First Person Singular Research Articles

Semantic Significance of Indexicals in Syntax: A Comparative Study of English and Urdu Deixes

The aim of this paper was to find out the relationship between semantics and syntax through pragmatic analysis of indexicals used by Ex-Prime Minister Imran Khan in two of his purposively selected speeches; one in Urdu delivered on 23rd December, 2020 on the passing out ceremony of police officers and the other in English delivered on 27th September, 2019 in UNGA. The English speech has been analyzed using antconc software while the analysis of Urdu speech has been done manually. A quantitative analysis of the five kinds of deixes in both the speeches strengthened the research results of Samosir and Zainuddin (2013) by providing the proof of the fact that person deixis is the most dominant category of English deixes (45.5%) while spatial is the least dominant (5.1%). The analysis of Urdu speech revealed a similar pattern as the person deixis (51.9%) is the most frequent, spatial being the least (3.9%). The presence of all five kinds of deixes with a similar pattern of relative frequencies in both the languages have provided a useful data for the purpose of Parallel Grammar (ParGram) project (Butt et al., 1999) to find out parallel structures in the grammar of six languages out of which two have been analyzed in this paper.

Developing an analytical speech through supplements

In the history of linguistics, the problem of word change and word formation is always closely intertwined. Vocabulary in Kazakh linguistics began in the 1990s. In general, the problem of vocabulary is directly related to the function of language. The issue here is grammatical regularities. On the basis of verbal facts related to morphology, the concepts of linguistics "word-change", "word-formation", "personality" were born. Word formation, like other language systems, is a set of linguistic approaches, which are mainly used to create a new phoneme, to create a new meaning from an existing meaning in a lexical unit. Vocabulary is used not as a word-former, but as a set of language techniques to create new words. Auxiliaries are persons and words whose lexical meaning is weakened or lost, who do not have independence, but are pronounced only with the main words and serve as auxiliary. In the system of word change and word formation in new word formation or word change, there must be structural units that are compatible with their lexical or grammatical meanings. Such units are grammatical entities and categories. Scientific abstractions in the language system, such as "word-formation category", "word-formation" person, "grammatical category", "grammatical person" corre-spond.It is known that there are two main methods of expression, one is a synthetic approach, the other is an analytical approach. The synthetic approach includes simple vocabularies created with the help of various lexical applications. The analytical approach includes auxiliary words formed by various auxiliary mor- phemes. And the problem of vocabulary is considered mainly from the morphological point of view, that is, from the point of view of the peculiarities of vocabulary. The article considers word change and word formation as a set of morphemes of the language mechanism, as a system of grammatical indicators, i.e at the level of units that enrich the vocabulary, not at the structural level of morphology, vocabulary as a set of language techniques is used to create new words

A Deixis Analysis of Song Lyrics in Jeremy Zucker's “You Were Good to Me” and “Comethru”

This research aims to identify the dominating deixis among the many types of deixis in Jeremy Zucker's songs "You Were Good to Me" and "Comethru." Deixis is derived from the classical Greek phrase "to exhibit, to point out." Deixis is the study of interpreting the relationship of a situation with words, phrases, and elements expressed in a sentence. This study used a qualitative descriptive approach. According to the research, 58 words in the song "You Were Good to Me" feature various types of deixis, and 54 words in the song "Comethru." Person deixis points to objects, all pronouns, and possessives. Spatial deixis is used to indicate a location, whereas Temporal deixis is used to indicate a time.

Deixis Analysis on Joe Biden’s Speech “Remarks on Afghanistan”

In communication, a speaker sometime uses language features which to point or indicate objects, places, persons, times, and text passages in a specific context. This language features are called deixis or deictic expression. The aim of this study is to find out and describe what kind of deixis and reference used by Joe Biden in his speech. In conducting the study, the researcher conducts the descriptive qualitative method because the result and discussion of this study is presented in a word and descriptive form and focused on quality of the researcher’s interpretation. This study applied the classification of deixis by Stephen C. Levinson (1983). There are 203 words of person deixis, 54 data of place deixis, 45 data of time deixis, 12 data of social deixis, and 31 data od discourse deixis. The result show that person deixis is mostly use by Joe Biden in his speech. This implies that the speech is considered as important so that the speaker express himself as the president as the center of the speech. The result show that the speech by Joe Biden is not only contains of deixis, but it also contains of reference. The result show that there are two types of reference in Joe Biden’s speech, namely Personal reference and demonstrative reference. This study also applied the theory of reference by Halliday and Hasan (1976). This implies that the speech is not only attract people to understand of what, who, when, and where the speaker means, but the speech is also considered as a text and meaningful.

DEIXIS IN MOANA MOVIE

This study aims to analyze the types of Deixis in the Moana movie by using Cruse's (2006) theory. The researcher chose a dialogue between Moana and Maui. Therefore, this research was conducted using observational method with non participant observational technique . The data used are film dialogues and scripts which are classified into types of deixis based on their criteria. The results showed that the researcher found five deixis in the film, namely personal deixis, spatial deixis, temporal deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis, with details of 133 persona deixis, 39 spatial deixis, 4 temporal deixis, 12 discourse deixis and 20 social deixis from Moana's utterances. The researcher also found 151 person deixis, 43 spatial deixis, 7 temporal deixis, 12 discourse deixis and 24 social deixis according to Maui's utterances. And that the type of persona deixis appears the most in this study
 

PRAGMATIC STUDY IN THE FUNCTION OF DEIXIS IN KENNY ROGERS' SONG LYRICS

This paper aims to present the types of deixis and finding the effect deixis on the meaning of the song lyrics. The writer takes the data from five song lyrics of the Love of God album by Kenny Rogers. The type of research is descriptive qualitative method. In clarifying the type of deixis, the writer uses pragmatics analysis especially deixis theory. In finding out the effect deixis on meaning the writer applies deixis theory by Levinson. Then, the technique analyzing data, firstly in the analysis the data by representing the lyrics of the songs and all types of deixis. Secondly, analyzing the whole data based on the theory of deixis to get the answer of research question. Finally, the writer concludes the whole data analyzed by interpreting the result. The research finding of the study shows that there are five types of deixis, they are person, time, place, social and discourse deixis. The dominant deixis occurs in four songs lyrics are the first person and social deixis. In one song lyric, the first person and place deixis become dominant ones. The first person deixis is used to explain the speaker’ experience, the social deixis is taken to know the relation inside the song and the place deixis is applied to make the interpretation about place. The effect deixis on meaning as a whole in five song lyrics is that the hearers know the intention of the song lyrics. In four songs, these lyrics tell the speaker’ journey of faith to be close to God and in one song, the lyric tells the speaker’ experience in finding the right place on the religious community. It is reflected in the structure of language themselves, is through the phenomenon of deixis.

A Pragma-Stylistic Analysis of Selected Siegfried Sassoon’s Poems

This study investigates the pragma-stylistic analysis of the style of selected Siegfried Sassoon’s war poems. Lawal’s (2012) model of pragmatic theory and Leech and Short’s (2007) rhetorical devices have been adopted for the present research. They reflect adequacy concerning the pragmatic elements and rhetorical devices that are needed for the pragma stylistic analysis. Four war poems have been selected, namely, “Suicide in the Trenches”, “The Dug-Out”, “The Hero”, and “The Death Bed”. The study aims to identify the adopted pragmatic elements in the style of war poems and their influence on the style of the poet and the presented message. The analysis shows the use of representative speech acts more frequently than other types. Also, the war poems tend to use person deixis as the most used type of deictic expressions. Finally, psychological, physical, and linguistic contexts are the main types of contexts in all the war poems.

The Use of Person Deixis as Address System In Literary Works

Deixis is one of topics in Pragmatics that always be studied by researchers on their own reason. This research is a study of person deixis as address system within novel entitled Their Eyes Were Watching God from Zora Neale Hurston and story book Friday Black by Nana Kwame Adjei-Brenyah as the source of data in this study, which the author of each book is Black people. The purpose of analyzing, the writer would like to analyze the system address system in both sources and look for the address system from the sources. The data were collected by library research method. The collected data were identified, categorized, and analyzed. The writer analyzed the data by using Levinson’s theory as method of analyzing the source data. The finding of the research is from two literary works the type that appears frequently is first-person deixis such as I, Ah, Ah’m from Their Eyes Were Watching God and I from Friday Black. The person deixis as address system that use in term of formal and informal dialogue. The last is the factors that affected the address system in both literary works.Keywords: deixis; address system; black cultural background.

Deictic Expressions in Femi Osofisan’s Another Raft

This paper examines deitic expressions used by the characters in the play entitled Another Raft by Femi Osofisan. The study employed qualitative method of data analysis to analyse the deitic expressions used by the characters in the text. The result of the analysis reveals that characters in the text used person, place and time deixis while communicating with one another. Person deixis points to participants in speech events, place deixis points to the places where actions are taken while time deixis points to different times of actions.

DEIXIS TYPES IN “CHEF KICKS OUT HOMELESS CUSTOMER” SHORT MOVIE

This study aimed at identifying the use of deixis in “Chef Kicks out Homeless Customer” short movie by Dhar Mann. Moreover, this research concern about the type of deixis. In this research, qualitative descriptive is a research method used by the researchers. Data source in this study is “Chef Kicks out Homeless Customer” short film. The data were collected through observational method and non-participatory technique. Analyzing the data was done by using the pragmatic identity method and pragmatic competence-in-equalizing. The results of this study found the type of deixis, namely personal deixis, spatial deixis, and temporal deixis by using (Yule, 1996). Based on the results, there were 83 utterances of deixis by the main character in the short film. There were 70 utterances of person deixis found in the short movie. In addition, 10 utterances showed spatial deixis and 3 utterances referred to temporal deixis. The use of person deixis was found to be the most dominant deixis type in Chef Kicks out Homeless Customer short movie.

TYPES OF DEIXIS USED IN THE DOUM-TREE OF WAD HAMID: A CORPUS-BASED STUDY

In linguistics, the term deixis is used to describe the use of general words and phrases by speakers to point to persons, objects, specific place and time from their physical or psychological positions while communicating their messages. Such words and phrases are considered deictic when their denoted meaning becomes context-dependent. The present study used AntConc v.3.5.9 corpus analysis toolkit to find out the frequent occurrence of the types of deixis used in the English translation of the short story The Doum-tree of Wad Hamid, and then utilized the useful information obtained along with examples manually derived from the story to discuss the extent to which this use of deixis reflects the author's style and the story's point of view. The results indicated that the common five types of deixis were used in the short story with a different degree of frequency and usage, but personal deixis was the most dominant with 653 examples represented 54.10% out of the total of 1207 deictic instances found in the corpus. Social deixis ranks second with 242 examples represented 20.05%. The study deduced that the dominant use of person pronouns as personal deixis or relational social deictic words reflects the author's style and point of view in the narration line via which the narrator recounts the events from his own perspective.

Theget-passive in Tyneside English

AbstractThis paper provides a quantitative variationist analysis of the distribution ofget- versusbe-passives in spoken Tyneside English. Taking data from theDiachronic Electronic Corpus of Tyneside English(1960s to 2010), the paper uses mixed-effects modelling to examine a wide range of possible constraints on the distribution ofgetversusbe, some of which have been discussed at length in the literature on theget-passive (e.g. subject animacy, adversative semantics) and some of which have received less attention (e.g. grammatical person, tense, aspectuality). It demonstrates that the use of theget-passive is determined by a complex combination of semantic and syntactic factors (subject animacy, telicity, non-neutral semantics, tense and grammatical person). Moreover, it argues that, despite the dramatic rise in frequency ofget-passives over time (with younger speakers using them even more frequently thanbe-passives), most of the constraints remain in place and the variant is pragmatically marked. This stands in sharp contrast to the findings of recent investigations into the grammaticalization ofget-passives in standard British and American English, which found that increased frequency in those varieties was also accompanied by semantic bleaching and generalization.

Deiksis dalam Film Bumi dan Manusia Karya Hanung Bramantyo

Deixis is a pragmatic study that examines the relationship between the structure of language and the environment in which the language is used. The phenomenon of deixis or use is most often seen in everyday conversation in the form of verbal language. Deixis is also found in the conversation of characters or figures in literary works such as films. The study entitled "Deixis in the Film Bumi dan Manusia by Hanung Bramantyo" examines the use of deixis in the film directed by Hanung Bramantyo with the title "Earth and Man". Persona, time, place, social, and discourse deixis are the five categories of deixis studied in this study. Researchers used analytical methods in the form of pragmatics with qualitative techniques to analyze the data that had been collected. The data used in this study include fragments of speech from film conversations, both words and phrases containing deixis, including personal deixis, time deixis, location deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis. Watching movies, capturing data, recognizing, categorizing, analyzing, formulating, and presenting data are the stages of analyzing in this research. Data analysis illustrates that the film directed by Hanung Bramantyo with the title "Bumi dan Manusia" has a deixis in the form of person, time, place, social, and discourse.

Deixis Found in Joe Biden’s Inauguration Speech

This research is entitled Deixis found in Joe Biden’s inauguration speech. The aims are to identify deixis types and their functions. The data were collected through the observation method that was done by the note-taking technique. The concept of deixis proposed by Levinson was used to support the data analysis, as well as the qualitative method was used to analyse the selected data into their types of deixis and continued by identifying its functions in the grammatical constituent and the relational information in social deixis. Then, the data analysis was presented using the informal method. The result of the analysis shows that there are five categories of deixis found in Joe Biden's inaugural speech, involving person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis. The functions of each deixis type can be seen in the person deixis which has the function in the form of a personal pronoun. Place deixis has the function of a locative adverb and the adverbial of time is used to express temporal deixis in the speech. Discourse deixis takes the shape of the object of demonstrative pronoun, while social deixis takes the form of relational information to identify a person's authority.

GAZING AT ‘THE-YOU-KNOW-WHO/WHAT’ IN WHATSAPP: DEIXIS USED IN ONLINE LEARNING AMID COVID-19 PANDEMIC

WhatsApp, as one of the most powerful and ubiquitous social media platforms, has become one of the promising tools utilized for English online learning during the current crisis, COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, interacting effectively via this platform might be challenging for messages communicated to this platform might have more than one meaning that is likely to result in misunderstanding among the users. Thus, understanding deixis, known as one of the interactional phenomena in which language and context can be figured out, is invaluable. Nevertheless, to the best of the writers’ knowledge, studies concerning the use of deixis with respect to WhatsApp for English online learning are still left under-researched. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the deixis employed during online learning via a WhatsApp group. The method utilized in this research was a descriptive study. Besides, the participants comprised 23 postgraduate students and an instructor from an English Education Study Program of one university in Bandung city. The data were taken from the artefact in the form of an online chat archive. Based on the data analyzed, the findings revealed that all the types of deixis encompassing personal, social, discourse, place, and time deixis were found in online learning through the WhatsApp application. In this regard, the person(al) deixis (46%) was the most frequently used deixis, followed by social (39%), discourse (8%), place (5%), and time deixis (2%), respectively. Moreover, the appropriate and effective use of deixis by the instructor was found to influence students’ engagement and critical thinking ability. Besides, the WhatsApp feature, emojis, was found to be utilized along with the deixis, as well as it assists in providing some emphasis, understanding of the messages conveyed, and showing respect or compliment among the participants.

Deictic Expressions Used by Lera Boroditsky in TED Talks Channel

Highlighting the importance of deictic expression studies in English language context, particularly in the form of speech, it is pivotal to explore further deixis as the specific area of pragmatics in order to enrich the theory as well as the practice of verbal communication development. Thus, the purpose of this descriptive qualitative study is to determine the presence of deixis in Lera Boroditsky’s speech of “how language changes the way we think?” and to decipher the meaning of each deictic statement in her speech. The data were obtained from a video of the TED Talks channel on YouTube. Then the transcript of the speech was analyzed and evaluated by using Levinson’s (1983) and Huang’s theories (2014). The results demonstrated that Lera Boroditsky’s speech has six categories of deixis: person deixis, spatial or place deixis, temporal or time deixis, social deixis, discourse deixis, and emotional deixis. Each deictic phrase has a distinct meaning depending on the context or situation presented in the speech. In other words, recognizing deixis in a formal speech helps understand the intention of speakers with different personalities, backgrounds, and cultures in several types of communication. In addition, some implications of the findings on the process of teaching and learning English language is also elaborated in this study.

A self-destructing narration. The egocentricity of language, transcendence of poetry, and psychoanalysis in P. J. Jouve’s novel <i>Hecate</i>

Hitherto untranslated into Russian, P. J. Jouve’s Hecate (1928) not only interprets myths about the mysterious Greek goddess, doing it in the guise of a love-and-crime chronicle, but also represents the author’s unique attempt to construct a work of fiction on the principle of permanent self-destruction. Y. Muratov sets out to examine the novel’s plot and structure in the first study of its kind. According to the scholar, Jouve, in full adherence to modernist laws and simultaneously experimenting with them, purposely destroys his narrative, turning the destruction into a method: just as the characters in Hecate cannot be sure who they are and try to see themselves in other people’s reflections, the reader is deprived of the means to tell who they are reading about — neither quotation marks, nor the dialogue form, nor context offer any point of reference. Interestingly, Jouve does not play with grammatical person in order to shift the viewpoint of the narration, as in ordinary narrative practice, but to dismantle classical narration and immerse it in the process of creation, luring the reader into a kind of Plato’s cave of linguistically symbolical metafiction.

THE DEIXIS USED IN THE SONG LYRICS PERFORMED BY THE MOST POPULAR BOY GROUP BTS

This study aimed to investigate the deixis types used in BTS’ English song lyrics and find out the dominant type which was frequently used. Song lyrics were chosen as the focus of this study since they involved the singers’ feelings and emotions presented by some expressions related to human thoughts, ideas, and opinions. The theories from Levinson (1983) and Yule (1996) and were used to analyze the data. Descriptive qualitative in the form of document analysis was implemented in this study. The results found that there are five types of deixis found in the BTS’ song lyrics, namely 54.96% of person, 7.25% of place, 12.21% of time, 19.84% of discourse, and 5.72% of social deixis. Person deixis is mostly used in the song lyrics since it maintains the relationship or interaction between the singers and their audience or fans. Hopefully, this research can help the audience to solve their problems in understanding the types of deixis.

A DEIXIS ANALYSIS OF SONG LYRICS IN SAM SMITH’S “LOVE GOES” ALBUM

This study applies Yule's theory to evaluate the use of deixis in the lyrics of Sam Smith's song "Love Goes," which appears on his album "Love Goes." 'Deixis' is derived from the Greek word deiknymi, which literally translates as "to demonstrate" or "to point out." In this case, it is employed to draw attention to the elements of the speech that are pertinent to the current context. According to the research, the many types of deixis, their meanings, and why they are utilized in specific song lyrics are explained. The writer explores the numerous sorts of deixis that may be derived by listening to and reading song lyrics from Sam Smith's album "Love Goes," which is based on the descriptive qualitative technique. In the next section, the writer identifies and categorizes the deixis that can be found in song lyrics. The writer's next step is to conduct an analysis of the data, which is supported by Yule's theory at this point. The writer discovered deixis types such as person deixis, geographical deixis, and temporal deixis after examining all of the data from Sam Smith's song lyrics from the "Love Goes" album. All of the tracks on the "Love Goes" album feature 486 deixis per person, 41 deixes per spatial location, and 44 deixis per time. Each of the three forms of person deixis has its own classification: first-person, second-person, and third-person. The first person deixis is employed in order to identify the person who is speaking. This song uses the second person deixis to convey the addresser's identity, which in this case happens to be his girlfriend in the song. The third person deixis is supposed to show an undetermined referent; nevertheless, in this album, it alludes to the persons who are in the immediate vicinity of the singer and his love interest. Spatial deixis is used in every song to identify the location of a participant in a speech event to which the singer or speaker belongs, whereas temporal deixis is used to signify a specific time period that the singer or speaker has lived through or experienced.
 Keywords: deixis, Sam Smith, song lyrics

PERSONAL AND SPATIAL DEIXIS ON THE SONG LYRICS OF “SUNDAY BEST” BY SURFACES

This study aimed to find out the use of personal and spatial deixis on the song lyrics of “Sunday Best” by Surfaces, and also to describe the meaning of this song. This study used the qualitative method. The writer used document analysis as the instrument of this study, while the data collection techniques that have been conducted listened to that music, collecting that song lyrics script on the internet, then analyzing the use of personal and spatial deixis on that song. The results of this study showed that personal deixis became the dominant type of spatial deixis. There are 30 data of personal deixis consisting of first, second, and third person deixis. Meanwhile, the writer only found 6 data of spatial deixis. The meaning has been found after the writer listened to this song and analyzed it using personal and spatial deixis. The writer notes that by using personal and spatial deixis it will make easily to catch the reference meaning that include who, where and why the utterance is uttered. Keywords: Pragmatics, Deixis, Song Lyrics