Personality Dimensions Research Articles

Correlation between Personality Traits and Dimensions of Anxiety in Young Students in the State of Jalisco

Correlation between Personality Traits and Dimensions of Anxiety in Young Students in the State of Jalisco

Classification of gait variation under mental workload in big five personalities

BackgroundHuman behavior patterns involve mutual interactions among psychology, physiology, and stress, which are all associated with gait at different grades. Research questionsThe study aims to reveal the interrelationship among personality, mental workload, and gait patterns by capturing gait variations using inertial sensors. It also assesses individual personality traits and simulates stress to construct a gait classification model. MethodsSixty participants were instructed to perform regular, low, and high mental workload walking on the corridor to simulate a natural setting walking. Meanwhile inertial measurement units (IMUs) were placed on eight body parts. Mental workload was induced using the auditory n-back task, and their Big Five personality traits were evaluated. Gait data from IMUs were categorized into nine classifications of average, low, and high Big Five Inventory scores with three levels of mental workload walking. Subsequently, the segmentation gait data were used as input features for classifications in deep learning models, employing a sliding window long short-term memory network for nine classifications for different personality dimensions. ResultsThe results indicated average accuracies of nine classifications were 83.6 % for Openness, 84.4 % for Conscientiousness, 82.0 % for Extraversion, 85.2 % for Agreeableness, and 84.5 % for Neuroticism across all IMU placements. Remarkably, gait data from the lower back IMU achieved the highest model performance, with an average accuracy of 92.7 %, in classifying the different levels of personality and mental workload walking. In contrast, the left wrist and chest showed several misclassifications among regular, low, and high mental workload walking across personality traits. SignificanceSuccessful classification can help monitor an individual's mental state in real time and analyze personality dimensions, providing feedback and suggestions. The present study demonstrated that gait characteristics can contribute to more profound and personalized health information.

Fostering systems thinking about socioscientific issues

ABSTRACT Systems thinking is essential for understanding wicked real-world problems and suggesting solutions. This is the case for addressing socioscientific issues (SSI) that involve inter-related personal, socio-political, cultural, scientific, economic and moral dimensions. It is challenging for teachers to support students in adopting and practising systems thinking when they explore SSI. In this study, we tested the extent to which causal loop diagramming (CLD) developed students’ systems thinking. We examined a 2-week teaching unit that used a computer-based CLD tool to foster students’ systems thinking about obesity in a first-year university general education course. Ninety-six students from a variety of majors/disciplines participated in this study. They worked in groups and engaged in reading news, proposing actions while creating causal loop diagrams about factors that contributed to obesity and approaches to tackle the issue. We analysed their pre-, mid-, and post-unit causal loop diagrams (3 × 26 groups) and weekly reflective memos. The data revealed their significant shift towards a systems approach of thinking. The reflective memos showed that the shift was afforded by cycles of construct–revise–use as they created the diagrams. The findings suggest the potential of causal loop diagramming to foster systems thinking in the sense-making and decision-making of SSI.

Artificial intelligence psychological anthropomorphism: scale development and validation

ABSTRACT This study explores the conceptualization, dimensional structure, and measurement of artificial intelligence (AI) psychological anthropomorphism in service scenarios. Data were collected using semi-structured in-depth interviews. A grounded theory research approach was employed to construct a structural model of AI psychological anthropomorphism that included the dimensions of personality, empathy, and mind. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were subsequently conducted on questionnaire data collected through online surveys and from which a scale for AI psychological anthropomorphism was developed. It consisted of 16 items and demonstrated good reliability and validity. Moreover, using structural equation modeling, strong nomological validity was demonstrated. The results indicate that AI psychological anthropomorphism and its dimensions significantly and positively predict trust and identity threat. These findings enhance understanding of the conceptual meaning and dimensional structure of AI psychological anthropomorphism in service scenarios, as well as provide a psychometrically reliable and valid measurement tool for use in subsequent empirical research. Additionally, the findings offer important insights for AI developers, service providers, and regulatory agencies to ameliorate AI design, formulate AI marketing strategies, and refine AI governance policies.

Perceptions of Adulthood and Mental Health.

In contrast to conventional definitions, the contemporary conceptualization of adulthood emphasizes psychological characteristics over sociodemographic milestones. At the same time, an increasing number of theorists propose that the way individuals view adulthood may have a significant impact on the mental health of both adolescents and adults. However, empirical examination of this hypothesis has been notably limited to date. The aim of this study is to explore the association between individuals' perceptions of adulthood and multiple dimensions of mental health. This study applied some adulthood markers and multiple mental health indexes (including well-being, optimism, Alexithymia, satisfaction with life, Goldberg's index of mental health, the dark triad, and dimensional personality disorders) to a community sample comprising 1772 individuals in Spain, spanning ages from 16 to 93 years. The findings support the overarching hypothesis, as perceptions of adulthood display strong correlations with nearly every assessed index of mental health, particularly those that comprise a dimension of negative emotions. These associations persist even after accounting for age and socio-economic status, and in alignment with the psychological paradigm of adulthood, they show a notable consistency across various age groups. This study establishes that such perceptions of adulthood represent a modifiable factor contributing to positive mental health. The implications of these findings for the formulation of public policies aimed at promoting mental health in the context of adulthood, as well as a number of future studies, are deliberated.

A Data Set of Synthetic Utterances for Computational Personality Analysis

The computational analysis of human personality has mainly focused on the Big Five personality theory, and the psychodynamic approach is almost nonexistent despite its rich theoretical grounding and relevance to various tasks. Here, we provide a data set of 4972 synthetic utterances corresponding with five personality dimensions described by the psychodynamic approach: depressive, obsessive, paranoid, narcissistic, and anti-social psychopathic. The utterances have been generated through AI with a deep theoretical orientation that motivated the design of prompts for GPT-4. The dataset has been validated through 14 tests, and it may be relevant for the computational study of human personality and the design of authentic persona in digital domains, from gaming to the artistic generation of movie characters.

Hubungan antara Big Five Personality dengan Quarter Life Crisis pada Mahasiswa Tingkat Akhir di Universitas Negeri Padang

This study aims to see the relationship between big five personality and quarter life crisis in final year students at Padang State University. This research uses quantitative methods with a correlational research design. The sample collection technique in this study used cluster sampling technique. The number of respondents in this study was 116 final year students at Padang State University. The instrument in this study uses the scale of quarter life crisis crisis adopted from researcher Salsabilla (2023). And Goldberg's (1992) International Personality Item Pool-Big Five Factor Marker 50 (IPIP-BFM-50) scale, adapted to Indonesian by Akhtar & Azwar (2018). The results of the analysis used Product-Moment correlation analysis and found a significant negative relationship between the big five personality dimensions, namely extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and with quarter life crisis in final year students at Padang State University.

Happiness contagion in China's cities: Who gets more happiness from urban communities?

AbstractWhile emotional transmission is a well‐documented phenomenon, the contagion of happiness, specifically as a positive emotion, has received limited research attention. This study utilizes data from the 2015 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS2015) to analyse the effects of happiness contagion among different individual groups in urban communities. Findings indicate that individuals with positive personalities and social attitudes are more susceptible to happiness contagion. Regarding personal and job attributes, the elderly, the highly educated, the married, or people who are religious, have high incomes, work in non‐state‐owned enterprises, or work flexibly tend to receive more happiness from their neighbours. Moreover, residents living in economically developed areas exhibit a greater receptivity to happiness contagion. The paper discusses policy implications of the results. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.

Future perspectives on the islamic personality model: Integrating spiritual, moral, intellectual, social, personal, and behavioral dimensions for holistic development

The Islamic Personality Model (IPM) represents a holistic framework for personal and societal development rooted in Islamic teachings. This research explores the IPM's integration of spiritual, moral, intellectual, social, personal, and behavioral dimensions to promote comprehensive well-being and ethical conduct. The review synthesizes existing research on the IPM, identifying key findings and gaps, and highlights the challenges and methodological issues present in current studies. It further examines the practical applications of the IPM in educational, professional, community, and healthcare settings, and provides policy recommendations for fostering holistic development. The insights gathered from this review underscore the IPM's relevance in contemporary contexts and its potential to guide future research and practice. By embracing IPM principles, educators, policymakers, and practitioners can promote values-based approaches to personal growth, social cohesion, and ethical leadership, thereby contributing to the creation of more just and compassionate societies. This review emphasizes the need for further interdisciplinary research to enhance the understanding and application of the IPM in diverse cultural and social settings. Research Highlights: Holistic Integration of Dimensions: This research highlights the comprehensive nature of the Islamic Personality Model (IPM), integrating spiritual, moral, intellectual, social, personal, and behavioral dimensions to promote holistic development and ethical conduct in individuals and communities. Educational and Social Applications: The study demonstrates practical applications of the IPM in various domains, including education, healthcare, and community engagement. It provides concrete recommendations for integrating IPM principles into curricula, professional practices, and social programs to foster personal growth and social cohesion. Identification of Research Gaps: The review identifies significant gaps in current IPM research, particularly the need for longitudinal studies, cross-cultural comparisons, and interdisciplinary approaches. It emphasizes the importance of addressing these gaps to enhance the understanding and effectiveness of the IPM in diverse contexts. Policy Recommendations: The research offers policy recommendations to support the integration of IPM principles into modern educational and social systems. These recommendations aim to promote a values-based approach to development that supports ethical behavior, social justice, and community well-being, grounded in Islamic values.

Do You Love Me, or Do You Hate Me? Bad Communication’s Effect on Low-Cost Airline Brand

This study examined the influence of brand personality on consumer–brand relationships, specifically brand love (BL) and brand hate (BH), and their subsequent impact on purchase intention, drawing from the balance theory of attitude change. It also investigated whether negative communication associated with a low-cost airline brand moderates these relationships, potentially increasing or decreasing purchase intention. Structural equation modelling and Hayes’s PROCESS macro were employed for analysis based on data from a survey of 200 Portuguese consumers. Results indicate that the selected dimensions of brand personality positively influence BL and negatively influence BH, while both BL and BH impact purchase intention. Additionally, ‘Bad’ communication was found to moderate the relationship between BL/BH and purchase intention. This research contributes to the branding literature by exploring these relationships within the airline service sector and underscores the significance of considering the impact of negative brand information on emotional consumer–brand relationships in this context.

A study on commuters’ public transportation mode choice behavior in river valley-type cities considering terrain spatial perception: evidence from Lanzhou, China

Existing research rarely examines the subjective and objective built environment of river valley-type cities in relation to travel mode choice, particularly overlooking the heterogeneity among travelers in these cities. In this paper, based on questionnaire survey data and built environment data, terrain spatial perception (TSP) is introduced to expand the theory of planned behavior (TPB), and a Structural Equation Model (SEM) is established. Factor analysis and path analysis are conducted using SPSS and AMOS to estimate latent variables. An integrated model of SEM and random parameter Logit model (RPLM), which can not only analyze the psychological perception factors of commuters in river valley-type cities but also consider the heterogeneity of psychological perception, was constructed to analyze the impact of personal attributes, objective built environment factors, and psychological latent variables on the commuting mode choice behavior of public transport users in river valley-type cities. The results indicate that the five observation indicators corresponding to the proposed terrain spatial perception latent variables can better explain the terrain spatial perception of commuters in river valley-type cities. Different from plain cities, the subjective and objective built environment of river valley-type cities notably influence the travel behavior of commuters. Moreover, the parameters of terrain spatial perception follow a normal distribution, indicating that the sensitivity of different commuters to the terrain spatial perception of river valley-type cities is heterogeneous. The results of our study can provide a reference for alleviating traffic issues in valley cities.

Livelihood Security and Personal Attributes of Small and Marginal Farmers in Rewa Block of Rewa District M.P, India

Livelihood Security and Personal Attributes of Small and Marginal Farmers in Rewa Block of Rewa District M.P, India

Fostering green transformational leadership: the influence of green educational intervention on nurse managers’ green behavior and creativity

AimThis study aimed to investigate the influence of green transformational leadership educational intervention on nurse managers’ green behavior and creativity.BackgroundOrganizational creativity is greatly influenced by leaders and their personality attributes. Additionally, innovative employee behavior is crucial for organizational performance and survival, which in turn promotes long-term organizational growth.MethodA quasi-experimental design was conducted by using pre-test, post-test, and follow-up for a group that included 116 nurse managers who completed the intervention. Data were collected through the green transformational leadership knowledge questionnaire, green transformational leadership scale, green behavior questionnaire, and green creativity scale.ResultsFollowing the implementation of the Green Transformational Leadership educational intervention, there was an improvement in responses connected to the nurse manager’s use of green behavior and creativity. Three months after the intervention ended, the improvement was still present.ConclusionNurse managers who had good knowledge about green transformational leadership showed increased green behavior and green creativity, which enhanced the organization’s success. This study showed the significance of developing and improving the skills of managerial creativity for the nurse supervisor of a hospital through training in transformational leadership.Implications for nursing managementThe concept of “green transformational leadership” refers to leadership behaviors and strategies aimed at promoting environmental sustainability and responsibility within an organization or a specific context. In the case we mentioned, it involves implementing educational interventions targeted at nurse managers to enhance their understanding and adoption of green practices, as well as fostering green behavior and creativity among them.

Would a comprehensive hearing aid fitting process lead to placebo effects compared to a simple process?

ObjectivesPlacebo effects refer to the impact of a treatment on health outcomes that cannot be attributed to the treatment itself. The current study aimed to investigate whether a comprehensive hearing aid fitting process would induce placebo effects compared to a simple process, and whether personal attributes such as personality traits could predict susceptibility to these effects.DesignThirty adults with hearing loss completed the study. The study began with a fitting session in which the field trial hearing aid configuration (the actual fitting) was set, followed by two experimental conditions. Each condition involved a fake hearing aid fitting and a 3-week field trial. In the fake fitting, bilateral hearing aids were fitted using the Comprehensive protocol (CM) that included multiple assessments and probe-microphone verification or the Streamlined protocol (ST) that did not involve any assessments other than a hearing test. The same hearing aid amplification settings established in the actual fitting, rather than the settings from the fake fittings, were used in the field trials for both conditions. Patient outcomes were measured using the International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids (IOI-HA), which was administered as both retrospective self-reports and ecological momentary assessment (EMA) surveys. Personality was assessed using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Upon completion of the study, participants expressed their hearing aid preferences based on hearing aids' real-world performances (prefer CM, prefer ST, or no preference).ResultsFor both retrospective self-reports and EMA, the IOI-HA scores of the CM and ST conditions did not significantly differ. Among the 30 participants, 22 expressed a preference for either CM (n = 14) or ST (n = 8). Younger participants and those with higher levels of agreeableness were more likely to have a hearing aid preference.ConclusionsAt the group level, comprehensive hearing aid fitting process did not generate a placebo effect leading to better outcomes compared to a simple process. However, despite the absence of differences in hearing aid settings, most (73%) participants were affected by placebo effects, believing that one fitting process yielded better real-world outcomes than the other. Personal attributes including personality traits and age are associated with susceptibility to placebo effects.

The leading role of personality in concerns about autonomous vehicles.

Development of autonomous vehicles (AVs) is growing in a rapid rate, however, the most dominant barriers in their adoption seem to be rather psychological than technical. The present online survey study aimed to investigate which demographical and personality dimensions predict attitudes towards AVs on a Hungarian sample (N = 328). Data was collected by convenience and snowball sampling. Three-level hierarchical regression models were applied: in the first level, demographical variables, then general personality traits and third, attitude-like personality factors were entered. We demonstrated that the predictive effect of age, gender and education disappeared when personality dimensions were included into the models. Importantly, more positive general attitudes towards technology and higher optimism regarding innovations predicted eagerness to adopt AVs. On the other hand, individuals with more negative attitudes and higher dependence on technology as well as those with lower level of Sensory Sensation Seeking and higher level of Conscientiousness were more concerned about AVs. Our results suggest that AV acceptance cannot be regarded as a one-dimensional construct and that certain personality traits might be stronger predictors of AV acceptance than demographical factors.

Adaptation and validation of Mentoring for Effective Mathematics Teaching (MEMT) – Mentee and Mentor scales to Turkish

ABSTRACT This article aims to reveal the adaptation and validation process of the Mentoring for Effective Mathematics Teaching (MEMT) -Mentee and -Mentor scales in the Turkish context, which was developed to examine preservice mathematics teachers’ and mathematics mentor teachers’ perceptions of mentoring practices within the Five-factor mentoring model. In the direction of this purpose, two studies were conducted between the years of 2020 and 2022. Within the first study, the instruments were translated into Turkish, validity and reliability analyses were conducted. Then, the second study was conducted to strengthen linguistic and cultural revisions of the instruments. The result of the studies showed that the Turkish versions of the instruments for mentor teachers and preservice teachers’ perceptions of mentoring practices is usable. Furthermore, according to descriptive statistics, preservice teachers and mentor teachers gave high scores for each factor in the instruments, and the practices about Personal Attributes were perceived by them as among the most performed practices.

Staff Resiliency in Long-Term Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on long-term care facilities (LTCFs). While much attention has been paid to the impact of the pandemic on residents, less attention has been given to the experiences of staff and factors impacting their resilience in facing challenges working in LTCF. This research describes the factors contributing to the resiliency of LTCF staff during the COVID-19 pandemic in northern British Columbia (BC). Transcripts from 53 participants who completed one-hour semi-structured interviews were included and thematic analysis was conducted. All participants had experience working in a LTCF facility in northern BC during the pandemic. The LTCF staff described resilience as the ability to adapt to changing circumstances and protocols, while also maintaining a positive attitude and uplifting spirits during times of adversity. The analysis revealed five key themes influencing staff resilience: (1) availability and provision of resources for staff, (2) leadership and management within LTCFs, (3) social support available to staff, (4) impact of residents’ morale on staff resilience, and (5) personal attributes and characteristics of the staff. Understanding and addressing the five themes can guide the development of targeted strategies and interventions aimed at enhancing staff resilience and well-being during challenging circumstances. By recognizing and addressing the specific needs of LTCF staff, it is possible to improve the overall quality of care provided in LTCF and promote the well-being of both residents and staff. The findings shed light on the interplay of these themes and their profound influence on LTCF staff. Identifying staff’s needs and factors that contribute to their resilience may lower staff turnover, leading to a stronger and more resilient healthcare system, capable of safeguarding vulnerable populations, particularly during times of crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

The influence of aesthetics and emotions on reuse intention and compulsive behaviour in food delivery usage

PurposeThis study addresses the impact of aesthetics and formality in Food Delivery Applications (FDAs) in evoking emotions, and how these influence the intention to reuse and compulsive usage, providing critical insights for designing responsible and effective marketing strategies.Design/methodology/approachA quantitative analysis of data collected from 1,029 FDA users was employed, using the PAD (Pleasure, Arousal, Dominance) theory to investigate how aesthetic design and formality affect emotions and consumer behaviour towards the applications.FindingsThe study reveals that aesthetic appeal and formality significantly impact emotions of dominance, arousal, and pleasure, which are decisive in users' decisions to continue using FDAs and in the manifestation of compulsive usage behaviours.Research limitations/implicationsThis study presents inherent limitations due to its cross-sectional design, which prevents offering a longitudinal perspective on the evolution of consumer behaviour regarding FDAs. The actual purchasing behaviour is not examined, but rather the suggested experiences. Future research could be enriched by considering cultural, social, and demographic factors, the influence of sustainability on the perception and use of FDAs, and the importance of specific sustainable practices. Adopting a longitudinal approach and utilising actual usage data would allow for a deeper and more nuanced understanding of consumer behaviour towards FDAs, taking into account both personal factors and functional attributes of FDAs along with their aesthetic appeal and emotional reactions.Practical implicationsThe findings provide guidelines for FDA companies to optimise their interfaces to enhance user experience, foster loyalty, and prevent compulsive usage. They emphasise balancing aesthetics and functionality to induce more conscious and sustainable consumption behaviours.Social implicationsThis study highlights significant social implications stemming from the integration of aesthetic appeal and formality in Food Delivery Apps (FDAs) and their effect on consumer emotions, which in turn influences reuse intention and compulsive use. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, consumer behaviours have shifted towards increased electronic transactions and hedonic consumption as responses to stress, anxiety, and boredom, leading to a reevaluation of life experiences through technological means. The research underlines the critical role of emotions, particularly pleasure, dominance, and arousal, in promoting the intention to reuse FDAs, which has far-reaching implications for consumer engagement, compulsive usage patterns, and the need for responsible, sustainable consumption practices. It suggests a new avenue for businesses and policymakers to consider emotional impacts and consumer satisfaction in the design and regulation of FDAs, aiming to mitigate potential adverse effects of compulsive usage and to encourage sustainable, responsible consumption behaviours.Originality/valueThe research offers a novel perspective by exploring how aesthetic and emotional dimensions affect consumer loyalty and compulsivity. These areas are still to be examined in depth in the marketing literature. The findings enhance the theoretical and practical understanding of FDA marketing, demonstrating how design can influence consumer well-being and the sustainability of purchasing behaviour.HighlightsNovel use of PAD theory to analyse FDA’s aesthetic appeal and formality on user emotions.FDA’s aesthetic appeal significantly influences reuse intentions and compulsive usage.Emotions of pleasure, dominance, and arousal are directly linked to FDA reuse intention.Pleasure and reuse intention influence the compulsive use of FDAs.

From “Husky” to “Bulldog”– behavioural correlates between castration and breed groups in the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)

Neutering dogs is a widespread method and is carried out for various behavioural and husbandry reasons. This study’s main objective is to investigate the behavioural correlations between neutering and the breed of male dogs. In order to possibly find breed-dependent differences in the behaviour of intact and castrated dogs, a differentiation between two clades - the “Huskies“(chow chow, shar pei, akita/shiba inu, alaskan malamute, siberian/alaskan husky) and the “Bulldogs” (german boxer, english/french bulldog, old english mastiff, boston terrier, english bull terrier, staffordshire bull terrier, american staffordshire terrier), based on Parker et al. [1], was made.Using an online questionnaire,, 31 neutered and 37 intact male dogs from the clade “Huskies“ and 30 neutered and 38 intact male dogs from the clade “Bulldogs”, participated in the study (N = 136).The survey included detailed questions on the dogs’ personality and any associated issues as well as a behavioural anamnesis. Further questions relating to four of the “big five” personality dimensions based on the “Budapest questionnaire” by Turcsán et al. from 2011 [2] were also added.The results show, that neutered males from both breed clades more frequently displayed aggression toward humans than intact males (multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.002). When it came to aggression towards other dogs, it was the “Huskies” that differed significantly from the “Bulldogs“(multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.04) with being more aggressive. There were also significant differences in stress-related behaviour depending on castration status and breed (multinomial logistic regression, p < 0.001; Cramer’s V = 0.33) and only the castration status had an impact on the significance (multinomial logistic regression, p < 0.001). The analysis also revealed significance for stress-indicating behaviour with dependence on neutering status (multinomial logistic regression, p < 0.001) and showed that stress as well as uncertainty are significantly more common in neutered dogs depending on breed and neutering status (multinomial logistic regression, p < 0.001; Cramer’s V = 0.42), in that only neutered “Bulldogs“ were stressed, but more “Huskies“ overall.According to the Budapest questionnaire data, the “Bulldog” clade had considerably greater extraversion scores overall (ordinal regression, p < 0.001) than the “Huskies“.Our findings highlight the risks and potential negative effects of neutering. Gonadectomy in no way substitutes for the dog receiving the necessary socialization, training, or bonding. Although in some circumstances it might have a favourable impact on the dog’s behaviour, it should not be seen as a panacea for unwanted behaviour. Given that not all behaviours are influenced by sex hormones, every castration decision must be weighed up individually.

Defining distress tolerance in a structural model of Big Five personality domains.

Distress tolerance (DT)-willingness to face internal discomforts-has a fuzzy boundary with neuroticism (low emotional stability), raising questions about its independent role in models of personality and mental health. We investigated DT's overlap with neuroticism and other Big Five factors in a structural model of personality and personality disorder features in samples of university students (N = 1025), emotional disorder patients (N = 225), and substance-use patients (N = 210). In exploratory factor analyses, we found that DT indicators clustered with neuroticism and were essentially unrelated to other Big Five domains. Big Five personality dimensions collectively explained approximately 40%-70% of variation in DT, across different samples and methods of quantifying shared variance. We conclude that DT and neuroticism are near neighbors in empirical space and speculate that much of the observed correlation between DT and mental health outcomes in the literature may be carried by shared neuroticism variance. We suggest that clearer distinctions between the two constructs in empirical research could improve our understanding of DT's unique role in the development and treatment of psychopathology.