Personal Arguments Research Articles

The arguments of John Duns Scotus in defence of Mary’s Immaculate Conception

This article aims to specify the theoretical approaches through which the conspicuous Scottish Franciscan theologian John Duns Scotus (c.1265/66–1308) became the leader of the defenders of the belief in the Virgin Mary’s Immaculate Conception. The article is structured in two parts. The first relates summarily the authors and works that have dealt with Duns Scotus’s doctrine on Mary’s Immaculate Conception to a greater or lesser extent. The second part (much more critical) develops Duns Scotus’s arguments to defend the belief in the Immaculate Conception of Mary. In this sense, the author of the article exposes step by step the argumentative structure of the Scottish theologian, based on the traditional model of medieval Scholasticism, namely: first, he exposes and refutes the arguments and objections of the deniers of Mary’s Immaculate Conception; then he subtly explains his personal arguments with which he supports his fervent defence of the thesis of the Virgin Mary’s Immaculate Conception.

Zastosowanie klucza kodowego jako narzędzia analizy etyki komunikacyjnej (na podstawie dyskusji o wyborze naczelnika ZHP)

The article presents the problem of contemporary communication ethics, in the perspective of communication in the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association. The research material comes from fanpage Z24 on Facebook, therefore, the specificity of the Internet language is included in the study. On the basis of a review of the literature related to communication ethics 34 indicators of ethical language are extracted, formed in the key code. To prove the scientific value of key code in the analysis of communication ethics the content of Z24 was described from the perspective of 14 determinants. It was found that aspects of communication on the Z24 are both ethical (use of polite phrases, expressing kindness, using factual arguments and respecting communication partners as equal) and unethical (manifestations of hatred, mockery and insult, using personal arguments, vulgarizing statements). A two-fold “us-them” opposition was also identified: 1) members and people from outside the organization, and 2) people from inside the organization representing different views.

Sheikh Jamil Al-Husaini’s Analysis Method For Gharib Hadiths; Critical Study of the Book al-Qamar al-Sari li Idah Garib Sahih al-Bukhari

Sheikh Jamil Halim al-Husaini has contributed greatly to the study of hadith in the global era. His students are scattered in the word, including the archipelagi. However, Research on his character in the field of hadith has not been done. This Research will examine of Sheikh Jamil al-Husaini in the field of hadith by conducting a critical study of his work entitled al-Qamar al-Sa>ri> li I>d}ah} G{ari>b S{ah}i>h al-Bukha>ri. >This book will be studied critically to find out how Sheikh Jamil al-Husaini’s concept is in understanding the Gharib Hadiths. This research uses a qualitative method with a historically approach, this approach will describe comprehensively the intellectual journey and the background of the book in the field of hadith. This research can show that Sheikh Jamil al-Husaini uses the mujadalah method to explain the gharib hadiths in his book. He denied the understanding that was considered incorrect \\in understanding the Gharib words in the Hadith, especially understanding that is contrary to sunni understanding. Conceptually, Sheikh Jamil al-Husaini understands Gharib hadith based on three concepts, namely, 1) interpreting the argument of the Koran and Hadiths that are relevant to the word gharib. 2) conducting linguistic analysis 3) expressing the opinion of the salaf scholars from sunni and refuting arguments that contradict the meaning of hadith. Sheikh Jamil al-Husaini also gave his personal arguments in every explanation in his book. This book shows that Sheikh Jamil al-Husaini had expertise in the field of hadith. His Contribution to the study of Hadith has also reached the archipelago. Sheikh Jamil al-Husaini also transmitted hadith with his complete sanad to his students in the archipelago, either via virtual or in person.

Teacher’s Dialogic Prompts That Scaffold Students’ Participation in Classroom Argumentation: A Case of a Biology Teacher

In this qualitative case study, a male biology teacher teaching Bioethics in Senior High School was purposively selected for the documentation and examination of the types and functions of dialogic prompts he used to scaffold his students’ participation in classroom argumentation. Using various data such as classroom transcripts from audio- and video-records, interviews and field notes, these were subjected to microlevel analyses using the constant comparison method. Using an analysis framework with codes from literature that were subsequently merged with data driven codes, thematic analysis yielded three types of dialogic prompts: conceptual, analytical, and reflective with several functions such as providing background information, giving extended ‘think-time’, guiding students to formulate counterarguments, eliciting examples that either support or refute a claim, and asking issue-based questions which were sometimes backed up by stating personal arguments and reiterating students’ responses. Excerpts from video transcripts revealed that these dialogic prompts elicited students’ ideas which resulted to argumentative and collaborative inquiry. Findings of the study suggest that students’ participation to classroom argumentation should be understood together with teachers’ provision of dialogic scaffolding. More than conceptual and factual knowledge, teachers’ dialogic scaffolding for argumentation is a promising method for the gradual enhancement of students’ communication skills and honing of their reasoning skills. Since the results are only conclusive to the case teacher, the study informs the potentials of dialogic scaffolding to support classroom argumentation. It is therefore recommended that for future professional development efforts, both in-service and pre-service teachers should be influenced towards intentionality of harnessing talk inside the classroom as a tool to enhance the implementation of classroom argumentation.

PENGARUH MEDIA AUDIOVISUAL TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN BERARGUMENTASI MAHASISWA PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA CHINA DALAM MATA KULIAH “CHINA TODAY”

The achievement of the level of language skills in learning Mandarin at the tertiary level is largely determined by the level of depth of knowledge received by students. The subject "China Today" is a listening course at the advanced level, where students must respond to Mandarin language discussions in the audiovisual media. Based on the field observations, it was found that there were two ways that are consistently used among students in presenting their arguments. The first is the delivery of short reviews and arguments that just repeat a few sentences according to what are they heard in the audiovisual media. The second is the submission of a complete review (covering all aspects mentioned in the audiovisual media), then followed by personal arguments. In the final listening process, as described by Tarigan, students should use the second way to present their arguments, to prove that they had achieved to the advanced level. The aim of this research is to identify which vocabulary was taken from audiovisual media, to analyze the effect of audiovisual media on students' ability in presenting arguments in the Mandarin language.
 Keywords: argumentative, audiovisual, Mandarin language, media

Embedded Information Problem-Solving Instruction to Foster Learning from Digital Sources: Longitudinal Effects on Task Performance

This research paper is based on a longitudinal study to find out how long-term embedded whole-task instruction can help students to develop more efficient information problem-solving (IPS) skills that could lead to a better use of internet information for learning and solving digital tasks more effectively. To this end, we designed, implemented and evaluated a three-year instruction programme to promote students’ development of key IPS skills in real-life classroom settings. This research involved sixty-one secondary education students. Forty-two of them received the IPS instruction and their results were analysed longitudinally and subsequently compared to a control group which received the regular courses. The results showed that students who received the IPS instruction improved their performance significantly in tasks in which the use of IPS skills was needed and these students organised and presented the information found on the internet critically and gave personal arguments. The findings also revealed that during the three-year project, the scores of IPS task performance were statistically higher in the instructed students than those obtained in control group students. Our study then provides an insight into how secondary students develop IPS skills throughout long-term instructional support and shows a series of educational implications.

Súplicas al rey por parte de los aspirantes a subdelegados de Yucatán, 1796-1818

En este artículo se analizan las suplicas que los aspirantes a subdelegados de Yucatán enviaron directamente al rey para demandar el puesto, entre 1796 y 1818. Este procedimiento alejado de la vía formal, saca a relucir las motivaciones y las carreras de estos aspirantes a ocupar un cargo mediano en la administración colonial, o que demandaban una prórroga para seguir en el puesto un periodo más. Al ser estas peticiones también una suerte de memorial de méritos y servicios, se encuentran argumentos muy personales sobre el mérito, el servicio a la patria, la pobreza, las autoridades, y en general el funcionamiento del aparato estatal.

Hermione’s feminist book club: celebrity activism and cultural critique

In this article, I analyse how a celebrity can perform cultural critique and feminist activism using her Instagram account and online book club. The celebrity in question is British film star Emma Watson, famous for playing Hermione Granger in the Harry Potter franchise. Watson is performing her activism on gender equality and cultural critique by recommending feminist literature. This study undertakes an analysis of Watson’s presentations of self on Instagram and in her letters in the Our Shared Shelf book club. The analysis takes its point of departure from theories of social media and celebrity culture and film studies as well as investigations of celebrity book clubs and celebrity activism. This case study of Emma Watson’s performance of cultural critique and activism on specific media platforms demonstrates that Watson’s authority is based on her star image as well as the fact that her book club letters and Instagram posts mutually reinforce one another’s written personal arguments and visual documentation.

Argumentative skills development in teaching philosophy to secondary school students through constructive controversy: an exploratory study case

ABSTRACTThe use of argumentative strategies that promote the defense of well‐grounded personal arguments contributes to the development of a critical, ethical and political thought that leads to responsible and socially committed people. Based on the quality of the produced arguments in philosophical essays, this work evaluates the potential application of a cooperative learning method – the constructive controversy – for the development of argumentative skills in secondary school students in philosophy. The quality of the arguments was evaluated through the analysis of a total of 144 philosophical essays produced by the students over a school year. The results point to the advantages of using this method over more traditional ones in the acquisition of argumentative skills.

The Disposition of a Right of Occupancy in Tanzania: The Effect of Refusal of Commissioner's Approval

This brief note will discuss the correct meaning of the phrases ‘shall be inoperative’ and ‘shall be ineffectual’ as used in the Land Act, No. 4 of 1999. When so doing, the note will make reference to landmark case(s) in this area and try to assess their correctness in terms of their decisions, and see how other writers commented and gave out their understanding thereto. This note is solely based on personal arguments with few references cited where desirable.

Życie niegodne życia? Krótka historia eutanazji

A historical analysis of a certain idea is not only attempt to reconstruct past events as accurately as possible, but it also aims at better understanding of current intellectual trends. The idea of euthanasia is the best example here. Old justifications to allow to kill on request appear in today’s discussions almost literally. First of all it is compassion for the ill and suffering and necessity to alleviate their excruciating pain. This argument seems to be so clear and evident that the supporters of euthanasia quote it in the first place. Suggestive propaganda, particularly in films and documentaries, which show the demand for euthanasia as a sign of despair or even courage, is to break the instinctive resistance of the society. But when euthanasia is legalized (or acknowledged as not a punishable act), personal autonomy arguments are promoted. The pseudo-right to terminate one’s own life is popularized. This right encapsulates not only suicidal death by the ill person himself, but also patients’ demands for the possibility to be legally killed by doctors within the health care system. Stressing the issue of costs and eugenic aspects only reinforces the impression of a rational and human-friendly decision. The fact that this expanding pro-euthanasia mentality threatens the foundations of our civilization is marginalized and omitted. This mentality recognizes human life as valuable and worthy living only under certain conditions, namely when it has a good quality.

Ethics or Morals: Understanding Students’ Values Related to Genetic Tests on Humans

To make meaning of scientific knowledge in such a way that concepts and values of the life-world are not threatened is difficult for students and laymen. Ethics and morals pertaining to the use of genetic tests for hereditary diseases have been investigated and discussed by educators, anthropologists, medical doctors and philosophers giving, at least in part, diverging results. This study investigates how students explain and understand their argumentation about dilemmas concerning gene testing for the purpose to reduce hereditary diseases. Thirteen students were interviewed about their views on this issue. Qualitative analysis was done primarily by relating students’ argumentation to their movements between ethics and morals as opposing poles. Students used either objective or subjective knowledge but had difficulties to integrate them. They tried to negotiate ethic arguments using utilitarian motives and medical knowledge with sympathy or irrational and personal arguments. They discussed the embryo’s moral status to decide if it was replaceable in a social group or not. The educational implications of the students’ use of knowledge in personal arguments are discussed.

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia as a Quality Indicator for Patient Safety?

The economic and clinical burden of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is uncontested. In many hospitals, VAP surveillance is conducted to identify outbreaks and to monitor infection rates. Here, we discuss the concept of benchmarking in health care as modeled on industry, and we contribute personal arguments against considering the VAP rate as a potential candidate for benchmarking or for monitoring the quality of patient care. Accurate benchmarking of VAP rates currently seems to be unfeasible, because the patient case mix is often too diverse and complicated to be adjusted for, and diagnostic criteria and surveillance protocols vary. Thus, the risk of drawing inaccurate comparisons is high. In contrast, some risk factors for VAP are modifiable and can be monitored and used as quality indicators. Process-oriented surveillance permits bypass of case-mix and diagnostic constraints. A well-defined interhospital surveillance system is necessary to prove that interventions on procedures do really lead to a reduction of VAP rates.

Reported Argumentativeness and Verbal Aggressiveness Levels: The Influence of Type of Argument

Arguments in interpersonal relationships can be divided into two types: public issue arguments and personal issue arguments. This study examines the ability of type of argument, trait argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness, and gender to predict reported argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness levels related to a particular argument episode. Reported argumentativeness levels were higher in the public argument condition, and reported verbal aggressiveness levels were higher in the personal argument condition. Trait argumentativeness predicted reported argumentativeness levels better in the public argument condition than the personal argument condition, suggesting that type of argument may serve as a moderator for the relationship between trait argumentativeness levels and argument-specific argumentativeness levels. Implications for using these two scales to examine interpersonal argument are discussed.

On the syntax of personal arguments

This paper compares two different ways that natural languages have to deal with personal arguments. In “animacy-based” systems (exemplified here by Plains Cree) the transitive verb morphology is sensitive to the relative prominence of the external and internal arguments on an animacy hierarchy, and furthermore, the verb agrees in person with the most animate argument. In languages like Italian, instead, the relative animacy status of the external and internal arguments does not affect the transitive verb morphology, and the finite verb agrees with the syntactically highest argument in the clause (subject agreement). It is argued, first, that the animacy hierarchy is also relevant to the syntax of an apparently “non-animacy-based” language like Italian; second, that the animacy hierarchy is implemented as a field of functional heads which specifically check the person features of the verb's arguments; third, that the difference between the two systems depends on the recursion of the person-checking field in languages like Italian, versus the projection of a single person-checking field in languages like Plains Cree.

Beliefs about arguing: A comparison of public issue and personal issue arguments

Arguments occurring in interpersonal relationships can be divided into two types: public issue arguments and personal issue arguments. This study utilizes five beliefs about arguing delineated by Rancer, Kosberg, and Baukus (1992) to examine the different beliefs individuals hold about each type of argument. Public issue arguments, which focus on issues outside of the interpersonal relationship, were reported to have higher enjoyment and a more positive effect on the self‐concept. Personal issue arguments, which relate more closely to the interpersonal relationship, were perceived as resulting in more pragmatic outcomes and higher ego‐involvement. These differences illustrate the need to examine both types of arguments to comprehensively understand arguing in interpersonal relationships.

Codependencia y psicoterapia interpersonal

The codependency refers to an obsessive and compulsive attitude towards the control of other persons and their relations, due to his or her own insecurity. The approach to the codependency through the interpersonal psychotherapy is based on a pluralist, but not doctrinary or empiric view, which presents especific characteristics. Its singularity appears not through its tecnics but in its stategies, in which we study for areas: grief, personal arguments, social skills deficits and role transitions.

Standardization: One of the stated objectives of the Institute

It has been proposed that AIEE turn over its traditional standards-making activities to the American Standards Association (ASA). The author, chairman of the AIEE Standards Committee, believes this would work to the detriment of the Institute, ASA, and electrical engineering itself. He sets forth personal arguments he hopes will generate a healthy discussion.