Personal Data Of Consumers Research Articles

Legal regulations of electronic commerce under the conditions of the development of the digital economy in Ukraine

The article highlights the main legal principles of e-commerce regulation in the context of the development of the digital economy in Ukraine. On the basis of scientific and legal analysis, the peculiarities of electronic commerce as one of the forms of economic activity that arose in the conditions of the digital economy are determined. It is substantiated that e-commerce is the type of electronic business, which involves the sale of goods or services, as well as related processes, remotely using information and communication technologies.
 The main scientific approaches to understanding the content of electronic commerce and its elements are characterized. The advantages of e-commerce in comparison with other forms of economic activity are outlined. It has been proven that an important condition for the functioning of electronic commerce is the presence of payment systems that allow making payments on the Internet or in another remote way.
 A review of statistical data regarding the current state of development of e-commerce in Ukraine was conducted and conclusions were drawn about further directions for the development of this form of economic activity.
 Acts of national legislation in the field of electronic commerce regulation are characterized. The main elements of legal relations arising in the field of e-commerce, which are regulated by law, and those for which there is no legal regulation are defined. The authors identified gaps in legal regulation in the field of e-commerce at the current stage of development of the digital economy. Among them: 1) unsettled issues regarding the protection of consumer rights from false advertising information contained on websites or electronic advertisements, as well as from unsolicited advertising sent via e-mail or other means of electronic communication; 2) uncertainty of all important terms of the electronic contract, which must be necessarily included in its content; 3) insufficient legal regulation of information protection, including personal data of consumers, which become known to the economic entity in connection with the implementation of economic activities in the field of e-commerce.
 On the basis of the conducted scientific and legal analysis, the authors have developed proposals for improvement of domestic legislation in the sphere of regulation of economic activity in the sphere of electronic commerce. The prospects for the development of economic and legal relations in the field of electronic commerce in the modern conditions of the functioning of the digital economy are determined.

Biometric Data usage in Personalized Marketing: Balancing Innovation and Privacy

Biometric data application of innovative technology must be strictly regulated to provide a sufficient balance between personalization of marketing strategies and procedures for safeguarding personal consumer data rights. The research critiques the normalization of biometric data flow, it links to the current state of privacy in the realm and provides major limitations as well as critical research gaps. First, the inconsistency arising from achieving a delicate balance in using biometric data to ensure creative marketing while retaining both your privacy is explored deeply.

PENGATURAN PERLINDUNGAN DATA PRIBADI KONSUMEN JASA KEUANGAN DALAM PENGGUNAAN UANG ELEKTRONIK BERBASIS SERVER

The digitalization of the economy in Indonesia in the Covid-19 pandemic situation has further encouraged banks and business actors to make innovations in order to reduce direct contact with consumers of financial services, one of which is the presence of server-based electronic money. Users who use these services are required to fill in their personal data first. With the provision of personal data belonging to consumers of financial services or users, the issuer of server-based electronic money has an obligation to protect users' personal data so that unauthorized dissemination or misuse of data does not occur. The widespread use of server-based electronic money in public activities makes provisions related to the protection of personal data important in order to protect users. However, it is necessary to examine whether the provisions on the protection of personal data of financial service consumers on server-based electronic money have met best practices. To answer these problems, research was conducted using normative juridical methods sourced from library materials. The results of the research obtained are the protection of personal data of consumers of financial services on server-based electronic money has been regulated in regulations that aim to protect users' personal data. The regulation has adopted the principles of personal data regulation as well as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the existing laws and regulations in Indonesia. These regulations play a role in protecting the rights of users regarding their personal data such as the right to assimilate or withdraw the consent that has been given previously.

Legal Protection for Consumers' Personal Data in Online Shopping

In the current technological era, developments occur in all aspects of life including trading activities, namely online shopping. Online shopping began to grow and develop into a habit for the community. Mothers' shopping habits are increasingly turning to buying and selling online for more practical reasons. For modern society, especially in Indonesia, online shopping, online shopping applications, and social media have various kinds of goods or services that they want or need. the purpose of conducting this research is to analyze the legal protection of the personal data of consumers who shop online. The research used in this paper is Juridical Sociological research and uses a descriptive qualitative research approach and uses interactive analysis techniques

Consumer Concerns of Personal Data and Privacy: A Systematic Review

This article provides an overview of extant literature addressing consumer privacy in the digital context over the last decade. The number of cyber-attacks, data leakages, and invasive uses of technological devices has considerably increased in recent years, leading to an increase in consumers’ concerns about their personal information. The objective of the present research was to develop an analysis of the existing literature on consumer privacy, highlighting the state recent research dealing with consumers’ perceptions of threats and risks to their privacy in the digital context. The study developed a sensitivity continuum regarding types of personal consumer data, as well as data use concerns. The results revealed that some data was considered more sensitive than other data; that is, there was a perception of sensitivity and importance attributed by consumers to some data. This fact speaks to the concept of the privacy paradox, in which users voluntarily renounce their data in exchange for services, products, and benefits. Finally, managerial implications about information security, as well as the perceived meanings of privacy. Keywords: privacy; data privacy; consumer privacy; consumer perception; privacy concerns; literature review

Features of quality management of electronic services in Ukraine in the conditions of digitalization

Purpose – to investigate the features of quality management of electronic services in Ukraine in the context of digitalization intensified by the COVID-19 pandemic. Research methodology – analysis of statistical data published in traditional media, analysis of annual monitoring studies of private commercial companies, the study of the regulatory framework, published in free access to the Internet research on the problem of managing the quality of electronic services, as well as the author's sociological research, which allows assessing the level of e-services in Ukraine. Findings – there were highlighted the main criteria for business development in a fundamentally new digital environment of communication and social interaction, due to the intensive development of IT technologies, which implies the introduction of innovative methods of working with consumers in virtual environments based on messenger platforms. The conducted sociological research made it possible to highlight the reasons for the decline in the quality of service provision due to weak cyber protection, imperfection of the regulatory framework in the context of determining quality criteria, the legal unresolved issue of responsibility for disclosing personal data of consumers, a low level of digital culture of citizens, a fairly large volume of false content, dissatisfaction with the speed of the mobile Internet. Research limitations – the lack of systematization of the types of electronic services, the imperfection of the methodology for organizing the system for managing the procedure for the provision of services, the lack of regulatory certainty, which makes it possible to establish responsibility for quality and confidentiality. An interdisciplinary approach has led to the development of key determinants for evaluating e-service delivery. Highlighted business problems when working on Internet platforms, the elimination of which will improve the quality of electronic services. The economic, social, legal, and technical prerequisites for reducing the quality of e-services have been established, as well as a comparative analysis of the technical capabilities of mobile providers providing coverage and penetration of the Internet in the country.

Principle of relevance as an information indicator of quality of administrative and legal standards in modern cyberspace

Administrative and legal norms in modern cyberspace are outlined. The general characteristic of the state of professional and personnel level of intellectual potential in the field of nanotechnologies is given. At the same time, it was emphasized that in order to prevent the spread of COVID-19, the world is forced to rapidly reformat into a neural network virtualization mode as a phenomenal digital communication in public relations. An algorithm of actions as the quality of administrative and legal control and coordination of the subjects of cyber-infrastructure support of state and non-state forms of ownership has been formed. It is stated that the human evolution in the conditions of formation and further progress of the information society is one of the fundamental factors of the period of social transformations. It is noted that the legislator should pay attention to the qualitative formation of the national qualifications limit. It is envisaged that the principles of its creation and implementation should be the relevant national and European educational standards and principles of relevance as information indicators of educational quality. In addition, the need to take into account current needs and interests in the labor market on the competence of employees, which creates an effective interaction of the education sector with the labor market. The crucial role of cooperation with the European Neural Network of National Centers for Academic Mobility and Recognition is emphasized. It is determined that all these trends are carried out in order to integrate the domestic higher education system into the European and world educational space. The role of cybersecurity in the neural network cryptosystem of state formation is emphasized, namely the risks and measures related to the need to protect personal data of consumers, preservation of information in telecommunications systems, preservation of confidential information and trade secrets.

URGENSI PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP DATA PRIBADI PEMINJAM DALAM LAYANAN APLIKASI PINJAMAN ONLINE

The flow of globalization is increasingly experiencing rapid development. The presence of online loans as a form of financial technology (fintech) is the impact of technological advances and many offer loans with easier and more flexible terms and conditions compared to conventional financial institutions such as banks. Personal data breaches have occurred in the RupiahPlus case. RupiahPlus is an application-based online loan provider. In this case, some of its customers have complained that their personal. data has been disseminated by RupiahPlus without notification and the permission of the owner of the personal data. Dissemination of personal data is carried out by sending messages to all telephone contacts owned by the borrower, where the message contains the borrower's personal data, the amount of debt borrowed, and notifies the person concerned to make debt payments from the borrower. This study uses Statute approach to study the synchronization of campus regulations regarding the prohibition of the use of the veil with the applicable laws and regulations so that later it produces a descriptive conclusion. The right to personal data protection is a right that has been guaranteed by laws and regulations, especially regulated in the provisions of POJK NUMBER 77 / POJK.01/2016 Article 26 letter a, so that financial services business actors are required to comply with the personal data of consumers who use online loan application services. The repressive legal protection that can be done by consumers who are victims of misuse of personal data by online loan business actors is to file a lawsuit against the law based on Article 1365 of the Civil Code to issue compensation from the consumer.

Законодательные новеллы регулирования инвестиционных сделок, совершаемых с использованием финансовой платформы: оценка эффективности

Introduction: the relevance of the paper is justified by the fact that the civil doctrine regarding the study of the topics of investment transactions made using the financial platform is in the stage of gradual formation. While academic economists are quite actively developing issues of forming new approaches to the remote provision of financial services to a wide range of consumers. The purpose of the study: the paper provides a detailed analysis of Federal Law of July 20, 2020, No. 211-FZ “On Making Financial Transactions Using the Financial Platform”, which entered into force in 2020 and regulates the activities of special legal entities – operators providing investment services to individuals. The aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of the provisions enshrined in Federal Law No. 211-FZ of July 20, 2020, “On Making Financial Transactions Using the Financial Platform”. Analyzing the provisions of the newly adopted document, the author answers the question of whether they facilitate, accelerate and simplify the execution of transactions by a private investor made using the financial platform. The Rules of the financial platform are also analyzed as a legal regulatory basis for the entrepreneurial activity of the operator of the financial platform. Research methods: based on the materialistic worldview, the author uses a combination of general scientific and specific scientific methods. The main research methods are the logical and system-structural methods, the methods of induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, as well as the formal legal method. Conclusions: it is concluded that the activity of recording data on financial transactions, which the repository (the registrar of financial transactions) must carry out according to Federal Law No. 211-FZ of 20.07.2020, is very cumbersome, complex, and costly, is subject to the risks of improper execution and improper preservation of personal data of consumers of financial services. It is proposed to use the depository and registration platform, which functions as a special electronic service on the website of the Bank of Russia, to record data on financial transactions using the financial platform. It is recommended to record the facts of financial transactions made in the system of a polysubject jurisdictional blockchain. The recommended scheme of polysubject blockchain interaction of entities operating on the territory of the Russian Federation has been developed, which allows each participant of the blockchain to simultaneously receive complete and reliable information on each stage of a financial transaction in the online mode and exclude irrational data transfer related to financial transactions and their participants, reduce the risk of improper storage of personal data of consumers of financial services, etc. It is proved that in Federal Law No. 211-FZ of 20.07.2020 the legislator has created a legal business scheme that is beneficial, first of all, for the operator of the financial platform – an intermediary organization. The amendments and additions to Federal Law No. 211-FZ of 20.07.2020 are proposed. The expediency of borrowing and integrating into the unified federal law “On Making Investment Transactions by Consumers in the Information and Telecommunications Network “Internet” all viable legislative provisions developed in Federal Law No. 211-FZ of 20.07.2020 is justified. This document also proposes to fix a set of rules for regulating remote digital transactions of investment in traditional financial assets, securities, digital financial assets, and derivative financial assets made by retail private investors (individuals) in the Internet information and telecommunications network.

THE USING OF MODERN MARKETING TOOLS IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF BUSINESS

The article is devoted to the problem of using modern marketing tools in the context of corporate social responsibility. It was offered the mechanism of introduction of principles of social responsibility of business through implementation of the concept of socio-ethical marketing in business practice. It was substantiated the elements of the marketing complex for the concept of socio-ethical marketing and the modern vision of this concept, which involves the use of digital marketing tools to promote goods, services and ideas. It was analyzed the factors of global influence on the conditions of doing business, which were formulated in the following areas: a single information space; creation of new business models using artificial intelligence; the economy of shared consumption, which enhances the ability to access various sources of information, providing a multidimensional picture of consumer behaviour; increase consumer loyalty to the use of digital search tools about the characteristics of the product and the possibilities of its purchase and further use; new systems of marketing information in terms of expanding its subsystem of Internet research; the spread of cognitive technologies creates new approaches to information processing and management principles, and also contributes to the transformation of many areas of social and economic development in terms of displacing human labour as a factor in the production of some of them. It was proposad the author's approach to the modern interpretation of socio-ethical marketing, which is based on the needs of consumers in the context of the principles of social responsibility and modern digital tools for their implementation, taking into account the factors of global influence. In the context of such an approach, ethical norms and principles of corporate social responsibility must be implemented. The main purpose of socio-ethical marketing should be the formation of consumer loyalty through the creation of associations with social programs conducted by enterprises and organizations. In this context, the tasks of socio-ethical marketing should be: the analysis of the target audience; development of measures to form a system of customer loyalty and strengthen the position of the brand in a niche market; the improving the quality of goods and services and their compliance with socio-economic and environmental standards; the formation of a system of measures that will improve the quality of life. It was carried out the analysis of marketing tools in the context of realization of the concept of socio-ethical marketing in the conditions of digitalization. It was considered the conditions of development of digital marketing tools. It was determined that the marketing tools that are implemented in the digital economy have certain advantages in the formation of socially defined attributes and needs of specific social groups. However, it does not sufficiently regulate the ethical issues of using personal data of consumers in the context of digitalization. However, studies show a trend of change in the field of socio-ethical relations with consumers, the formation of a paradigm of social responsibility of doing business in new conditions with the spread of cognitive technologies for managing consumer behavior.

Personal Data Security in South Africa’s Financial Services Market: The Protection of Personal Information Act 4 of 2013 and the European Union General Data Protection Regulation Compared

The contemporary global financial services market has witnessed a substantial increase in cybercrime which places consumers’ personal data at risk. Rapid increases in cybercrime linked to the financial services market have driven financial market regulators to pass novel laws and regulations aimed at curbing the rate of occurrence of cybercrimes connected to personal data sharing. To that end, banks and/or financial services companies in Europe have swiftly moved to comply with the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation. Whilst personal data protection regulation is not a new concept in Europe, most African countries (with exception of South Africa) do not have laws and regulations on personal data protection. With the financial services market being extremely vulnerable to cyber risks owing to the digitisation of the financial services sector, it is important to assess the suitability of South Africa’s current regulatory framework concerning the protection of personal data. This article thus examines South Africa’s Protection of Personal Information Act 4 of 2013 with a view to ascertaining its suitability and/or adequacy in protecting personal data in the country’s financial services market. With the global Covid-19 pandemic bringing about concerns related to rapid increases in cyber-attacks in the financial services market owing to the increased sharing of the sensitive personal data of consumers, there is also need to test the POPIA’s conformity with the strict European Union GDPR personal data protection guidelines.

LEGAL REVIEW OF CONSUMER LAW PROTECTION ON PERSONAL DATA ON DIGITAL PLATFORM

Legal protection for consumers must be considered because the existence of consumers is prone to fraud. Personal consumer data protect one form of legal protection for consumers in conducting transactions with business actors, both domestic and foreign transactions. With the times at this time, consumer data that exists on business actors, both in the form of state-owned enterprises or business actors in the private form, is a lot of consumer data that these business actors trade and this consumer data is widely known. The problem studied is how the consumer’s legal protection of personal data on digital platforms. Research methods are using normative research methods, namely by explaining the issues and views of consumer legal protection of personal data on existing legal regulatory, digital platforms. The results illustrate that for now, consumer legal protection of personal data on digital platforms still refers to several laws and regulations in Indonesia. The government is also preparing a Draft Law on Personal Data Protection, which will become lex specialis. For the protection of personal consumer data in Indonesia related to personal data on digital platforms.

PROBLEMS OF PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION IN THE FINANCIAL MARKETING SYSTEM

Introduction. In the conditions of considerable strengthening of a competition between the enterprises in the market the important task for them is observance of business ethics – principles and norms of behavior. These norms directly concern both the internal environment of enterprises (their development of product, price and sales policy, promotion of goods and services) and the external environment (customer service, maintaining relations with suppliers and intermediaries, conducting environmentally friendly activities). Although information security technologies are advancing rapidly, even leading experts cannot always guarantee the absolute security of customers’ personal data. The bigger, more influential and profitable a company is, the more attempts and ways to steal important data from outsiders and competing companies appear. The article outlines the problems of personal data protection in the financial marketing system. The purpose of the article is to systematize the scientific basis for ensuring effective protection of personal data of consumers of financial marketing. Methods. The study used general scientific and specific methods that ensure the reliability of the results and conclusions: dialectical, epistemological and logical; induction, deduction, scientific abstraction and generalization; structural analysis; techniques of abstract-logical method; comparative and content analysis. Results. It has been established that the majority of personal data leaks occur due to the human factor – intentional or unintentional actions of employees of enterprises. The main reasons for information leakage outside the enterprise have been identified. The methods of ensuring the protection of personal data are grouped into three groups: economically organizational, legal, software and technical. Perspectives. The subject of further scientific research is an in-depth study of the problems of financial marketing in the personal data protection system.

Innovative Development of Regional Cultural Tourism Projects in Hainan

With the rapid development of the world economy, the continuous progress of science and technology, and the gradual expansion of international cooperation and exchanges, the cultural tourism industry has become the most dynamic emerging industry and "sunrise industry" in the world today. Hainan is the southern gate of the motherland. Due to its unique natural endowment, the tourism industry has developed into a pillar industry. Especially after the "International Tourism Island" development strategy was put forward, the government fully realized that culture is the soul of tourism development. Therefore, in view of the low level of tourism development in Hainan Province, serious homogeneity, lack of cultural connotation and other issues, suggestions for the innovative development of Hainan regional cultural tourism projects are put forward. The purpose of this article is to study the innovative development of Hainan's regional cultural tourism projects. This article designs a questionnaire based on literature research and interview research. The questionnaire is divided into four parts: a survey of the recognition of Hainan's regional cultural tourism projects, a survey of the satisfaction of Hainan's regional cultural tourism projects, a survey of consumers' purchase behavior intentions of Hainan's regional cultural tourism products, and basic personal data of consumers. Research shows that in the Hainan regional non-material genetic cultural tourism development projects, the traditional skills, traditional music, and traditional dance are more popular among tourists. Among them, traditional skills account for the highest proportion, accounting for 72.5%; the building blocks are relatively low at 25.8%.

THE IMPACT OF CYBER THREATS ON THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM ON THE EXAMPLE OF EU COUNTRIES

Exponential growth in the number of cyber frauds in the financial sector and their intellectualization leads to large-scale negative consequences of both financial (loss of funds by financial institutions and their customers, the bankruptcy of financial institutions, lack of tax revenues) and public (theft of personal data of consumers of financial services, reduction the level of business reputation of financial institutions, loss of public confidence in the security and reliability of financial transactions). The study used methods of systematization, comparison, structural analysis, logical generalization, bibliometric analysis (using VOSviewer 1.6.15) and methods of vertical, horizontal, financial, and trend analysis of the data set to assess the dynamics and trends of cybercrime in the financial system of the European Union. To determine the most relevant publications on this issue, the authors conducted a bibliometric analysis of scientific papers indexed by the Scopus database from 2015 to 2021. According to the study results, the expediency of separating 6 clusters by the results of scientific research, the authors of which are represented from 34 countries. The article analyzes the dynamics and trends of cybercrime in the financial sector of the European Union. Cybersecurity measures are summarized in terms of state security agencies, financial monitoring services, the Directorate General of Informatics. Cybersecurity features high on the list of the priorities of the European Commission: trust and security are at the core of the Digital Single Market Strategy, while the fight against cybercrime is one of the three pillars of the European Agenda on Security. The authors of the article emphasize that the development of digital technologies leads to an increase in the scale of cyber threats, which require prompt and timely detection, assessment, and development of appropriate measures to prevent them or minimize the possible consequences. The practical value of the study lies in the use of state regulation, supervision, and control in the development of a system of counteraction to information risks that threaten the public interest.

Personal Data Protection in Indonesia: Legal Perspective

The arrangement of personal data protection in national law is stipulated explicitly in the regulation of the Minister of the Ministry of communication and Informasi No. 20 of 2016 on the protection of personal data. In Indonesia, there are no rules that accommodate the protection of personal data on financial technology. That can be hazardous when the economic response of technology is not limited to its use. The case of personal data is not contained in the case of a Such hazard that may arise. The case from the theft of personal data, damage to the system that may allow the occurrence of data breaches, misuse of personal data that has been the business ruled itself, or other parties who may access personal consumer data (such as government). The need to set this up is important because private data is a person's privacy right. Still, it can fundamentally be economically valuable for a third party who is about to take advantage of it.

Do Privacy and Competition Concerns Go Hand in Hand? Exploring the Theoretical and Practical Hurdles for the Incorporation of Privacy Concerns in a Competition Law Regime that Emphasizes Economic Efficiency and Consumer Welfare.

This paper argues that that it is possible to include privacy concerns in EU competition law while balancing economic efficiency and consumer welfare by the simultaneous application of EU data protection law. The personal data of consumers evidently has monetary value as companies provide “free” services in lieu of our data. In fact, the profit-maximising drive is so addictive that firms seem to have forgotten that personal data also represents an individual’s dignity and personality. Data protection and competition seldom go hand in hand, but there is a growing need to acknowledge privacy issues in Competition Law. An analysis of some recent high-profile mergers and abuse of dominance cases highlight these privacy concerns. It is therefore pertinent to examine how “Big Data” is relevant in Competition Law and understand the economic aspect of the demand and supply of data in a digital economy.

Blockchain: A tool for a secure, safe and transparent way of food and agricultural supply chain

Agriculture is the backbone of Indian farmers for their livelihood and also plays an integral part in our economy and its development. In the globalized market consumers are well aware of the products that exist in the market and are very specific about their need from the product. The present supply chain operates with many issues that have to do with the reliability of information, consumer trust, supply chain transparency, product quality, logistic issues, environmental impact, personal consumer data, fraud, food safety etc. In India traceability towards backward linkages for food and other agricultural products is always minimal or nil. Blockchain allows for peer to peer transactions of currency, commodities or any other thing of value to occur transparently. Blockchain has enormous potential to significantly impact the way agricultural business is done. Blockchain technology can increase trust between parties, facilitate information sharing throughout the supply chain and significantly reduce agricultural transaction costs.

Tokenized Ecosystem of Personal Data — Exemplified on the Context of the Smart City

Data driven businesses, services, and even smart cities of tomorrow depend on access to data not only from machines, but also personal data of consumers, clients, citizens. Sustain-able utilization of such data must base on legal compliancy, ethical soundness, and consent. Data subjects nowadays largely lack empowerment over utilization and monetization of their personal data. To change this, we propose a tokenized ecosystem of personal data (TokPD), combining anonymization, referencing, encryption, decentralization, and functional layering to establish a privacy preserving solution for processing of personal data. This tokenized ecosys-tem is a more generalized variant of the smart city ecosystem described in the preceding publi-cation "Smart Cities of Self-Determined Data Subjects" (Frecè & Selzam 2017) with focus to-wards further options of decentralization. We use the example of a smart city to demonstrate, how TokPD ensures the data subjects’ privacy, grants the smart city access to a high number of new data sources, and simultaneously handles the user-consent to ensure compliance with mod-ern data protection regulation.

STAN CYWILNOPRAWNEJ OCHRONY KONSUMENTA USŁUG UBEZPIECZENIOWYCH W POLSCE

Protection of Personal Data of Consumers of Insurance Services in PolandSummaryThe article analyses the regulations o f Polish civil law, which were introduced to protect a consumer of insurance services who, as a weaker party of a insurance agreement needs such protection. It presents main changes of the insurance law in this respect, introduced on M ay 01, 2004 as a part of the process of adapting Polish legal system to the EU legislation. Amongst other things, the author discusses the following issues: legal definition of a „consumer”, scope o f legal measures on protection of the insured, legal character of the general terms and conditions of the insurance agreements issued by insurance companies and forbidden contractual clauses. The author also suggests changes to these laws in order to improve them and make them more precise.