Personal Background Variables Research Articles

Playing Computer Games and Playing Sports in the Light of Personal Background Variables

Playing Computer Games and Playing Sports in the Light of Personal Background Variables

유아교사의 개인 배경 변인에 따른 전문성 지원환경 인식 차이 연구

Objectives In this study, we tried to analyze and discuss the differences in perception of early childhood teachers' personal background variables(age, academic background, career, type of early childhood education institution, and age) (opportunities for professional learning and development, relationship between teachers and directors, expectations for teachers and infants, and decision-making).
 Methods A total of 624 early childhood teachers working in kindergartens and daycare centers in the metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas were surveyed to collect data. Using SPSS 21.0, independent sample t-verification, ANOVA, and Scheffé follow-up verification were conducted to analyze differences in recognition and technical statistics such as internal consistency analysis, data normality verification, mean and standard deviation.
 Results In terms of professional learning and development opportunities, there were significant differences in perception according to the age, career, type of early childhood education institution, and age of the teacher and director. In the perception of expectations for teachers and infants, there was a significant difference according to the age of teachers and the type of early childhood education institution. However, in the case of teacher autonomy and decision-making, no significant difference in perception was found according to individual background variables.
 Conclusions Based on these findings, it was suggested that it is necessary to establish a professional support environment considering the individual characteristics of early childhood teachers, and that discussions on the professional support environment for early childhood teachers need to be approached by subdividing them into sub-variables as well as higher concepts. In addition, the necessity of activating various in-house activities, seminars, and study meetings in consideration of teacher experience to support the professional development and learning of early childhood teachers was discussed.

The Influence of Work Culture, Environment, and Motivation on the Academic Staff Performance in Universitas Negeri Semarang

This study aims to determine the influence of the work environment, culture, and motivation on the work performance of Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES) academic staff. This study used work culture (X1), work environment (X2), and work motivation (X3) as independent variables; and their correlation to the academic staff’s work performance as dependent variables (Y). A total of 138 respondents were involved and chosen using a random sampling technique from 691 academic staff working as lecturers and educational supporting staff. The data was collected using self-assessment questionnaires, and then collected data were tabulated, reduced to avoid bias, and labeled for independent analysis. The analysis process was run using descriptive and quantitative approaches. The results showed that work culture significantly affects academic staff’s working performance. Because positive work culture influences the work environment that triggers high performance; however, this study found that motivation has no significance toward work performance. This research found that work achievement and their perspective against reward or additional income (remuneration) mostly influence motivation. Further study needs more variables, including work satisfaction, leadership, personal background, and other variables that may contribute to working performance, are recommended for the next study

STUDY GROUP SIZE, MOTIVATION AND ENGAGEMENT IN THE DIGITAL ERA

This study explored the relationship between the size of the study group and the motivation and engagement of students in online and face-to-face classes while exploring the effect of personal and academic background variables, the number of students in the study group, and the level of their motivation to study. The study included 122 participants, students in their second, third, or fourth year of academic studies, who had experienced online studies during Covid-19 as well as face-to-face studies. They had all participated in both small classes (35 students or less) and large classes (more than 35 students). The study indicates that there is indeed a significant difference in students’ motivation and engagement, irrespective of the size of the study group, and the difference in motivation depends on the method of delivery, whether online or traditional (face-to-face). The research results reveal new knowledge regarding online studies and help enrich the literature on this topic, in the context of motivation for online studies and the size of the study group, which are significant causes underlying students’ academic success. It is evident from the study that size does not affect motivation, which is solely the student’s responsibility. The challenge of academic institutions and lecturers in the digital era is to raise students’ motivation and engagement, irrespective of the study group. Keywords: covid-19, higher education, engagement of students, e-learning motivation, face-to-face classes

An Empirical Study on the Learning Experiences and Outcomes of College Student Club Committee Members Using a Linear Hierarchical Regression Model

This study explored college students’ learning experiences and outcomes as club committee members. Using a linear regression model, it investigated the relevance of personal background variables and club learning experiences to club learning outcomes. This study selected 15 universities and colleges’ student club committee members in TaiwanA total of 1850 questionnaires were distributed, and 1761 valid questionnaires were recovered, with a recovery rate of over 95%. The study findings are as follows: Regarding learning experiences and learning outcomes, the student club committee members was good. According to this study’s linear regression analysis: The personal background of student club committee members and their club learning experience had significant explanatory power on the learning outcomes, with R2 values ranging from 39.6% to 61.1% for each dimension. This indicates that learning from club activities can be an essential pathway to cultivating students’ learning outcomes and a valuable reference for promoting club education in colleges and universities in Taiwan. Higher education practitioners should plan activities or programs for student club leaders with learning outcomes in mind, and design learning programs to meet the needs of student club leaders in each school so that students can achieve higher quality learning outcomes. In addition, this study also found that the assessment indicators of learning outcomes of the CAS of the U.S. can be applied to check the learning outcomes of student clubs in higher education in Taiwan.

Identification of Health Characteristics of People with Physical Disability by Applying the PRECEDE Model.

This study aimed to diagnose the health characteristics of people with grade 1-4 physical disability (but without intellectual disability) by analyzing factors affecting their health through social, epidemiological, behavioral, and ecological diagnoses by partially applying the PRECEDE model. Those registered with physical disability in 2022 and attending a welfare center were selected, with samples extracted from Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheong-do, Jeolla-do, and Gyeongsang-do. A total of 1200 people were selected, and the data of 1000 people were finally analyzed. A frequency analysis was performed to identify the participants' characteristics. An independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance were performed to verify the hypotheses. To clarify the relationship between each variable, normality verification, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation model analysis were performed. First, the differences in factors influencing health promotion according to personal background variables (gender, age, and income level), including quality of life, showed partial differences according to age and income level. Second, according to disability-related variables (time of onset and disability grade), quality of life and health status showed partial differences. These results can be used as basic data or indicators to build a health promotion system that considers the health characteristics of individuals with a physical disability.

Urban-greenery demands are affected by perceptions of ecosystem services and disservices, and socio-demographic and environmental-cultural factors

Public perceptions of ecosystem services and disservices of urban greenery are critical for urban greening policies. However, few studies have explored the association between perceptions and urban-greenery demands. Using questionnaires, we surveyed 467 Hong Kong residents on a range of 68 ecosystem services and 38 disservices. Principal component analysis extracted nine factors for services and six factors for disservices. Respondents most strongly agreed with statements about the role of urban greenery in temperature and air pollution regulation, recreation, and general well-being services. The top-rated disservices were harmful plants, tree failure, and environmental hygiene issues. The perceptions were shaped by several personal background variables (including socio-demographic and environmental-cultural factors). Correlation of two indicators of urban-greenery demands, namely desired minimum greening coverage in the built-up part of the city (City-greening) and willingness-to-pay (WTP) to improve neighbourhood greenery, i.e., greenery of one’s living areas (WTP-greening), with greenery perceptions and personal background, were investigated by regression models. The extent of agreement of some services and disservices were significant predictors of City-greening, while socio-demographic factors exerted more influence on WTP-greening. Education level was a robust predictor in all WTP-greening models, while income level did not predict the positive WTP amount. Living environment and residence type were also significant predictors in different models. The linkage of personal background with urban-greenery perceptions and the differential effects of various factors on urban-greenery demands provide policy implications to maximize public benefits and secure public support for urban greening.

Educators' occupational well-being in health and social care education.

BackgroundThe occupational well-being (OW) of educators can be defined as a balance between resources and workload factors as seen from four aspects of working life: (i) individual, (ii) working conditions, (iii) professional competence and (iv) work community. The research in this study examined the individual aspect as particular importance to the physical and mental workability of educators.AimsTo study the individual aspect of the OW of educators as well as the associating factors.MethodsA cross-sectional survey design was conducted among educators working in health and social care education in Finland. The data were collected with an electronic survey using the ‘Occupational well-being of social and health care teachers—index questionnaire’. The data were analysed with an SPSS version 27 using descriptive statistics, explorative factor analysis and linear regression analysis.ResultsThe educators (n = 552, response rate 31%) assessed their resources for managing their mental workload as quite poor (2.41, standard deviation [SD] 0.98). In addition, workplace support promoting OW was assessed as being quite poor (2.37, SD 0.88), and as especially requiring more measures during working hours. Associations with the individual aspect of OW were found between the personal and work-related background variables as well as overall OW.ConclusionsThe perceptions of the educators indicated that resources to cope with workload factors should be promoted. Investing in educators’ resources at work, enabling well-being actions during working hours and avoiding backlog situations would all help promote the educators’ OW.

Academic resilience in European countries: The role of teachers, families, and student profiles.

Academic resilience is a student's ability to achieve academic results significantly higher than would be expected according to their socioeconomic level. In this study, we aimed to identify the characteristics of students, families, and teacher activities which had the greatest impact on academic resilience. The sample comprised 117,539 fourth grade students and 6,222 teachers from 4,324 schools in member states of the European Union that participated in the PIRLS 2016 study. We specified a two-level hierarchical linear model in two phases: in the first level we used the students' personal and family background variables, in the second level we used the variables related to teaching activity. In the first phase we used the complete model for all countries and regions, in the second phase we produced a model for each country with the highest possible number of statistically significant variables. The results indicated that the students' personal and family variables that best predicted resilience were the reading self-confidence index, which increased the probability of student resilience by between 62 and 130 percentage points, a feeling of belonging to the school, which increased the chances of being resilient by up to 40 percentage points, and support from the family before starting primary school (Students from Lithuania who had done early literary activities in the family setting were twice as likely to be resilient than those who had not). The teaching-related factors best predicting resilience were keeping order in the classroom, a safe and orderly school environment (increasing chances of resilience by up to 62 percentage points), and teaching focused on comprehension and reflection, which could increase the probability of resilience by up to 61 percentage points.

The Relationship between Young Women’s Work-Family Orientations and Educational Transitions in Early Adulthood

The primary aim of this paper is to examine the links between young women’s schematic configurations about work and family with their educational attainment at critical transitions of early adulthood. More specifically, as opposed to assessing the effect of educational expectations and personal background factors on educational outcomes separately or independently, the present research examines the significance of young women’s schematic profiles, that is, work-family orientations, highlighting the interconnectedness of how young women combine various attitudes and expectations about family, education, and work. Thus, this paper investigates the extent to which belonging to certain latent classes of work-family orientations are associated with the amount of education women are obtaining in early adulthood. Using data from the Relationship Dynamics and Social Life study, I examine how combinations of work-family schemas are associated with young women’s levels of education, and the role of personal background variables in shaping these work-family orientations.

Effect of Personal and Occupational Characteristics on Attitudes to an Obligatory Retirement Age—A Content Analysis Investigation

This study is a pioneer study examining the effects of personal and occupational background variables on the attitude of faculty members to an obligatory retirement age in academia. Previous studies on performance measures of academic faculty in research, teaching, academic administration, and contribution to the community, testified to associations between faculty member achievements and their personal characteristics (gender, age) as well as features related to their academic field of occupation (faculty, academic rank, tenure). Hence, these quality measures of academic faculty have meaning for and influence on research, even after the customary retirement age.
 
 Obligatory retirement age is a well-known issue and it is arousing much interest in general, and in academia in particular. Academic work includes activity focused on research, teaching, advisory work, participation in academic committees and conferences—namely, activities that require human thinking. This leads to the question of whether and to what degree personal and occupational characteristics are associated with the attitude of faculty members to retirement age.
 
 One hundred and eight questionnaires administered to senior faculty were collected in a case study of a single university. Qualitative and statistical research tools were employed, with the aim of creating a model that expresses the association between faculty members’ personal and occupational characteristics and their attitude to retirement age in academia. The research findings show that the background variables affecting the attitude of faculty members to retirement are age and tenure—faculty members’ age and status as tenured faculty determine their objection to the obligatory retirement age.

Predicción de aparición de injuria renal aguda después de cirugía cardiovascular en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio

*Trabajo ganador del Premio al "Mejor Trabajo de Investigación Clínica" otorgado por el XXI Congreso Colombiano de Medicina Interna, Cali, 14 al 17 de octubre de 2010
 
 Objetivo: identificar pacientes de alto riesgo de presentar injuria renal aguda en el posoperatorio de cirugía cardiovascular en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio.
 
 Contexto y tipo de estudio: la población de referencia estuvo conformada por aquellos pacientes atendidos en el Hospital San Ignacio de la ciudad de Bogotá, institución de IV nivel de complejidad, con una población estudio conformada por aquellos pacientes que ingresaron a la unidad de cuidados intensivos en posoperatorio inmediato de cirugía cardiovascular.
 
 Material y métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo, retrospectivo, tipo serie de casos. La información fue recolectada por los investigadores a partir de la revisión de las historias clínicas, es decir, a partir de una fuente secundaria. Dicha recolección se realizó teniendo en cuenta un formulario diseñado para ese fin, el cual incluye datos generales y datos de las variables de la escala de predicción, registrando los datos generales de cada uno de los pacientes, incluyendo antecedentes personales y las variables de la escala de predicción.
 
 Durante la recolección de información se fue conformando la base de datos, la cual fue debidamente revisada y depurada, y posteriormente analizada utilizando el programa Epi Info 2000.
 
 Resultados: se analizaron 213 pacientes que ingresaron a la unidad de cuidado intensivo del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio en el posoperatorio inmediato de CVC. Entre los pacientes analizados la incidencia de IRA fue 3.3% (n=7) los cuales fueron sometidos a TRR. Estos pacientes tuvieron una creatinina posterior al procedimiento significativamente más alta (p=0.000). Entre los pacientes que requirieron TRR se encontró una proporción significativamente mayor de casos con una FEVI menor a 40% (71.4% vs 14.1%). Otra diferencia significativa fue el porcentaje de pacientes en quienes se utilizó el balón intraaórtico, el cual fue mucho mayor entre los pacientes que recibieron TRR (p=0.000). En cuanto a la relación entre la IRA y los procedimientos realizados a los pacientes se evidenció una mayor proporción de casos manejados con CEC dentro del grupo de pacientes que requirieron TRR; así mismo, la proporción de pacientes a quienes se les colocó balón intraaórtico fue significativamente mayor (p=0.000). Al aplicar la escala de riesgo en los pacientes analizados se evidenció que existían cuatro pacientes con alto riesgo de IRA cuyo puntaje fue mayor a cuatro. De estos pacientes solamente dos (50%) terminaron en TRR.
 
 Conclusiones: la aparición de lesión renal aguda en pacientes que son llevados a cirugía cardiovascular se ha demostrado como factor independiente de mortalidad en los pacientes en las unidades de cuidado intensivo. Los modelos predictivos para determinar la aparición de IRA en el posoperatorio de CVC han facilitado la toma de decisiones y la evaluación y estratificación del riesgo, abriendo la posibilidad de realizar intervenciones más tempranas y efectivas en pro de la recuperación, disminución de complicaciones y descenso de la morbimortalidad en estos pacientes

Same Viewpoint Different Perspectives—A Comparison of Expert Ratings with a TLS Derived Forest Stand Structural Complexity Index

Forests are one of the most important terrestrial ecosystems for the protection of biodiversity, but at the same time they are under heavy production pressures. In many cases, management optimized for timber production leads to a simplification of forest structures, which is associated with species loss. In recent decades, the concept of retention forestry has been implemented in many parts of the world to mitigate this loss, by increasing structure in managed stands. Although this concept is widely adapted, our understanding what forest structure is and how to reliably measure and quantify it is still lacking. Thus, more insights into the assessment of biodiversity-relevant structures are needed, when aiming to implement retention practices in forest management to reach ambitious conservation goals. In this study we compare expert ratings on forest structural richness with a modern light detection and ranging (LiDAR) -based index, based on 52 research sites, where terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) data and 360° photos have been taken. Using an online survey (n = 444) with interactive 360° panoramic image viewers, we sought to investigate expert opinions on forest structure and learn to what degree measures of structure from terrestrial laser scans mirror experts’ estimates. We found that the experts’ ratings have large standard deviance and therefore little agreement. Nevertheless, when averaging the large number of participants, they distinguish stands according to their structural richness significantly. The stand structural complexity index (SSCI) was computed for each site from the LiDAR scan data, and this was shown to reflect some of the variation of expert ratings (p = 0.02). Together with covariates describing participants’ personal background, image properties and terrain variables, we reached a conditional R2 of 0.44 using a linear mixed effect model. The education of the participants had no influence on their ratings, but practical experience showed a clear effect. Because the SSCI and expert opinion align to a significant degree, we conclude that the SSCI is a valuable tool to support forest managers in the selection of retention patches.

캐디의 감성지능과 회복탄력성에 관한 연구

The purposes of this study were to examine the difference in emotional intelligence and resilience according to personal background variables, and the effect of caddy"s emotional intelligence on resilience. The participants of this study were 320 caddies using the convenience sampling method. The questionnaire was used by supplementing the existing questionnaire with the revised questionnaire. Caddies were fully informed about the purpose of the study, and their responses were collected using the self-administrated method. In order to verify the hypothesis using the SPSS 23.0 program, the collected data were analyzed using the t-test, ANOVA, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The results of the study are as follows. First, the personal background variables(sex, age, educational background) of the caddy showed some differences in emotional intelligence. Second, the resilience of the caddy was partially different from the personal background variables. Third, emotional regulation, emotional use, and other people’s emotion, which are sub-factors of emotional intelligence, had significant effects on the sub-factors of affirmation, control, and sociality.

RESEARCH ON THE MARKETING AND PUBLIC RELATIONS EFFECT AND SPORT EVENT SATISFACTION OF THE TAIPEI 2017 UNIVERSIADE

The purpose of this study is to investigate the spectators’ marketing and public relations and sport event satisfaction with their participation in the Taipei 2017 Universiade. Meanwhile, based on the comparison of different personal background variables, this study compares the attractiveness and satisfaction of the spectators’ marketing and public relations recognition, marketing and public relations attitude, event planning and sport event services. A random sampling method is adopted in this study. Among spectators, university students of the Taipei 2017 Universiade are selected. A total of 700 questionnaires are distributed and 680 valid questionnaires are collected. The effective recovery rate is 97.14%. The research tool of this study is “Satisfaction scale of marketing and public relations effect and sport event satisfaction of the Taipei 2017 Universiade”. This study uses statistical methods such as descriptive statistics, independent sample t-tests, and so forth. The results of this study are: (1) In the Taipei 2017 Universiade, spectators have the highest attractiveness with “Internet” in “media tools” of marketing and public relations recognition, followed by the factor of “TV”; (2) In “marketing and public relations attitude” of the Taipei 2017 Universiade, “marketing and public relations present efforts and earnest of Taiwan” ranks the highest, followed by “marketing and public relations are impressed”; (3) In “sport event services” of the Taipei 2017 Universiade, “auditorium” ranks the highest, followed by “broadcast notification”; (4) There is no significant difference in the attractiveness and satisfaction among spectators with different personal background for “marketing and public relations recognition”, “marketing and public relations attitude”, and “sport event services” in the Taipei 2017 Universiade. Article visualizations:

Cognitive and behavioural environmental concern among university students in a Canadian city: Implications for institutional interventions

AbstractInformed by Stern and colleagues’ value-belief-norm theory and their earlier empirical work, we examined levels and predictors of cognitive and behavioural environmental concern (EC) of university students in a Canadian postsecondary context. Data for this study were obtained through completion of self-administered questionnaires from a sample of 421 undergraduate students attending a public university in Saskatchewan, a province heavily focused on expanding resource extraction. The study used a descriptive, correlational, and cross-sectional methodology. Statistical analysis was performed in three parts: (a) univariate description of students’ cognitive and behavioural EC indicators; (b) bivariate associations to assess the nature and direction of the relationships between EC measures; and (c) multivariate analyses to test the causal structure of the theoretical model. Results showed no widespread acceptance of the ‘New Ecological Paradigm’. Students were slightly more prone to place responsibility for environmental protection at the door of government and industry than themselves. Respondents practised a range of environmentally supportive behaviours (ESB) with varying intensities. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses provided support for several of the theory’s propositions in predicting generalised and specific environmental beliefs and ESB. Findings highlighted the complex relationships between personal background, academic and cognitive variables and ESB. That formal instruction on the environment influenced cognitive and behavioural EC, both directly and indirectly, suggests it is essential universities have formal curricula that expose students to the types of environmental knowledge, awareness, and critical thinking skills to promote environmental literacy and address unsustainable lifestyles and attitudes. Institutional interventions, including universities’ role as ‘effective change agents’, are discussed.

Dental expenditure and catastrophic dental expenditure in Eastern Saudi Arabia: Pattern and associated factors

BackgroundDental services have one of the highest expenses among health services. The aims of the study were to assess (1) dental expenditure (DE), (2) catastrophic dental expenditure (CDE), (3) dental services payment and (4) factors associated with DE and CDE.Material and MethodsA cross sectional study was conducted in 2018 in Saudi Arabia. Using convenience sample, participants were recruited from governmental and private dental clinics/hospitals. A questionnaire assessed (a) personal information, (b) dental background: payment methods, type of clinics visited, perceived oral health status, frequency of pain and (c) payment for dental services received. The number of remaining teeth was clinically assessed. Two outcome variables were assessed (1) total DE in linear regression and (b) CDE (DE exceeds 10% of income) in logistic regression. Personal and dental background variables were explanatory variables.ResultsThe response rate was 83.8% (419/500) with 43% reporting expenditure, 16.5% facing CDE and 36.3% using multiple payment methods. The greatest DE was for crowns and bridges, root canal therapy, fillings and implants. Income, payment method and pain were associated with DE and CDE.ConclusionsParticipants used multiple payment methods including out of pocket and faced CDE. The bulk of expenditure was for rehabilitative services. The availability and quality of health-insured primary care services may reduce the financial burden facing dental patients. Key words:Health expenditure, Saudi Arabia, dental care, insurance, dental, universal health insurance.

A Study on Differences among Preschoolers in Multidimensional Resilience according to Family, Environmental and Personal Background Variables

A Study on Differences among Preschoolers in Multidimensional Resilience according to Family, Environmental and Personal Background Variables

영아교사의 개인변인에 따른 원장역량, 영아-교사관계, 코칭역량의 차이

영아교사의 개인변인에 따른 원장역량, 영아-교사관계, 코칭역량의 차이

Analysis of the Difference of Core Competence according to Personal Background Variables of College Students: Focusing on K-CESA Result

Analysis of the Difference of Core Competence according to Personal Background Variables of College Students: Focusing on K-CESA Result