the trial will also be used to determine cost-effectiveness of this intervention and a potential further RCT in PDAC. Discussion: The overall aim of this study is to determine the utility of a supervised, tailored, moderate intensity exercise intervention in PDAC patients undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy. This feasibility study will help inform the design of future randomised controlled trials to determine the efficacy of the exercise intervention in PDAC.

Factors Affecting Technology Integration in EFL Classrooms: The Case of Kuwaiti Government Primary Schools

Previous Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) research has shown that technology is beneficial for promoting language learning, but some teachers neither use technology as an assisted tool nor integrate it into their language classrooms. It has also been argued that the integration of technology has been unsuccessful in Kuwait. This study aims to explore the factors influencing teachers’ use of technology in English as a foreign language (EFL) classroom in Kuwaiti government primary schools. More specifically, it aims to highlight factors promoting and hindering EFL teachers’ use of technology. For the purpose of this study, 55 questionnaire responses were collected from different primary school teachers in Kuwait, followed up with 15 semi-structured interviews. The study findings show that Kuwaiti primary school EFL teachers who participated in the current study demonstrated positive attitudes towards using technology and acknowledged the implementation of some cutting-edge technologies in their classrooms. Enhancing students’ language learning, innovation and school support were the main factors that encouraged the participating teachers to use technology. Other factors hindered the use of technology; particularly those related to lack of parental support, personal expenses and health problems, teachers’ lack of skills and training, poor classroom infrastructure, and time constraints/workload. The findings also reveal that the lack of professional development training workshops provided by the Ministry of Education led the Kuwaiti teachers to rely more on informal training in which they worked and learnt together with their colleagues in small sub-groups to improve their use of technology. The study findings have implications for policymakers and other stakeholders intending to integrate technology in Kuwaiti primary schools.

PancREatic Cancer and Individualised Supervised Exercise (PRECISE): a feasibility trial protocol for patients with resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Background: Patients with resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy can experience an array of complications including fatigue, pain and the loss of physical function. Accumulating evidence from largely early stage breast cancer studies supports exercise as an adjunct therapy to help mitigate treatment complications. However, there is a lack of evidence of its feasibility in pancreatic cancer. The purpose of this study is to explore the initial feasibility of delivering a supervised, individualized, and progressive concurrent exercise intervention to individuals with resectable PDAC who are undergoing adjuvant therapy. Methodology: Ten patients with resectable PDAC undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy will be recruited. Clinical care teams will screen patients against inclusion criteria to determine eligibility. All enrolled participants will complete a 16-week, supervised, tailored, moderate intensity exercise intervention consisting of aerobic and muscle strengthening activities. The primary outcome will be feasibility of delivering a supervised exercise intervention. Secondary outcomes will include measures of physical fitness, fatigue, and quality of life. Outcomes will be measured at baseline (T1), 16 weeks (T2) and 3 months (T3). The feasibility, acceptability and potential utility of the supervised exercise intervention will be explored qualitatively through semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders (e.g. active participants, eligible participants that declined participation and the research staff including exercise physiologists and recruiting clinicians). The use of health and social care services, medications and personal expenses incurred during the trial will also be used to determine cost-effectiveness of this intervention and a potential further RCT in PDAC. Discussion: The overall aim of this study is to determine the utility of a supervised, tailored, moderate intensity exercise intervention in PDAC patients undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy. This feasibility study will help inform the design of future randomised controlled trials to determine the efficacy of the exercise intervention in PDAC.

The Perception of Independent Living among Thai Older Adults

In Thailand, 11% of the population are 65 years or older, and this figure is expected to increase by more than a quarter by 2040. One of the most pressing challenges faced by Thai older adults is living independently despite their physical frailties. As a result, a shift in emphasis, from elderly care to independent living, has been advocated. This study is a descriptive study designed using qualitative methods and aimed at exploring the perception of independent living on the part of Thai older adults, including the meaning, characteristics, and contributing factors of independent living. Eleven Thai older adults aged 60 years or older with no physical disability and living in both urban and suburban community in the central part of Thailand were studied using in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed using content analysis. The findings revealed that Thai older adults explained independent living as performing activities of daily living without depending on others, making decisions without control from others, and feeling comfortable doing their personal activities. The characteristics of living independently were found to be the following: 1) being employed, 2) having sufficient money for personal expenses, 3) being capable of participating in religious activities, and 4) having time for relaxation. Moreover, the factors that were seen to contribute to independent living were the personal factors of the individual, the environment, and the social support provided by his or her family and community. Understanding the meaning, characteristics, and factors that contribute to independent living in Thai older adults is essential in order to increase the self-fulfillment of Thai older adults living in the community, and to promote their self-esteem, control, and dignity.

Adult health burden and costs in California during 2013 associated with prior adverse childhood experiences.

ObjectivesTo estimate the adult health burden and costs in California during 2013 associated with adults’ prior Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs).MethodsWe analyzed five ACEs-linked conditions (asthma, arthritis, COPD, depression, and cardiovascular disease) and three health risk factors (lifetime smoking, heavy drinking, and obesity). We estimated ACEs-associated fractions of disease risk for people aged 18+ for these conditions by ACEs exposure using inputs from a companion study of California Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data for 2008–2009, 2011, and 2013. We combined these estimates with published estimates of personal healthcare spending and Disability-Adjusted-Life-Years (DALYs) in the United States by condition during 2013. DALYs captured both the years of healthy life lost to disability and the years of life lost to deaths during 2013. We applied a published estimate of cost per DALY.ResultsAmong adults in California, 61% reported ACEs. Those ACEs were associated with $10.5 billion in excess personal healthcare spending during 2013, and 434,000 DALYs valued at approximately $102 billion dollars. During 2013, the estimated health burden per exposed adult included $589 in personal healthcare expenses and 0.0224 DALYs valued at $5,769.ConclusionsEstimates of the costs of childhood adversity are far greater than previously understood and provide a fiscal rationale for prevention efforts.

ПОСТРОЕНИЕ РАВНОВЕСИЯ ШТАКЕЛЬБЕРГА В ЗАДАЧЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ВНЕДРЕНИЕМ ИННОВАЦИЙ

We investigate the mathematical model of coordination of private and public interests at introduction of innovations. Innovation is broadly understood as the profitable use of innovations in the form of new technologies, products and services, organizational, technical and socio-economic solutions of industrial, financial, commercial, administrative or other nature. Innovation affects the structure of production enterprises in the country, the level of development of society. The introduction of innovations requires restructuring of the existing production, retraining of employees, capital costs and at the same time is associated with the risk of not suffering losses and getting the necessary result. The main task of mathematical modeling of coordination of private and public interests in the models of innovation promotion is to determine the appropriate strategy to promote innovation, provided that the maximum income of persons promoting innovation. The agent promotes innovation, for which he receives income from production from the supervisor, but at the same time has personal expenses during implementation. In addition, the agent has its own private interest, namely, engaged in third-party activities not related to the promotion of innovation, which also brings him income. The model uses a motivation in which the supervisor acts on the target function of the agent. We consider the various Internet articles on the topic of how to embed innovation in the company. The problem is investigated using Stackelberg algorithms. Thus, the results were obtained during the study.

Impacto de la deducibilidad de gastos personales en la recaudación tributaria

The impact generated by the deductibility of personal expenses in tax collection is significant, as it tends to vary. Through the deductibility of personal expenses, taxpayers deduct expenses such as health, housing, education, with an eloquent deduction in the areas of food and health. Leading the country to an unstable collection and generating a high tax expense that does not allow Ecuador to exit the fiscal deficit. In this context, the tax policy plays a very important role since it is in charge of determining the direct and indirect tax burden in order to finance the activity of the State, considering this as a primary factor to pay for state expenses, including social spending.

A Study on Tax Evasion and Avoidance in Ethiopia: The Case of Ethiopian Revenue and Custom Authority Bahir Dar Branch

Taxes are important sources of public revenue. Tax avoidance and tax evasion are widely believed to be significant factors limiting revenue mobilization. In Ethiopia, tax evasions and avoidances are pervasive features in tax collection process. This paper assessed the level of Tax Evasion and Avoidance in Bahir Dar city and analyzed the controlling mechanisms of tax evasion and tax avoidance. In doing so, both qualitative and quantitative data are obtained from both primary and secondary data sources using collection tools such as interviews, questionnaires and from different books & reports. Descriptive method of data analysis was used to analyze and interpret the data. The result showed that there is tax evasion and avoidance in Bahir Dar city and the major methods used by taxpayers to evade and avoid tax are non- declaration and under reporting of income, overstating business expense and deductions, overstating and understating trading stock, deduct personal expenses as business expenses to hide the exact tax liability. Consequently, it is recommended that: database for tax administration at all levels of government should be promptly computerized, it is better for the taxing authority to fulfill the required number of experienced personnel with the required qualifications and there should be continuous training for tax officers on how to provide rapid and courteous service, continuous education for citizenry has to be embarked upon and step has to be taken to convince the tax payers that the money collected in form of taxes are judiciously spent and the tax department should adopt scientific procedures in collecting data and selecting taxpayers for further audit and perform risk based tax audit. Keywords: Tax evasion, tax avoidance, tax administration, database, risk based tax audit and under reporting DOI : 10.7176/RJFA/10-23-06 Publication date: December 31 st 2019

CN29 - Analysis on the implementation results of family sickbed for oncology patients in Dongshi Township Health Centers from 2015 to 2017

BackgroundCancer patients in good general condition can receive aggressive anti-cancer treatment, while palliative care is most appropriate for advanced cancer patients. In China, patients admit to 3A hospitals regardless of the disease stage. Given the limited number of 3A hospital beds, high price, low quality of life, family sickbed is emerging. With one-to-one help of The Second Affiliated Hospital of FMU, Dongshi Township Health Center (DTHC) established the first family sickbed project for oncology patients (FSOP) in China. MethodsA retrospective survey was adopted to analyze the general clinical data of patients, hospitalization days and expenses, the types of medical insurance and the opioid analgesics drugs used of 225 patients. And, we carried out telephone follow-up to collect the data concerning the patient’s survival and satisfaction with FSOP service. ResultsFrom 2015 to 2017, 225 patients were admitted to FSOP. Of 225 patients, 192 (85.3%) were males and 33 (14.7%) were females with ages from 24 to 91 years. The most common disease categories were lung cancer, esophagus cancer, liver cancer. 216 out of 225 patients purchased the NCMS Insurance. During those 3 years, the average total hospitalization expenses, the average personal expenses, the average personal expenses ratio, the average reimbursement ratio, and the average hospitalization days of all patients were 3824.24yuan, 1195.34yuan, 34.64%, 65.37% and 11.79 days, respectively. 51 out of 225 patients suffered pain and needed to eat painkillers. The use of Morphine tablets and OxyContin increased year by year, conforming to the principle of the WHO’s three-step analgesic ladder. Follow-up results showed that 37 (18.5%, 37/200) patients were survive, and 177 patients or family members (88.5%, 177/200) were fully satisfied with FSOP’s service. ConclusionsSince 2015, the DTHC has provided considerate home care, resulting in a high level of patient and family members satisfaction. Admitting to FSOP can lower the hospitalization expenses, decrease the burden of economy and life, improve the quality of life, and relieve the pain, both mental and physical. Moreover, FSOP will be a more appropriate place to spend the last days for advanced cancer patients. Legal entity responsible for the studyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University. FundingHas not received any funding. DisclosureAll authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Evangelism, Personal Expenses, and Charitable Contribution Deductions

An individual, the US Tax Court found, has “dedicated his life to being an evangelist.” He “seeks to spread the teachings of the Catholic Church through random interactions with members of the general public.” He “considers all of his contact with members of the public to be opportunities for evangelism.” He “evangelizes people he happens to see when he engages in otherwise personal activities, such as when he eats in restaurants, travels, and pilots private planes.”

Assessment of Battery Storage Technologies for a Turkish Power Network

Population growth has brought an increase in energy demand and cost that has a meaningful impact on personal and government expenses. In this respect, governments attach importance to investments in renewable energy resources (RER), which are a sustainable and clean energy source. However, the unpredictable characteristics of RER are a major problem for these clean sources and RER need auxiliary assets. Battery energy storage systems (BESS) are one of the promising solutions for these issues. Due to the high investment cost of BESS, governments act cautiously about accepting and implementing BESS in their power network. Recently, with the improvement of technology, the cost of BESS has been reduced, and therefore battery technologies have begun to be applied to conventional systems. In this study, first, we will review and discuss the current globally state-of-the-art BESS and their applications. Later, attention will be turned to a country-specific study for Turkey.

Efficiency analysis of telecommunications companies in Southeast Asia using Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) method

This study aims to analyze the efficiency of telecommunications companies and find out the variables of efficiency of telecommunications companies in Southeast Asia in the period of 2008-2017 involving 14 telecommunications operators using the Stochastic Frontier Analysis method. The results of these studies show that the telecommunications companies in Southeast Asia still had room to improve their profit efficiency scores for 0,984 – 0,689 = 0.295. Furthermore, the results show that input variables such as Personal, capex and opex have a positive effect on the value of efficiency which means that each increase in the variable Capex, Opex and Personal Expenses will have an impact in increasing the value of efficiency Whereas the total assets have negative effects on the efficiency value of telecommunications operators. Output variables consisting of revenue, subscribers and ARPU have a significant effect on the value of efficiency. These three output variables in the SFA measurement method have a positive influence on the efficiency of telecommunication operators. Inflation used as an environmental variable in measuring the efficiency of telecommunication operators shows that it does not have a significant impact on the efficiency value of telecommunications operators. This study aims to analyze the efficiency of telecommunications companies and find out the variables of efficiency of telecommunications companies in Southeast Asia in the period of 2008-2017 involving 14 telecommunications operators using the Stochastic Frontier Analysis method . The results of these studies show that the telecommunications companies in Southeast Asia still had room to improve their profit efficiency scores for 0,984 – 0,689 = 0.295. Furthermore, the results show that input variables such as Personal , capex and opex have a positive effect on the value of efficiency which means that each increase in the variable C apex, Opex and P ersonal Ex penses will have an impact in increasing the value of efficiency Whereas the total assets have negative effects on the efficiency value of telecommunications operators. Output variables consisting of revenue, subscribers and ARPU have a significant effect on the value of efficiency. These three output variables in the SFA measurement method have a positive influence on the efficiency of telecommunication operators. Inflation used as an environmental variable in measuring the efficiency of telecommunication operators shows that it does not have a significant impact on the efficiency value of telecommunications operators.

Beyond the biopsy: predictors of decision regret and anxiety following preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy.

What factors are associated with decision regret and anxiety following preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A)? The majority of patients viewed PGT-A favourably regardless of their outcome; although patients with negative outcomes expressed greater decision regret and anxiety. PGT-A is increasingly utilized in in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles to aid in embryo selection. Despite the increasing use of PGT-A technology, little is known about patients' experiences and the possible unintended consequences of decision regret and anxiety related to PGT-A outcome. Anonymous surveys were distributed to 395 patients who underwent their first cycle of autologous PGT-A between January 2014 and March 2015. There were 69 respondents who underwent PGT-A at a university-affiliated fertility centre, completed the survey and met inclusion criteria. Respondents completed three validated questionnaires including the Brehaut Decision Regret (DR) Scale, short-form State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-6) and a health literacy scale. The surveys also assessed demographics, fertility history, IVF and frozen embryo transfer cycle data. The majority of respondents were Caucasian, >35years of age and educated beyond an undergraduate degree. The majority utilized PGT-A on their first IVF cycle, most commonly to 'maximize the efficiency of IVF' or reduce per-transfer miscarriage risk. The overall median DR score was low, but 39% of respondents expressed some degree of regret. Multiple regression confirmed a relationship between embryo ploidy and decision regret, with a lower number of euploid embryos associated with a greater degree of regret. Patients who conceived following euploid transfer reported less regret than those who miscarried or failed to conceive (P < 0.005). Decision regret was inversely associated with number of living children but not associated with age, education, race, insurance coverage, religion, marital status or indication for IVF/PGT-A. Anxiety was greater following a negative pregnancy test or miscarriage compared to successful conception (P < 0.0001). Anxiety was negatively associated with age, time since oocyte retrieval and number of living children, and a relationship was observed between anxiety and religious affiliation. Overall, decision regret was low, and 94% of all respondents reported satisfaction with their decision to pursue PGT-A; however, patients with a negative outcome were more likely to express decision regret and anxiety. This survey was performed at a single centre with a relatively homogenous population, and the findings may not be generalizable. Reasons for caution include the possibility of response bias and unmeasured differences among those who did and did not respond to the survey, as well as the possibility of recall bias given the retrospective nature of the survey. Few studies have examined patient perceptions of PGT-A, and our findings should be interpreted with caution. Overall decision regret was low following PGT-A, and the vast majority deemed the information gained valuable for reproductive planning regardless of outcome. However, more than one-third of the respondents expressed some degree of regret. Respondents with no euploid embryos were more likely to express regret, and those with a negative outcome following euploid embryo transfer expressed both higher regret and anxiety. These data identify unanticipated consequences of PGT-A and suggest opportunities for additional counselling and support surrounding IVF with PGT-A. No external funding was obtained for this study. D.H.M. reports personal fees, honorarium, and travel expenses from Ferring Pharmaceuticals, personal fees and travel expenses from Granata Bio, and personal fees from Biogenetics Corporation, The Sperm and Embryo Bank of New York, and ReproART: Georgian American Center for Reproductive Medicine. All conflicts are outside the submitted work.

Spirituality and Consumerism: Consumer Behaviour Among Muslim University Students In Malaysia

Spirituality is a motivational variable that relates to many aspects of consumerism and economic constructs in terms of personal perceptions and behaviors. The study examined the influence of spirituality in the materialistic interest of consumers. Samples of students of undergraduate and postgraduate in Malaysia were included in this study and the analysis was carried out to see the bi-directional causality of spirituality and consumerism and to see the effect of one on the other. Results showed that those scoring high on spirituality have less interest in material acquisition. The findings also showed that the orientation of the respondents is not reflected in the way they give charity as majority of them will only spend a small portion of their extra money on charity and more on their personal expenses. This clearly shows that the propensity to give out is low. This study, therefore, concludes that spirituality can be positively related to economic attitudes that favored a more social responsibility orientation, supporting programs and individual initiatives that were responsive to the economic suffering of people. The study hereby recommends that individuals should have a sense of giving as spirituality encourages a high level of charitable activities.

Web-Based Exercise as an Effective Complementary Treatment for Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Intervention Study.

BackgroundPhysical inactivity is a major risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Exercise-based prevention interventions for improving cardiorespiratory fitness are a recommended complementary treatment for NAFLD. Achievement of minimally effective physical activity to improve cardiorespiratory fitness among patients typically involves high personal and financial expenses in face-to-face settings. We designed an eHealth approach for patients with NAFLD to improve the cardiorespiratory fitness and report the first results of the HELP (Hepatic Inflammation and Physical Performance in Patients With NASH [nonalcoholic steatohepatitis]) study.ObjectiveWe aimed to assess the effectiveness of an 8-week, tailored, Web-based exercise intervention for cardiorespiratory fitness improvement, expressed as peak oxygen uptake (peak volume of oxygen [VO2peak]), in patients with histologically confirmed NAFLD.MethodsIn a 24-month period, 44 patients were enrolled into an 8-week, prospective, single-arm study with 12 weeks of follow-up. After a medical examination and performance diagnostics, a sports therapist introduced the patients to a Web-based platform for individualized training support. Regular individual patient feedback was provided to systematically adapt the weekly exercise schedule, which allowed us to monitor and ensure patient adherence to strength and endurance training and optimize the step-wise progressive exercise load. Exercise progression was based on an a priori algorithm that considered the subjective rate for both perceived exhaustion and general physical discomfort. The VO2peak was assessed at baseline and at the end of the study by spiroergometry.ResultsA total of 43 patients completed the intervention with no adverse events. The VO2peak increased significantly by 2.4 mL/kg/min (8.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.48-3.27; P<.001) accompanied by a reduction of 1.0 kg in a body weight (95% CI: 0.33-1.58; P=.004) and 1.3 kg in body fat mass (95% CI: 0.27-2.27; P=.01). In an exploratory analysis, step-wise logistic regression analysis revealed low body fat and VO2peak at baseline and the total minutes of endurance training during the intervention as main contributors to a positive change in VO2peak. Our predictive model indicated that the average patient with NAFLD needed 223 min for stabilization of VO2peak and 628 min for average improvement in VO2peak. However, in patients with a VO2peak approximately 20% higher than the average VO2peak, 628 min were only sufficient to stabilize the VO2peak and >40% reduction in the average fat mass would be required to achieve an average outcome.ConclusionsThis is the first study to show that patients with NAFLD can be effectively supported by a Web-based approach, which can increase the VO2peak to a similar extent as face-to-face interventions. Patients with low body fat and low VO2peak benefited the most from our intervention. In terms of future treatment strategies, NAFLD patients with high body fat may particularly benefit from body-fat reduction through a strict nutritional intervention, subsequently enabling a more effective exercise intervention.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02526732; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02526732 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/74pXhXXfq)International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)RR2-10.2196/resprot.8607

АРИСТОКРАТИЯ И БОГАТСТВО В РОССИЙСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ В 1890-1914 ГГ.: СТРУКТУРА ЛИЧНЫХ РАСХОДОВ КРУПНЕЙШИХ ЗЕМЛЕВЛАДЕЛЬЦЕВ (ПО ДОКУМЕНТАМ РГАДА, РГИА, ГАРФ)

Based on the study of archival materials, the article examines the structure of personal expenses of the biggest landowners of the Russian Empire in 1890–1914s. Significant sums of money that remained in the hands of the Russian aristocracy after spending on the development of the economy in the estates, on the transfer to bank funds and mortgage payments, were mainly directed to personal needs and the maintenance of Palace residences. The budgets of the biggest landowners also included expenditure items for charitable purposes. Personal expenses in the period under review were constantly growing, but retained their traditional structure. The aristocracy sought a balance between productive expenditure and the cost of maintaining its social status. Economic prosperity on the eve of 1914 allowed the biggest landowners to keep the usual daily way of life and compete with the new industrial and financial classes of the Russian society in demonstrating wealth. As it may appear, the increase in personal expenses of biggest landowners, especially against the backdrop of the breakdown in social ties with the fringe gentry and partly with the lumpen nobility, attested, among other things, to the benefits and advantages that the emerging “industrial era” brought to aristocracy.

La deserción estudiantil en la Universidad de Los Andes (Venezuela)

Se presenta un análisis de carácter reflexivo que permita aproximarse al lector sobre las posibles causas de la deserción estudiantil en la Universidad de Los Andes (ULA- Venezuela). El objetivo de la investigación es abordar, cualitativamente, y, a la vez, interpretar los factores que podrían estar generando que los estudiantes se ausenten de las aulas de clase universitarias. El análisis se basa en la consulta de fuentes periodísticas electrónicas que describen los hechos y situaciones relacionadas con la deserción de jóvenes universitarios en Venezuela, sumado a la revisión de fuentes que aportan datos sobre la crisis socioeconómica de dicha nación. Es importante indicar que no se cuentan con datos oficiales que midan el fenómeno, por tanto la información es extraída de estimaciones de organizaciones no gubernamentales o diarios en línea. Los resultados revelan que un 50% de los estudiantes podrían haber abandonado las aulas, motivado a la falta de oportunidades laborales futuras, aumento de sus gastos personales y académicos, continuas protestas, carencia de recursos económicos, baja formación escolar secundaria y desmotivación, principalmente.

Income hiding and informal redistribution: A lab-in-the-field experiment in Senegal

We estimate the hidden cost of social obligations to redistribute exploiting data from a controlled setting in urban Senegal, which combines lab-in-the-field measures and out-of-lab follow-up data. We estimate a social tax of about 9 percent. When given the opportunity to get hidden income, individuals decrease by 26 percent the share of gains they transfer to kin — mostly outside the household — and increase health and personal expenses. We expand on prior literature by both identifying the individual cost of informal redistribution and then relating it to postexperiment resource-allocation decisions, and by disentangling intra- and interhousehold redistributive pressure.

Continuidad de la urbanización informal en los espacios de pobreza metropolitanos, rémora del desarrollo y déficit de la política de vivienda: Cuernavaca, México

En este artículo se explica por qué, a dos años de que inicie la tercera década del siglo xxi, los habitantes urbanos en situación de pobreza en Cuernavaca, México, continúan teniendo como vía fundamental de acceso a la vivienda, la ocupación informal del suelo, en un periodo en el que el crédito hipotecario ha tenido su mayor expansión en la historia. Se identifica al empleo informal y los salarios por debajo de 2,6 veces el salario mínimo como causas de su exclusión de la oferta de mercado, en tanto que los programas federales de subsidio para trabajadores informales tienen un bajo impacto y no inciden en el factor suelo. La crisis del 2009 significó el estancamiento de un aparente avance de la urbanización formal sobre la informal. Para el caso de estudio se comprueba la asociación entre pobreza e informalidad económica y urbana, en tanto que datos de una encuesta aplicada aportan detalles sobre características de los habitantes, su grado de satisfacción por convertirse en propietarios, la progresividad en la construcción de la vivienda, su nivel de acceso a microfinanciamiento para mejoras a la vivienda y gastos personales, y su movilidad residencial.