Personal Consumption Research Articles

Vietnam Healthcare Expenditure

Household health expenditure is important in shaping human capital for developing countries, including Vietnam. This study aims to examine the factors affecting household health expenditure in Vietnam. The study used a combination of descriptive and multivariate regression analysis based on the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey (VHLSS) 2016. As a result of the regression analysis, demographic factors such as gender, ethnicity, age, education level, and region are the most important determinants of healthcare spending in Vietnam. This result is similar to other studies conducted in Vietnam and other countries. For developing countries including Vietnam, the determinants of personal health expenditure raise several issues that need to be addressed by health planners. Some policy implications are suggested, including (i) improving the health care system in rural areas, (ii) strengthening the existing social safety net for the elderly, and (iii) developing health insurance covering the entire population.

The long and variable lags of monetary policy: Evidence from disaggregated price indices

We study how monetary policy affects subcomponents of the Personal Consumption Expenditures Price Index (PCEPI) using local projections. Following a monetary policy contraction, the response of aggregate PCEPI turns significantly negative after over three years. There are stark differences in the timing and magnitude of the responses across price categories, including some prices that show an initially positive response. We discuss theoretical interpretations of our findings and point to useful directions for future theoretical research. We also show how to re-aggregate our cross-sectional estimates and their standard errors, taking into account dependence between different prices using a Seemingly Unrelated Regression approach. Re-aggregation exercises show that changes in expenditure behavior have not accelerated the long-lagged response of inflation to monetary policy.

It is not just a click: protection of in-game behaviour data as biometric data under the GDPR

This article investigates the potential classification of players’ in-game behaviour data from basic computer peripherals, like keyboards and mouses (behavioural telemetry), as biometric data under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Modern technologies allow these types of data to reveal a wealth of personal information, including age, gender, emotional states, collaboration abilities, problem-solving skills, economic status, consumption habits, and character traits. The analysis is structured into three sections: understanding the nature of in-game behaviour data, assessing its alignment with the GDPR’s definition of biometric data, and examining the repercussions for gaming companies if such data is deemed biometric. The conclusion asserts that behavioural telemetry and gameplay metrics can indeed be considered biometric under the GDPR, as it plays a crucial role in player identification and exhibits similarities with biometric systems in the context of game analytics processes. This classification implies heightened legal responsibilities for gaming companies, triggering risk-based provisions within the GDPR. The article introduces a novel perspective by suggesting that seemingly innocuous in-game behaviour data may fall under the purview of biometric data.

Research on the relationship between global oil prices and economic indicators based on linear regression and ARIMAX models

This report aims to analyze the relationship between global oil prices and various economic indexes by using linear regression and ARIMAX models. This study will predict global oil prices accurately and establish a reasonable system for regulating oil prices. The research uses the statistical approach to predict oil prices based on historical data (including independent variables and dependent variable). The study uses monthly average data of WTI crude oil prices from January 2000 to March 2023 and contains the analysis of various economic indicators such as Consumer Price Index (CPI), Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE), Employment, Population, and Oil Price. The findings indicate that the linear regression model can explain about 40.89% of the variation in log oil price, with significant negative effects of log_PCE, log_EMPLOYMENT, and log_POPULATION, and a significant positive effect of CPI on log_price. However, there exists the probability that some other factors have impact on oil prices. In this study, the author employ the ARIMAX model with ARIMA(4,1,1) errors, which can describe a relatively good fit and small errors in training set measures. Overall, while the linear regression model partially explains the variability in global oil prices, further analysis on residuals is necessary. The study concludes that the ARIMAX model provides a better approach to capture the time-series nature of the data.

Social security, bequests, and social comparisons

AbstractWe examine the long‐run impact of unfunded social security on capital stock and wealth inequality in an overlapping generations (OLG) model where newborn individuals differ in their inheritance. In our model, individuals' decisions are subject to social comparisons, which can lead to overspending on personal consumption and result in zero bequests left within poor families. In this scenario, unfunded social security increases long‐run wealth inequality by redistributing wealth from poor to rich families, who always leave bequests. However, it increases long‐run capital stock, too. We also show that when none or all of the families leave bequests in the long run, our model predicts negative and neutral effects of social security on capital accumulation, in line with the standard OLG models of Diamond and Barro. Thus, our results emphasize the need to account for heterogeneity in bequest behavior in the analysis of social security.

RAW MATERIAL EXPORTS REDUCTION IN TRANSFORMING THE STRUCTURE OF RUSSIA’S GDP

The article presents a thesis that a phased reduction of the share of raw materials in the total volume of Russian exports and re-direction of a much greater part of it to domestic processing and subsequent export of final high-tech products are required. The need for such structural transformation is explained not only by the intensification of anti-Russian sanctions against fuel and energy complex, including the introduction of an embargo and price ceiling for its products, but also by the urgent need for a radical change in the very type of growth of the domestic economy - from raw materials export to the one based on innovations. Such shift is associated with devising and implementing a nationwide structural government policy, designed to resist further deindustrialization of the national economy. Based on the analysis of the key imbalances of the Russian economy developed during its market transformation, with a special emphasis on the ratio of consumption, investment, government purchases and trade balance, the author offers his own vision of an algorithm for a reasonable increase in the investment quota not through reducing personal consumption, but by temporarily reducing the contribution of net exports. The analysis concludes with the description of a fundamental scheme of urgently required changes in the functional structure of Russia’s GDP with the vision of ways to prevent an excessive imbalance between the revenue and expenditure parts of the Russian state budget.

Portable Household Vegetable Dehydrator

Vegetable storage and preservation are issues in many nations, including India. Particularly, certain veggies are safe to consume and fresh during a particular season. Drying is one method of vegetable preservation that has been around for a while. However, sun drying veggies is not feasible due to small kitchens or houses. The goal of this initiative is to find a solution for households. The electric vegetable dryer can be used sparingly and takes up less room. It takes care of the problem of how to store green vegetables, which are best kept fresh and healthy in the winter and go bad even when kept in the refrigerator for three to four days. The project's goal is to enable people to keep veggies at home for their own personal consumption.

Does mobile payment foster low-carbon lifestyles? Evidence from Alipay's “collecting five blessings” campaign

The widespread use of digital technology has driven a huge change in the way payments are made. Based on the micro-data of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this paper explores the relationship between mobile payment and carbon emissions from the consumption side. With the exogenous impact of Alipay's "Collecting Five Blessings" campaign, this paper finds that mobile payment significantly increases household consumption carbon emissions, but the marginal effect is gradually decreasing. Mechanism analysis shows that mobile payment mainly realizes the above impact through promoting the increase of consumption expenditure and upgrading of consumption structure. Further analysis indicates that carbon reduction policies introduced by the Chinese government in the personal consumption sector can mitigate the carbon emissions growth associated with mobile payments. Still, there is a need to strengthen policy measures further to effectively address the issue of rising carbon emissions from household consumption.

Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a 12-month automated text message intervention for weight management in postpartum women with overweight or obesity: protocol for the Supporting MumS (SMS) multisite, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial

IntroductionThe reproductive years can increase women’s weight-related risk. Evidence for effective postpartum weight management interventions is lacking and engaging women during this life stage is challenging. Following a promising pilot...

The Impact of Hedonic and Utilitarian Values, alongside Psychological Factors, on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty of female consumers

In the highly competitive personal care market, marketers must understand the importance of demographic differences, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty. Research shows that women are a significant economic force in the personal care market. However, few studies focus on female consumers in Malaysia. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between hedonic value, utility value, and psychological factors related to customer satisfaction and loyalty in the context of personal care product consumption by female customers in Malaysia. This was a quantitative study using a survey method to collect data. The target population was female customers of personal care products. Data was collected from 110 respondents and analyzed using SPSS version 28 and Smart Pls. The result of this study shows that hedonic values and psychological factors have a positive influence on customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction had a significant impact on customer loyalty. In contrast, the results suggest that utilitarian value was not significantly related to customer satisfaction. The results of this study can help retailers and marketers understand the role of hedonic values, utilitarian values, and psychological factors and their impact on customer satisfaction. This study contributes to the literature on customer satisfaction and loyalty by expanding the scope of research with female consumers.

Promotion of legume intake-Israeli dietitians' knowledge, beliefs and practices.

The health and environmental benefits of legume consumption are reflected in dietary guidelines worldwide. However, legume intake fails to meet recommendations. Dietitians' legume counseling practices can impact consumption patterns. This cross-sectional study assessed Israeli dietitians' knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and practices regarding legume counseling and identified pertinent barriers and facilitators. An electronic survey among Israeli dietitians (n=309) was performed. Multivariable logistic regression assessed associations between recommending legumes with participants' socio-demographic and professional characteristics, knowledge, perceptions, attitudes toward legume counseling and personal legume intake. Almost half (47.4%) of the participants recommended that 76% or more of their patients increase legume intake. Factors that were associated with recommending legumes were perceptions of fewer barriers to consumption [adjusted OR (aOR) 1.92 (95% CI 1.24-2.96)] and positive attitudes toward legume counseling pertaining to its importance [aOR 1.95 (95% CI 1.12-3.4)]. Negatively associated factors were a low level of personal legume consumption [aOR 0.38 (95% CI 0.15-0.94)] and working in hospitals [aOR 0.43 (95% CI 0.19-0.98)]. Israeli dietitians' recommendations for legume consumption were well below current guidelines. These findings indicate the need for a tailored intervention for nutrition professionals to increase the frequency of legume counseling and overall consumption.

THE HUNGER GAMES: CONSUMER PREFERENCE OF ZOMATO VS SWIGGY

A consumer is an individual who purchases a product or a service for personal consumption and not for further resale or manufacturing. For example, any person who buys apparels or wireless internet service for personal consumption is a consumer. Consumers make the decision of whether to purchase a product/service, as per their requirements and the influence of marketing done by a company for their brand. A brand is generally a name, term, design or symbol that helps you differentiate between two or more Companies, Products or Services in the eyes of its consumers. It helps in building a positive image of the organization among customers. It plays a vital role in contributing to retaining the market share of the company by ensuring that’s its customers are satisfied and are coming back for repeat purchases. The word satisfaction means – the fulfillment of one's wishes, expectations, or needs. Customer satisfaction refers to meeting the expectations of the customers by the brand they purchased. It is a psychological and emotional response that the customer has towards the consumption experience of the product or service bought. Customer satisfaction is one of the most prominent factors that influence a consumer’s preference.

Current Issues of Methodology of Wholesale Turnover Analysis

Wholesale trade is the buying and selling of products in large volume. Products are purchased in bulk from manufacturers and then delivered to retail stores. The transfer of goods from the sphere of production to the sphere of consumption is called commodity circulation. Merchandise turnover, in turn, is divided into wholesale and retail turnover. As a rule, due to the conditions of production and circulation, goods must go through the intermediate links of production, turnkey and trade in order to be brought directly from the production to the consumer. The operations of buying and selling goods between intermediate links are called wholesale turnover. As a result of wholesale turnover, the goods do not yet pass into the sphere of personal consumption, they continue to circulate in the sphere of circulation, are transferred to the disposal of some retail trade or industrial processing, and then again participate in the circulation of goods. Thus, in order to bring goods into the retail trade network, intermediary links are needed, which carry out wholesale goods turnover. These are mainly distributors, who play a major role in the organization of goods circulation in the shortest way to bring goods to the retail network, speed up their turnover and reduce circulation costs. It is possible that the manufacturer supplies the goods to the retail store himself and does not have an intermediary (distributor) engaged in wholesale trade. In the conditions of the market economy, the study of the issues of perfecting the wholesale and retail turnover analysis methodology is one of the topical topics, since these two forms of business (wholesale and retail trade) are important intermediaries of the marketing channel, and in the absence of these two links, the entire chain will fail. Keywords: wholesale turnover, retail turnover, price index, volume index, dynamic line, growth rate, trend, sales forecast, coefficient of variation, mean square deviation, coefficient of homogeneity.

Nowcasting of advance estimates of personal consumption of Services in the U.S. National Economic Accounts: Individual vs forecasting combination approach

AbstractAs part of continuing effort to research statistical methods for producing timely and accurate early estimates of national accounts statistics, this paper evaluates the ability of individual nowcasting and forecast combination techniques to reduce revisions in the first or advance estimates of U.S. quarterly personal consumption of services at the most detailed component level. At such a level, designated indicators for advance estimates are those directly relevant to the detailed components. Using the same indicators that were used in routine compilations, we show in a real time setting that nowcasting methods are able to reduce revisions in the advance estimates in over 90 percent of the detailed components, and the upper bound of the reductions reached over 60 percent. We evaluate the performances of all methods by comparing their root mean squared revisions for each component. Our study suggests that nowcasting techniques are potentially a powerful tool to reduce revisions in the early estimates in the national account statistics at the most detailed level.

Analisis Pemanfaatan Kredit Oleh Pelaku Usaha UMKM Di Kota Atambua Kabupaten Belu

This research aims to determine the use of credit by micro business actors in Atambua City who use loan funds from BNI46 Bank, as well as to find out the reasons why business actors take credit from BNI46 Bank. The data used in this research is primary and secondary data, which is then analyzed using qualitative descriptive methods. The data collection techniques used in this research are: interviews, observations and documents. The object of this research is the use of credit by micro and small businesses in Atambua City, located around the center of Atambua city. These utilization interests are divided into two interests, namely for production and consumption purposes. First, for the purposes of fulfilling and expanding business capital for trading, a means to make business activities smoother and business performance better than before, expanding business and work opportunities. Second, for consumption needs, which includes personal consumption needs such as paying children's school fees, house rental costs, as well as house maintenance costs and daily living costs.

A distributional approach to U.S. personal consumption expenditures: an overview

A distributional approach to U.S. personal consumption expenditures: an overview

Determinants of inflation and impact of selected Macro variable on Inflation in Nepal

This paper aimed to identify the impact of selected macro variable on inflation and examin­ing the relationship between inflation rate and selected macro variables. Generally, both fis­cal and monetary policies seek at achieving relative macroeconomic stability through stable prices or low and stable inflation. In the light of this, this study empirically investigates the impact of some macro variable on inflation in Nepal with the use of econometric tech­nique multiple regression, correlation and trend analysis using time series data from 2001 to 2018. The annual data is collected from Nepal Rastra Bank and web site of World Bank. The result revealed that money supply is positively correlated with inflation, but the result is however insignificant in the case of GDP growth rate and to determine the inflation rate in context of Nepal. The regression analysis indicates that 85.9% of inflation rate is deter­mined by exchange rate, money supply, GDP, per capita income and inflation rate of India, rest in 14.1% inflation rate is determined by other factors. The study found that there is positive correlation between exchange rate and inflation rate, money supply and inflation, per capita income and inflation rate and Indian inflation and inflation rate of Nepal. But study also revealed that insignificant negative correlation between GDP and inflation rate of Nepal. The exchange rate, money supply and Indian inflation are significant with infla­tion but GDP and per capita income are insignificant with inflation over the time period under study. There is only the monetary policy is not capable to control inflation, the fiscal measure are highly effective to controlling government expenditure, personal expenditure and private & public investment. The study therefore recommends that the central bank of Nepal need to deal with monetary and fiscal policy in more transparent manner so as to address the issue of inflation in Nepal.

Offenders’ perspectives on acquisitive crime targets and stolen goods disposal methods

This paper examines offenders’ perspectives about acquisitive crime targets and stolen goods markets in Australia that have not been comprehensively reviewed since 2005. Over the last 18 years there have been significant changes in the rates of property crime, reductions in cash usage, and rapid movements to online markets as a disposal outlet, that motivate this updated analysis. In late 2022, n = 107 detainees in a Western Australian police watchhouse were interviewed about their property offending frequency, offence preferences, target selection, disposal methods, and estimated financial return for targeted goods. Results demonstrated (a) meaningful shifts towards shoplifting and away from the other stealing offences, (b) increases in stealing for personal consumption rather than selling on, (c) declines in preferences for small electronic items, (d) ongoing dependence on drug dealers as a preferred outlet for off-loading stolen goods, (e) disposal of stolen goods is still quick, easy, and typically offenders receive about one-third of the original purchase price for items, and (f) growth in the use of online markets to dispose of stolen goods. The theoretical and applied implications of these findings are discussed, emphasising the importance of opportunity-focused interventions to prevent crime.

Economic Impact of Health Expenditures: Panel Data Analysis for Selected Economies

It is estimated that healthcare services will increasingly strain public healthcare expenditures in the near future. Public health expenditures yield more effective outputs than household expenditures do. Due to its direct impact on human capital, public health displays a positive correlation with labor productivity, personal expenditures, and GDP indicators. In welfare economics theory, the examination of economic and social welfare focuses on the analysis of the distribution of economic resources among social actors. During the 2003-2016 timeframe in Turkey, Ukraine, Moldova, Poland, and South Korea, this research examined several health care expenditures. These included the proportion of the population spending more than 10 pct of their household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenses, current health expenditure per capita, domestic general government health expenditure per capita, and domestic private health expenditure per capita. To conduct the panel data analysis, the "domestic private health expenditure per capita" data was utilized. Based on the research findings, an increase in domestic government health expenditures in certain countries results in an escalation of household health expenditures, while an increase in private sector health spending leads to a reduction in household health expenditures.

University or Personal Sustainability— What Shapes Sustainable Entrepreneurship Intentions of Students?

The intentions and behaviour of entrepreneurs have been well researched and explored and now the limelight has shifted to sustainable entrepreneurship. The present study aims to examine the personal and institutional sustainability inclination that may help students develop their intent for sustainable entrepreneurship. Quantitative analysis with partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was performed with 422 samples collected from students at Indian universities. The model tested the first-order variables for university and personal sustainability and further the effect on the intentions to start sustainable entrepreneurship. The first-order variables of university sustainability are education on sustainability and campus sustainability and the students’ personal consumption profile and moral obligations for the first-order variables of personal sustainability. The findings indicated that the tendency towards sustainable entrepreneurship was more strongly influenced by personal than university sustainability inclination. Further, the results of the importance–performance map analysis (IPMA) highlighted the importance of personal sustainability as well as further advancements in ethical standards and campus sustainability to nurture students’ intentions for sustainable entrepreneurship. The findings of this study offer policymakers, researchers and higher education institutes insights to establish campuses that contribute to sustainability and reframe the educational curriculum to focus on students’ innate propensities to engage in sustainable endeavours. This article outlines the pioneering research effort into the personal and university sustainability inclination in consideration for shaping sustainable entrepreneurship intentions among students.