Personal Communication Systems Research Articles

AN ASYMMETRICAL PSI-SHAPED MULTIBAND ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONS

In this article, a low-profile multiband asymmetrical psi-shaped antenna for different wireless applications is presented and analyzed. This multiband antenna consists of an asymmetrical psi-shaped radiator considered on a single layer FR4 substrate with compact dimensions. The better impedance matching characteristics between the radiating element and the signal source are obtained by employing a slotted structure. The designed antenna operates at six different frequency bands of 1.8-2.03 GHz [GSM1800, personal communication systems (PCS)], 4.64-5.35 GHz [wireless local area network (WLAN)], 6.05-6.95 GHz (C-band), 7.92-8.59 GHz (military), 9.55-11.14 GHz [fixed satellite service (FSS)], and 11.57-12.29 GHz (DBS) while the S<sub>11 </sub>value is lower than -10 dB. The Ansoft HFSS 21 electromagnetic simulator is employed to optimize the antenna dimensions and study the antenna functionality at the six different frequency bands. The designed antenna exhibits higher gain at six frequency bands. The developed multiband antenna is prototyped, and test results are generated to validate its performance. The simulation results authenticate acceptable agreement with the measurement results. This antenna is a good choice for GSM1800, PCS, WLAN, C-band, FSS, and military defense applications.

Ultra-Broadband Printed Antenna for Personal Communication System

Ultra-Broadband Printed Antenna for Personal Communication System

A Multi-Frequency Omnidirectional Antenna Based on a Ring-Shaped Structure.

A multi-frequency microstrip antenna loaded with a ring-like structure has been proposed. The radiating patch on the antenna surface consists of three split-ring resonator structures, and the ground plate consists of a bottom metal strip and three ring-shaped metals with regular cuts to form a defective ground structure. The proposed antenna works in six different frequency bands covering 1.10, 1.33, 1.63, 1.97, 2.08, and 2.69 GHz and works entirely when connected to 5G NR (FR1, 0.45-3 GHz), 4GLTE (1.6265-1.6605 GHz), Personal Communication System (1.85-1.99 GHz), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (1.92-2.176 GHz), WiMAX (2.5-2.69 GHz), and other communications frequency bands. Moreover, such antennas also have stable omnidirectional radiation properties across different operating frequency bands. This antenna meets the needs of portable multi-frequency mobile devices and provides a theoretical approach for the development of multi-frequency antennas.

A Comparison of Voice Amplifiers and Personal Communication Systems for Hypophonia: An Exploration of Communicative Participation.

The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate how individuals with hypophonia (HP; also referred to as HP participants) and their primary communication partners (PCPs; also referred to as PCP participants) rate communicative participation before and after experience with a speech amplification device. A secondary purpose was to evaluate pre- and post-device effects on self-rated communicative participation for each of the three speech amplification devices trialed outside of the laboratory. Seventeen individuals with HP and their PCPs participated in a crossover design study that compared three different amplification devices: a wired belt-pack amplifier, a wireless stationary amplifier, and a personal frequency modulation (FM) system. Both the individuals with HP and their PCPs self-rated communicative participation at baseline and after trialing each device following 1-week device trial periods at home. Patient-reported outcome measures included the Communicative Effectiveness Survey (CES) and the Voice Activity and Participation Profile (VAPP). Following study completion, participants indicated whether they would like to select a specific device to continue using. Overall, HP participants rated communicative participation following device use higher than that in the pre-device condition, with the FM system resulting in the overall highest VAPP ratings and second highest CES ratings. Furthermore, HP and PCP participants rated these measures similarly. Finally, HP participants who selected a device to continue using self-reported lower total communicative effectiveness scores and greater voice activity limitations and participation restrictions at baseline in comparison to the nonselectors. This study contributes to an increased understanding of how communicative participation is experienced within this clinical population resulting from speech amplification. It is suggested that the inclusion of participation-based outcome measurement is essential to ensure a multidimensional and comprehensive approach to device prescription for individuals with HP.

Design and memory optimization of hybrid gate diffusion input numerical controlled oscillator

The numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) is one of the digital oscillator signal generators. It can generate the clocked, synchronous, discrete waveform, and generally sinusoidal. Often NCOs care utilized in the combinations of digital to analog converter (DAC) at the outputs for creating direct digital synthesizer (DDS). The network on chips (NOCs) are utilized in various communication systems that are fully digital or mixed signals such as synthesis of arbitrary wave, precise control for sonar systems or phased array radar, digital down/up converters, all the digital phase locked loops (PLLs) for cellular and personal communication system (PCS) base stations and drivers for acoustic or optical transmissions and multilevel phase shift keying/frequency shift keying (PSK/FSK) modulators or demodulators (modem). The basic architecture of NCO will be enhanced and improved with less hardware for facilitating complete system level support to various sorts of modulation with minimum FPGA resources. In this paper design and memory optimization of hybrid gate diffusion input (GDI) numerically controlled oscillator based on field programmable gate array (FPGA) is implemented. compared with NCO based 8-bit microchip, memory optimization of hybrid GDI numerically controlled oscillator based on FPGA gives effective outcome in terms of delay, metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFET’s) and nodes.

A Key-Based Multi-Mode Clock-Controlled Stream Cipher for Real-Time Secure Communications of IoT

With the rapid development of the Internet and wireless communications, as well as the popularization of personal communication systems, the security of real-time communications is demanded. The efficient technology of stream ciphers can satisfy this requirement of security. In this paper, to enhance the security strength of stream ciphers, we design a key-based multi-mode clock-controlled stream cipher for real-time secure communications of the Internet of things (IoT). The proposed stream cipher is equipped with a multi-mode depending on the key. The different working modes are shipped with different encrypting circuits depending on the user’s key. We analyze the period, the linear complexity, and use known attacks to verify the security strength of the proposed cipher. Compared with existing dual mode clock-controlled stream ciphers, the merits of our proposed cipher are its long period, high linear complexity, low hardware complex, low initialization clock, and simplicity in mode switching. Furthermore, the proposed cipher passes the FIPS PUB 140-1 and SP800-22 tests, obtaining at least 97.00%.

Investigations on Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) array integrated printed conformal band pass filters for modern wireless communication applications

This paper presents the performance analysis of two different conformal band pass filters (BPFs) loaded with an array of circular complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs). Type-1 bandpass filter has been designed by integrating a 9 × 9 array of circular complementary split ring resonator on the bottom layer of the filter. Similarly, Type-2 bandpass filter has been constructed by loading an array of 5 × 5 split ring resonator on the patch layer of the filter. A comparative study between Type-1 and Type-2 bandpass filters are also evaluated that shows dual pass bands for Type-1 filter and triple pass bands for the Type-2 bandpass filter. Furthermore, the conformality of both bandpass filters are judged through bending deformation analysis with various bending positions at 15°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°. During the bending performance analysis, the suggested BPFs retains the dual and triple pass band characteristics without any major deviations in its characteristic's parameters. Various performance parameters like return loss, insertion loss, group delay, bandwidth, and quality factor are measured. Detailed analysis of E and H field distributions and surface current distributions are also presented. The Type-2 bandpass filter shows better performance in terms of filter properties compared to Type-1 band pass filter. Hence, the prototype of Type-2 filter with an area of 30 × 30 mm2 is fabricated and measured. The validated results are agreed with the simulated results which confirms the applicability of the proposed filter for several modern wireless communication applications such as Wi-Max and personal communication systems (PCS) applications.

5G Field level measurement for human exposure assessment: A lesson for 6G

Field level measurement for human exposure assessment is an important and sometimes underestimated problem. The aim of this work is to describe the problem of field level measurement for the assessment of human exposure from 2G to 5G, showing the growing difficulties caused by an increasing flexibility of cellular communication systems. If on the one hand this flexibility allowed higher performances, on the other hand it made the estimation of the electromagnetic field more and more complex. 5G field level measurement for human exposure assessment represents a formidable complex problem, currently under study to identify reliable and low-cost methods. Vendors have recently understood this problem and have included a control on the power density radiated by antennas in 5G systems, known as the ”power lock” function. It is worth noting that for the first time a sophisticated power control is introduced in base stations (BS) for the human exposure target. This should be a lesson for the development of 6G, suggesting a safety-on-design approach to human exposure for the next generation of personal communication systems.

Development of SMD 32.768 kHz tuning fork-type crystals

Abstract Resonance frequency of quartz tuning fork crystal for use in chips of code division multiple access, personal communication system, and a global system for mobile communication was analyzed by an analytical method and the finite element method (FEM). Resonance frequency values obtained by the analytical solution of the equation of motion and FEM analysis were compared and reasonable agreement showed validity of the FEM results. A resonance frequency close to 31.964 kHz was aimed following FEM analysis results and a general scheme of commercially available 32.768 kHz tuning fork resonators was followed in designing tuning fork geometry, tine electrode pattern and thickness. Based on FEM design, actual tuning fork crystals were fabricated using photolithography and oblique evaporation by a stencil mask. The average resonance frequency of the fabricated tuning fork samples at a vacuum level of 3 × 10 –2 torr was 31.228 to 31.462 kHz. The discrepancy between FEM modeling and observed values of resonance frequency is attributed to error in exactly manufacturing tuning fork tine width by photolithography. However, design parameters affecting other crystal parameters have to be adjusted comprehensively to optimize the tuning fork performance.

Development of a modern global information infrastructure based on a personal satellite communication system

The information industry is the main branch of the modern economy. The processes of informatization lead to qualitative changes in society itself in the direction of acquiring sustainable features of the modern information society, the technological basis of which is the global information infrastructure (GII). GII provides free access to information resources to every inhabitant of the planet and provides a set of communication services that provide an open set of applications, covers all types of information and provides the opportunity to receive it anywhere, anytime, at an affordable price and at an affordable price quality. The creation and operation of modern satellite communication systems contributes to the creation of a global information infrastructure. Satellite communications, which is a promising component of modern cyberspace infrastructure, is qualitatively changing the entire telecommunications industry and affecting the usual way of life. Personal satellite communication systems have significant advantages over mobile communication systems. Today, the use of new spacecraft with improved characteristics is expected, which will represent almost the entire range of satellite services. According to documents submitted to the US Federal Communications Commission, satellites in space will «communicate» with each other at a frequency of more than 10 thousand GHz using a laser beam. Ground stations and user terminals will be communicated on 12 GHz radio bands. The promised data rate is 1 Gbps for each consumer. Regarding potential Starlink applications, SpaceX’s management points to the risky nature of the low-bandwidth broadband satellite business and adds that SpaceX plans to use its Starlink satellites not only to provide broadband Internet connectivity in remote areas of the world, but also to connect on other planets.

Flexible Wearable Composite Antennas for Global Wireless Communication Systems.

Although wearable antennas have made great progress in recent years, how to design high-performance antennas suitable for most wireless communication systems has always been the direction of RF workers. In this paper, a new approach for the design and manufacture of a compact, low-profile, broadband, omni-directional and conformal antenna is presented, including the use of a customized flexible dielectric substrate with high permittivity and low loss tangent to realize the compact sensing antenna. Poly-di-methyl-siloxane (PDMS) is doped a certain proportion of aluminum trioxide (Al2O3) and Poly-tetra-fluoro-ethylene (PTFE) to investigate the effect of dielectric constant and loss tangent. Through a large number of comparative experiments, data on different doping ratios show that the new doped materials are flexible enough to increase dielectric constant, reduce loss tangent and significantly improve the load resistance capacity. The antenna is configured with a multisection microstrip stepped impedance resonator structure (SIR) to expand the bandwidth. The measured reflection return loss (S11) showed an operating frequency band from 0.99 to 9.41 GHz, with a band ratio of 146%. The antenna covers two important frequency bands, 1.71–2.484 GHz (personal communication system and wireless body area network (WBAN) systems) and 5.15–5.825 GHz (wireless local area network-WLAN)]. It also passed the SAR test for human safety. Therefore, the proposed antenna offers a good chance for full coverage of WLAN and large-scale development of wearable products. It also has potential applications in communication systems, wireless energy acquisition systems and other wireless systems.

Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kinerja Sistem Informasi Akuntansi pada Lembaga Perkreditan Desa

This study aims to determine the effect of user involvement variables in system development, user education and training programs, personal technical skills, user communication and information systems developers and organizational size on the performance of the Accounting Information System. Respondents in this study were 40 employees found in the LPD in South Denpasar District. Determination of the sample using purposive sampling method. The analytical tool used is multiple regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that the variables of user involvement in system development, user training and education programs, personal technical skills, user communication and information system developers and organizational size have a significant positive effect on SIA performance.
 Keywords: User Involvement; Training and Education; Personal Engineering; User and Developer Communication.

Broadband Printed Modified Dipole for Personal Communication Systems

In this paper a modified printed dipole is proposed for mobile terminals operating in the first band of Personal Communication System (PCS) that is ranging from 800 to 900 MHz. One of the most important features of this kind of antenna is its wide bandwidth as required in the mentioned band. The modified design of the proposed antenna allows the user to move in any direction as is usual in mobile communications. The results of this article include an analytical design, simulations that have been performed numerically using a Finite Element Method (FEM) computational tool, structure optimization in order to maximize the antenna bandwidth and experimental measurements with the aim of spatial evaluating of electromagnetic radiated fields.

A Comparison of Speech Amplification and Personal Communication Devices for Hypophonia.

Purpose This study compared the performance of three amplification devices hypothesized to improve speech communication in individuals with hypophonia (HP), as well as to identify individuals' device preferences. Method Twenty-two individuals with HP and their primary communication partners participated in a cross-over design study comparing three different speech amplification devices: a wired portable amplifier (Device A), a wireless stationary amplifier (Device B), and a one-way personal communication system (Device C). Participants attended one laboratory visit followed by 1-week trial periods with each device. At the first visit, HP participants completed speech tasks with and without the devices, in quiet and in noise. Following the in-laboratory test period, participants trialed each device at home for approximately 1 week per device. Following completion of the study, participants indicated whether or not they would like to continue using a device. Results Overall, in the presence of noise, all three devices demonstrated significant improvements in speech-to-noise levels and speech intelligibility compared to no device. A clear device hierarchy emerged such that the personal communication device (Device C) was associated with significantly better speech outcomes compared to the other two devices. The majority of participants elected to continue using a device at the completion of the study. Device preferences, however, did not clearly reflect the objective device hierarchy that was found for the objective speech measures. Each of the three devices was selected as a preferred device by at least three participants at the completion of the study. Conclusion Results from this study demonstrated clear differences in device performance in three distinct forms of amplification devices for individuals with HP. Findings suggest that amplification device use may be beneficial for this clinical population and underscore the potential to improve device availability and device selection criteria in future research. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12735875.

Design and Analysis of Multiband Antenna for Wireless Communication

In this manuscript a compact multiband antenna with dimension 16 × 18 × 0.787 mm3 is presented for multiple wireless applications including Digital Cellular System (1.71–1.88 GHz), Personal Communication System (1.85–1.99Gz), Bluetooth Wireless System (2.402–2.480 GHz), WiMAX (3.30–3.80 GHz), WLAN (5.150–5.825 GHz) and X-Band Downlink System (7.25–7.75 GHz). Radiating patch consist of a glass shape and a rectangular ground plane. Two resonating bands (DCS, PCS and Bluetooth Wireless System) is obtained by inserting stubs whereas remaining bands (WiMAX, WLAN and X-Band Downlink System) is obtained by etching slots on the radiating patch. There is a close agreement between simulated and measured results which is obtained by fabricating prototype.

A Wideband Pentagonal Patch Antenna with Rectangular Slots for Wireless Applications

In this research paper, a pentagonal patch antenna has been designed on the 1.6 mm thick FR4 substrate material with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a size of 66 x 55 mm2. To achieve the wideband characteristics, the rectangular slots are introduced along the 4 sides of the pentagon and the partial ground plane is used of size 20 x 55 mm2. The antenna is designed and simulated in the CADFEKO software using a line feed technique. The proposed antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 1.875 GHz with 3 resonant frequencies 1.7 GHz, 2.74 GHz & 3.259 GHz. The maximum gain for the proposed antenna is 8 dBi, reflection coefficient less than -10 dB and VSWR values are in the standard range. The proposed antenna design can be used for Digital Communication System (DCS 1800), Personal Communication System (PCS 1900), Wireless Broadband (WiBro 2300), Long Term Evolution (LTE 2300, LTE 2500), Bluetooth, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN IEEE 802.1 b/g), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM 2.4) applications.

A CSRR DGS Loaded Dual-Frequency Microstrip Antenna in Ground Plane for Application in PCS and WLAN Communication System

In this paper, a rectangular microstrip antenna which is inset-fed by the microstrip line with a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) defected ground structure (DGS) cell in the ground plane just below the microstrip line (substrate present in between) for the dual frequency operation at 1.92 GHz and 5.22 GHz is presented, which are the operation bands of personal communication system (PCS) and wireless local area network (WLAN) respectively. The fundamental mode TM10 and one strongly activated higher order mode are excited which are responsible for the dual-band operation. Smaller broadside radiation and same polarization planes are the characteristics of these modes.

Cellular Networks: An Underlying Technology for Mobile Phones, Communication System & Wireless Networking

Cellular network is a fundamental technology for mobile phones, personal communication systems, wireless networking etc. This technology is developed for mobile phone to replace high power transmitter/receiver systems. It use very low power with a short range and higher rate of data transmission. Cellular network is arranged into multiple low power transmitters with less than of each 100w. The Cellular network offer very high capacity in a limited spectrum. It has the feature of reusability of radio channel in different cells. It also enables a fixed number of channels to serve an arbitrarily large number of users by reusing the channel throughout the coverage region. In cellular network, the communication is always between mobile and base station (not directly between mobiles).

Bringing It Indoors: A Review of Narrowband Radio Propagation Modeling for Enclosed Spaces

Small cells are now widely deployed indoors to address hot-spot areas where capacity uplift is needed. This deployment leads to the increase of wireless networks as a challenge to service demands of personal communication systems, which has inspired the scientific community to work towards understanding and predicting in-building radio wave propagation performance. Despite this, only a few reviews have attempted to overview channel modeling for specific indoor environments and even fewer outline remarks that include a methodology for designing and planning indoor radio systems. Consequently, a comprehensive survey of indoor narrowband channel models is presented, spanning more than 30 years of continuous research to overview and contrast significant developments including their disadvantages, and proposing a new taxonomy to analyze them. Finally, remarks on indoor radio propagation modeling with a vision for future research opportunities are presented.

From Nano-Communications to Body Area Networks: A Perspective on Truly Personal Communications

This article presents an overview of future truly personal communications, ranging from networking inside the human body to the exchange of data with external wireless devices in the surrounding environment. At the nano- and micro-scales, communications can be realized with the aid of molecular mechanisms, Forster resonance energy transfer phenomenon, electromagnetic or ultrasound waves. At a larger scale, in the domain of Body Area Networks, a wide range of communication mechanisms is available, including smart-textiles, inductive- and body-couplings, ultrasounds, optical and wireless radio transmissions, a number of mature technologies existing already. The main goal of this article is to identify the potential mechanisms that can be exploited to provide interfaces in between nano- and micro-scale systems and Body Area Networks. These interfaces have to bridge the existing gap between the two worlds, in order to allow for truly personal communication systems to become a reality. The extraordinary applications of such systems are also discussed, as they are strong drivers of the research in this area.