Personal Expectations Research Articles

Citizens to Soldiers: Mobilization, Cost Perceptions, and Support for Military Action

Abstract Policymakers have long assumed, and scholars have long argued, that how a government raises military manpower affects public support for military action through two obvious mechanisms: the likelihood any given individual will be personally affected by the conflict, and the expected aggregate cost of the conflict. Increased costs are thought to cause the public to be more critical of the use of military force. But do they? We gain leverage on this question in the US context by employing a survey experiment that allows us both to compare reactions to a range of manpower policies—an all-volunteer standing force, conscription, and mobilization of the reserves—and to explicitly test multiple mechanisms—expectations of bearing personal cost, expectations of aggregate cost, and effects not explained by these cost expectations. Our results strongly suggest that manpower policies’ effects are not straightforward. Consistent with previous studies, we find that an expectation of conscription lowers public support for military action. Mobilization of the reserves, however, fails to diminish support, despite the fact that it should also affect more people and signal a larger conflict. While casualty estimates (proxy for scale) are negatively correlated with mission support, personal cost expectations are not. Furthermore, much of the variation between manpower treatments is not explained by either tested cost mechanism, suggesting a role for norms and values. These findings have implications for whether military manpower policies designed to impose political costs on policymakers are likely to work and for wider discussions of public support for military operations.

‘You Can’t Do Anything Right’: How Adolescents Experience and Navigate the Achievement Imperative on Social Media

The rise in mental health issues among youth has been linked to an emergence of an achievement imperative, causing a rise in personal expectations and achievement demands, with social media highlighted as a significant contributor to these developments. This study examined experiences of achievement demands on social media and well-being through focus groups and individual interviews with early adolescents ( n = 80, ages 12–16 years). Achievement demands and a culture of perfection, along with their negative effects hereof, were mainly experienced in relation to adolescents’ public digital lives and, particularly among the youngest adolescents, the quantity and frequency of communication with friends. Achievement practices were structured by gender, with higher expectations for girls to present self-centred idealized and attractive versions of themselves. Boys were more often expected to appear social, active and prosperous. Sexual presentations of girls and self-centred pictures of boys were often considered distasteful and associated with lower-class culture.

Women’s experiences of a pregnancy whilst attending a specialist antenatal service for pregnancies after stillbirth or neonatal death: a qualitative interview study

Aim: Pregnancy after the death of a baby is associated with numerous, varied psychological challenges for pregnant women. This study aimed to explore women’s experiences of pregnancy whilst attending a specialist antenatal service for pregnancies after a perinatal death. Methods: Semi-structured interviews with twenty women in a subsequent pregnancy after a perinatal death were conducted and analyzed taking an inductive thematic analysis approach. Results: All women expressed a heightened “awareness of risk”. Two subthemes demonstrated how increased awareness of risk affected their experience and their desire regarding antenatal and postnatal support. Women talked about stillbirth being a “quiet, unspoken subject” causing them internal conflict as they had an awareness of pregnancy complications that other people did not. Navigating subsequent pregnancies relied on them “expecting the worst and hoping for the best” in terms of pregnancy outcomes. Women viewed specialist antenatal care in pregnancy after perinatal loss favorably, as it enabled them to receive tailored care that met their needs stemming from their increased awareness of and personal expectations of risk. Conclusion: Women’s experiences can be used to develop models of care but further studies are required to determine to identify which components are most valued.

Evaluasi Kualitas Pembelajaran Daring, Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kepuasan Mahasiswa dalam Penggunaan Berkelanjutan Sistem Pembelajaran

This study analyzes and examines the important factors influencing the sustainable use of e-learning by students in higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Currently studies in the field of e-learning focus on the technical aspects of information technology and give limited consideration to social and student-related factors. However, evaluating the critical factors influencing student satisfaction and their intention to use e-learning from a multidimensional perspective can provide an in-depth understanding that can help improve and develop an effective online learning environment. Therefore, this study attempts to provide a validated conceptual framework that integrates social cognitive theory, expectation confirmation theory, and DeLone and McLean's IS success model to analyze the impact of various factors on student satisfaction and their intention to use e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. . The sample of this study were students who were given online questionnaires. As a result, there are three hypotheses that are not supported. Neither self-efficacy nor satisfaction affected personal outcome expectations, although previous experience and social influences did show that the COVID-19 pandemic significantly affected students. These findings have practical implications for education developers, policy makers, and practitioners who wish to develop effective strategies for and increase the use of e-learning during COVID-19.

Despite Crises and Turmoil – High Time for Change

Despite Crises and Turmoil – High Time for Change

FACTORS OF OCCUPATIONAL SATISFACTION OF DISABLED WORKERS – RESEARCH RESULTS IN THE SILESIAN OPEN LABOR MARKET

Professional satisfaction is an important issue in the process of managing the activities of an organization, therefore it is perceived as a condition explaining the dynamics of employees’ potential in the organization. It is subjective and depends on the personal preferences and expectations of the company’s employees and focuses on their satisfaction. The level of job satisfaction is influenced by the personal opinion of employees about the work performed and their attitude towards the work performed, therefore it is a common opinion that the functioning of the enterprise depends to a large extent on the attitudes of its employees, and employee attitudes are, in turn, inseparable from efficiency. organizational. Professional satisfaction is determined by a number of factors, which are classified mainly according to the individual characteristics and competences of an employee, workplace, quality of work or working conditions. The aim of the article is to identify and measure the factors of professional satisfaction of disabled workers employed in the open labor market. The review of the literature and the results of own research in the Silesian Voivodeship in 2021 allowed for the identification of seven determinants of job satisfaction of disabled people employed in the open labor market and the indication of which of them are the most important for the respondents.

Using music to identify and evaluate Knapp’s Relationship Staircase Model

This teaching activity builds students’ interpersonal competencies in identifying Mark Knapp’s Stages of Relationships (Adler, Rosenfeld, Towne, & Scott, 2012, Interplay: The process of interpersonal communication, p. 504, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston). The activity establishes a theoretical understanding of each stage and asks students to use their knowledge to identify and pair the stages with popular song lyrics. The benefits of using music in the classroom are described and then the Staircase Model is introduced, followed by an outline of the activity and a debrief. Lastly, variations are described. Courses Interpersonal Communication, Introduction to Communication, Intercultural Communication. Objectives This activity engages students in discussion about Knapp’s Relational Staircase Model. By the end of this activity, students will be able to connect songs and lyrics to identify and interpret specific relational stages. Students will also be able to articulate their perceptions for where lines between cultural or personal expectations may blur. This activity also challenges students to identify their own expectations of relationship progression and dissolution while unpacking interpretations.

Current and Future Financial Well-Being in 16 Countries

Financial well-being—the evaluation of current personal finances and expectations for the financial future—has gained attention in research, practice, and policy. Yet, there is no consensus on its conceptualization or its operationalization. The authors contribute to this area of research by proposing a conceptual framework and reassessing a measure used in data on subjective financial well-being from 16 countries. The findings highlight methodological concerns in international marketing studies and show not only financial well-being but also its measures to be context dependent. Furthermore, although many studies use unidimensional financial well-being measures, some conceptualizations have at least two components: a current and a future element. The authors analyze the effects of individual and contextual factors on current and future financial well-being and explore their possible interaction. They observe income to be a significant predictor of both components of financial well-being, while institutional settings are correlated with current financial well-being and national culture with future financial well-being. They conclude that initiatives aimed at increasing financial well-being need to clearly target either its current or its future component as their antecedents differ.

Time to reflect: How has COVID-19 transformed you? A commentary.

The author argues that the COVID‐19 pandemic caused members of the medical education community to reflect on their role and their norms, resulting in tensions between personal identity and organizational expectations.

Reduced Sexual Desire in Young Norwegian Women: A Mixed-Methods Study

Sexuality has become an area of social competence in which individuals strive to be recognized as sexually competent performers. However, a large proportion of young women experience reduced sexual desire. In this study, both quantitative and qualitative methods were applied. Using data from a questionnaire, the aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of, and the factors associated with, lack of sexual interest and desire among young women in Norway. Further, with the help of in-depth interviews, we investigated how young women with reduced sexual desire experience living with their desire problems and what they experience as the cause of their problems. The sample in the quantitative study consisted of 505 Norwegian women between the ages of 18 and 29 years. ANOVA was employed to explore differences in scores on psychological factors and relational factors, as well as between participants who experienced a lack of sexual interest and desire, and those who did not. The results indicate a high prevalence of lack of sexual interest and desire among women (37.1%), while low appearance satisfaction and low relationship satisfaction were central predictors of lack of sexual interest and desire. The sample in the qualitative study consisted of ten Norwegian women with reduced sexual desire between the ages of 18 and 29 years. Through thematic analysis, four themes emerged as experiences of living with reduced sexual desire: (1) physical and mental health, (2) being a young woman in today’s society, (3) relational factors, (4) negative experiences, personal expectations toward sexuality, and sexual trauma.

Effects of remotely-delivered physical activity education on exercise beliefs and intentions of active and nonactive cancer survivors and their partners.

Physical activity (PA) is recommended for cancer survivors and their romantic partners yet cancer couples may be unaware of the benefits of PA specific to them. Exercise interventions targeting survivors and partners simultaneously may prove effective at increasing exercise knowledge, intentions, and outcomes. To examine the effects of a remotely-delivered cancer-specific exercise education video on cancer survivors' and their partners' exercise knowledge, beliefs, and intentions. Cancer survivors (N = 209) and their romantic partners (N = 155) completed an online survey with an embedded education video randomized to half the sample. Group differences (education vs. control) on study constructs among the whole sample and on a subset of the sample not meeting exercise guidelines [i.e., less than 150 min of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per week; 50.5% survivors, 45.1% partners] were examined. Group differences on study constructs were also tested between survivors and partners meeting exercise guidelines or not. Survivors and partners in the education condition were more likely to correctly report the MVPA guidelines. The education increased survivors' personal exercise importance, outcome expectations, and likelihood of joining an individual exercise program. Participants meeting guidelines were significantly different on multiple exercise beliefs compared to those who were not. Among those not meeting guidelines, the education increased survivors' belief in the importance of exercising with their partner. A remotely-delivered exercise education video increased exercise knowledge and beliefs, which represents an important step in the development of couples' exercise interventions for cancer survivors and their romantic partners.

The Effect of Perceived Price and Service Quality on Consumer Satisfaction of Healthy Baby Food Counters

Among the problems faced by a company, one is not being able to pay attention to the price in a product and the quality of service. It is a challenge to create customer satisfaction with superior service quality and competitive prices. Maintaining customer satisfaction is very important because it can lead to repeat customers and increase sales where customer satisfaction is the relationship between individual expectations of product or service performance with personal expectations. This study aims to examine whether the perceived value of price and service quality affect consumer satisfaction in healthy baby food counters, a case study of Rabbani Babyfood Brebes. This research was conducted at the healthy baby food counters of Rabbani Babyfood Brebes using a quantitative method by distributing questionnaires to consumers via the Google Form link and the questions on the questionnaire paper, with 100 respondents through a questionnaire, consists of 16 questions. Then the data were collected and processed using SPSS version 22 to see the effect of each variable. The results of this study indicate that the variable price and service quality have a positive effect on the level of customer satisfaction.

Interprofessional Collaborative Practice and Health Workers Retention at Remote Primary Health Care: Case Study from Nusantara Sehat Team-based Program

The Nusantara Sehat Team (NST), established in 2015 and consist of multi-professional health workers, implemented to provide comprehensive services at remote primary health cares (PHCs) for two years. This study aimed to explore how the NST leverages the Interprofessional Collaboration (IPC) and its impact on the future career prospects of health workers. Using a qualitative approach, the information was gathered from 48 informants drawn from the current 30 NST recruits and 18 alumni through semi-structured interviews. Of these 48, 20 were clinical practitioners, while the rest were non-clinical health workers. The findings revealed several challenges in promoting collaborative practice, including the community's high demand for curative services, the unclear division of tasks among the NST and local PHC staff, and inadequate health facility support. The curriculum of IPC was yet to be included in the pre-service education and in-service training before NST, allowing the staff to enter the workplace and collaborate, especially in the backward areas. The institutional support through macro and meso policies has yet to enable collaborative-practice ready workers adequately. Other factors such as personal values, family expectations, gender roles, and career sustainability also affected the retention of personnel in the NST.

Preferences for in-kind and in-cash home care insurance

We study preferences for different types of home care insurance using a discrete choice experiment. We consider domestic, personal, and social care, a home care annuity, and a lump-sum for home adaptations. To understand variation in preferences, we relate willingness to pay to personal circumstances, preferences, and expectations. We find that the majority value in-kind and in-cash insurance above the actuarial premium. While most respondents value coverage for basic levels of support, we find diminishing marginal utility for higher levels of support. For in-kind care, willingness to pay is positively associated with respondent characteristics: being single, household income, home ownership, risk aversion, low bequest motives, expected length of home care use, expected expenditures when in need of care, and low expected availability of informal care. In contrast, in-cash support is valued regardless of respondent characteristics, possibly because its inherent flexibility. These results contribute to the design of insurance schemes for home care.

Generativity and Gendered Pathways to Health: The Role of Human, Social, and Financial Capital Past Mid-Life.

Generativity has recently received increasing attention as a key contributor to healthy aging. Personal resources and social expectations are shown to influence the desire to be generative and that generativity affects later-life health. However, whether generativity has a mediating role in linking its driving factors and health, and how gender may affect these pathways, is underexplored. Cross-sectional online data from 1085 Hong Kong residents aged 45+ were collected between November and December 2020. Latent variable path analysis was used to examine the mediating effect of generativity between human, social, and financial capital, and physical and mental well-being. Gendered pathways were investigated using multi-group analysis. Results showed that human, social, and financial capital contributed to better health through generativity, and gendered pathways were observed. Human capital had a stronger effect on generativity for men, but for women, social capital was vital for increased generativity and consequently improved health. Findings suggested that health benefits of generativity depend on different capital drivers and differ by gender. Implications for program development that aim to facilitate health should include generativity components that maximize physical and psychosocial engagement so that individuals can reap the health benefits through contributions to others.

INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FACTORS ON CHANGE IN CONDUCT OF CONSUMER SERVICE CONSUMERS

Consumer behavior involves certain decisions, activities, ideas or experiences that meet the needs and desires of consumers. This applies to all activities directly related to the receipt, consumption and disposal of products and services, including decision-making processes. Many factors influence the decision-making process. They can be psychological, social, cultural, economic, personal and organizational. These factors influence people's consumer behavior, which ultimately influences consumers' choices about using the hospitality industry. Psychological factors influencing consumer behavior are motivation, perception and attitude. Social factors are family, group, role and status. Cultural factors include culture, subculture and social class. Economic factors include personal income, family income, and income expectations. Other factors that are personal include age, occupation, income and lifestyle.
 Behavior is an organizational factor that includes marketing strategies, work organization, brand name and company image, and not least factors that influence consumer choice - these are external environmental factors that include economic, political, social, legal, technology and competition . Identifying and understanding the factors that influence consumer behavior can influence their choices and regulate the demand for certain services that can meet the needs and desires, thus increasing the income and profitability of the institution.
 Understanding the impact of internal and external factors helps hospitality organizations develop marketing strategies to meet consumer needs and gain market advantage. It has been studied that the consumer cannot make decisions alone, but makes decisions under the influence of several other people who perform different roles. Therefore, consumer behavior as a buyer is strongly influenced by cultural, social, personal and psychological characteristics. These factors help consumers develop product and brand benefits.
 Research has shown that the age of consumers influences their choice of accommodation and food. Older consumers are more demanding of comfort and nutrition. Data for this study were collected through a self-administered questionnaire.
 The questionnaire was compiled after an extensive survey and analysis of the scientific literature. The questionnaire presents a list of external and internal factors that affect the behavior of consumers of hospitality services. Each factor was evaluated in 2 points. Points were translated into percentages.

Discursos sobre los motivos para migrar a Chile. De la expulsión a la realización profesional

The paper intends to contribute to understanding the factors leading to the decision to migrate and choose Chile as a destination. Techniques of dialogic inquiry have been used to analyze three groups of migrants (Colombians, Venezuelans, and Spaniards) residing in the Los Lagos Region. The sociological discourse analysis has been used to process the information. The emerging narratives showed four discourse types with respect to migration: forced, traditional labor, professional growth, and the search for professional fulfillment. It is shown that the economic dimension of migration loses relevance while the socio-political circumstances of the sending countries and personal projects and expectations of migrants gain heuristic value.

You Think; Therefore I Am: Gender Schemas and Context in Oral Arguments at the Supreme Court, 1979–2016

Attorneys’ ability to secure justice-votes is shaped by gender schemas, subconscious expectations which hold women should use more emotion than men. This poses few problems for male attorneys since men and attorneys are both expected to avoid emotion. But, women are placed in a double-bind with competing professional and personal expectations. We argue gender schemas are not static rather they change with the context of the Court. Introducing a new dataset inclusive of all oral arguments from 1979 to 2016, we utilize quantitative textual analysis and find gender schemas predict securing justice-votes as the Bar becomes more diverse and justices become more conservative. Our results raise normative concerns about female attorneys’ ability to substantively contribute to the Court’s case law.

What do examiners look for in a PhD thesis? Explicit and implicit criteria used by examiners across disciplines

Achieving a PhD degree is viewed by academic institutions as a major landmark of success and achievement. It gives recognition to researchers and provides entry into academia. A PhD degree is not awarded lightly and doctoral candidates undergo a rigorous examination process. This study seeks to gain a better understanding of the way in which examiners go about assessing doctoral work. Data for the study included written examiner reports presented to the University of Malta from four different faculties: Arts, Education, Science and Medicine & Surgery for the years 2017-2018. The findings suggest that the doctoral examination is a social practice with examiners using a combination of explicit criteria outlined in the University of Malta regulations, and implicit criteria based on their own personal expectations. Using a combination of these criteria, examiners look for doctoral work that makes a contribution to knowledge, is critical and analytical and is not marred by typographical or grammatical errors. The study also highlights a number of disciplinary differences in the expectations of examiners in different faculties and the need for more formal professional development for examiners to ensure a shared interpretation of criteria within a community of assessors.

Socially Responsible Human Resource Management: A Systematic Literature Review and Research Agenda

At the intersection of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and human resource management (HRM), a specific research strand has been forming and considerably flourishing over the past years, contributing to the burgeoning academic debate of what has been called “socially responsible human resource management” (SRHRM). The SRHRM debate seeks to proactively enhance employees’ work experiences and meet their personal and social expectations in ethical and socially responsible ways. Despite the increasing interest in research about SRHRM, however, the literature in this area is highly scattered, and a comprehensive study has yet to be undertaken. The present paper addresses this shortcoming by systematically reviewing 57 scholarly articles published in this research domain. It integrates previous insights on the topic to provide a far-reaching theoretical framework that highlights antecedents, practices, and outcomes of SRHRM research. As the results show, between 2011 and 2021, the Sustainability journal has published most of the empirical papers in this area, while the last three years (2019–2021) experienced a significant surge of publications on the topic. Our framework shapes a holistic overview of the SRHRM domain and illuminates different relevant elements upon which future studies in this area could be developed. This contribution is also beneficial for general CSR literature as it stresses the importance of its internal stakeholders, which have been comprehensively given less attention so far. By critically examining the recent literature on SRHRM, we further show how previous research is dominated by studies rooted in utilitarian approaches. Therefore, we set a research agenda for future studies by acknowledging the need for process-oriented studies and the importance of critical scholarship within the field of SRHRM.