Personal Abilities Research Articles

The Establishment of Geriatric Multidisciplinary Service (GEMS) for the Identification and Management of Frailty and Delirium in Emergency Care

Abstract Background In Ireland the number of people aged 75 and over has grown by greater than 20% in recent years, as a consequence increasing numbers of older adults are presenting to emergency departments. Frailty is a multi-factorial syndrome that diminishes body reserves and impacts on the person's ability to respond to stressors, such as illness or trauma. In October 2023, a Consultant Geriatrician lead GEMS was launched to identify, assess and manage frailty and associated syndromes, this study concentrated on delirium. Methods All patients 75 and older are triaged by GEMS using an electronic IPM System against prioritisation inclusion and exclusion criteria, utilising a case management approach and Rockwood Clinical Frailty Scale to screen for frailty. CFS score 1 to 3 is fit and managing well, alternatively a CFS of 4 or greater initiates a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment. A 4AT assessment identifies patients at risk and screening for delirium. Results The results demonstrate a total of 744 patients were reviewed by GEMS from Jan - April 2024, 67% (n=503) had a CGA completed and 72% (n=537) of the population sample are living with frailty. A CFS7 (n=121), CFS8 (n=15) and CFS9 (n=3) are severely frail 26% and moderate frailty CFS6 (n=149) 28%. The 4AT results identified 10% of patients had a positive delirium score (n=60). In addition, a total of (n=61) patients had a formal diagnosis of dementia of which (n=12) patients had a positive 4AT. Conclusion The data confirms the prevalence of frailty in emergency care is approximately 70% and the incidence of acute delirium is approximately 10%. These indicators significantly impact on outcomes of care and treatment plans. Therefore, substantiates the need for early identification of frailty and delirium and the requirement for a highly specialised Consultant Geriatrician Lead (GEM) Service to ensure patients are on the right journey.

Relationship between homocysteine levels, vitamin D and cognitive function in persons with intellectual disability

Objectives The aim of the article is to determine the relationship between homocysteine in the plasma, vitamin D (VitD) in the serum and cognitive abilities in persons with mild intellectual disability (ID) in different age groups. Methods In a cross-sectional, observational study including younger and older participants with mild ID, a cognitive assessment was performed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and blood samples were taken to assess plasma homocysteine and serum VitD levels. Results A total of 60 persons with mild ID were included in the study, of whom 30 were aged 9–16 and 30 were aged 35–62 years old. Increased plasma homocysteine values were detected in 85% of cases and reduced serum VitD levels in 90% of cases. Older participants had significantly higher homocysteine values than younger ones (t(58) = −4.19; p = 0.00; d = 1.082), while younger participants had significantly more pronounced VitD deficiency than older ones (t(58) = −3.91; p = 0.00; d = 1.011). A significant correlation between cognition and VitD values was found in older participants (r = −0.424, p = 0.020). Conclusions A substantial proportion of individuals with ID, both children and adults, have increased total homocysteine (tHcy) plasma levels and insufficient VitD serum, but the clinical significance of these findings remains to be determined. Homocysteine and VitD have not been found to have a protective effect on cognition among persons with mild ID.

KEMAMPUAN LITERASI BAHASA INDONESIA PELAKU UMKM PRODUK LOKAL BADUI PADA TOKO ONLINE DAN E-COMMERCE TOKOPEDIA

The indigenous Badui community is known for its strict customs; among other things, prohibitions on schools and the use of technology in daily life so it is not surprising that the majority of Badui people cannot write, especially the Badui Dalam indigenous community and the older generation of the Badui Luar community. As time goes by, the Badui Luar indigenous people are starting to openup using technology in the form of cell phones and the internet. The use of cell phones and the internet among the Badui Luar indigenous community is not only for communication, but also for trading. Initially, the use of social media by the Badui indigenous community was Facebook and Instagram for trading. In the last year, some of them have started using e-commerce. The use of social media indirectly becomes a learning medium for the indigenous Badui Luar community to write because like it or not they have to communicate in writing with consumers in the form of chat texts and create product descriptions in the online shops they own. However, due to their limited ability to write and speak Indonesian well, they often experience communication barriers with consumers which ultimately impacts the success of buying and selling transactions. The objectives to be achieved in this research include: (1) knowing the ability of small business owner local Badui to write sentences, (2) knowing the ability of small business owner in understanding sentences or short conversation texts and responding to chats in writing. This research is a development of the research results of Saleh Abas (2006) which states that a person's ability to write is determined by accuracy in using languageelements, organizing discourse in the form of an essay, accuracy in using language, and choosing the words used to write. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The research subjects were local Badui product who already had online shops on Tokopedia e-commerce. The sample obtained by purposive sampling consisted of 10 small business owner who already had an online shop on Tokopedia e-commerce with the status still active. Research data was obtained based on 26 texts describing local Badui products; including woven cloth, koja bags, palm sugar and tutu coffee. This data is to determine sentence structure, diction, punctuation, and creativity in creating sentences. The data analysis technique uses descriptive analysis based on product description text. The results of the research show that 6 out of 10 small business owner who are local Badui products have quite good writing skills, but are not good in terms of grammar, diction, punctuation and creativity in creating sentences. The conclusions from this research show that the Indonesian language literacy skills of small business owner local Badui product are quite good even though they have not received formal education.

The Influencing Factors and Development Opportunities of Local Employment for Graduates from Universities in Dalian

The influencing factors of local employment for graduates from universities in Dalian mainly include policies, higher education, enterprise demand, and personal abilities. The government should strengthen the construction of the local employment market, guide and promote the development of the local employment market. Universities should strengthen employment guidance, enhance the employability and quality of graduates, strengthen cooperation with enterprises, and provide more employment opportunities for students. Enterprises should actively assume social responsibility, provide more employment opportunities for college graduates, and strengthen training and development for graduates. At the same time, individuals should continuously improve their own abilities, pay attention to the development of the local job market, and actively seek suitable employment opportunities for themselves.

The Association Between Grit and Weight Loss After Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery.

Grit is a person's ability to establish long-term goals and work to achieve those goals irrespective of any barriers. We examined the relationship between the personality trait grit, obesity, and metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS)-induced weight loss. In an ongoing prospective cohort, 104 adult patients who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) had preoperative grit questionnaires administered. The association between grit domains and 1-year weight loss was evaluated by ANCOVA. Among the 104 patients who completed a pre-operative grit survey, 74 completed the survey again 1year after surgery (72.1%). One year percent total body weight loss (TBW) was 28.4% for the entire cohort and 27.9% for the 74 patients who had complete follow-up at 1year. Grit scores were not significantly different between baseline and postoperative measurements (pre-op 3.69 ± 0.68 versus post-op 3.67 ± 0.67). Neither the pre-operative total grit score nor its major domains consistency of interests and perseverance of effort were associated with 1-year weight loss (r = 0.034, P = 0.733). There was no correlation between grit and MBS-induced weight loss at 1year after surgery. As a physiologic solution, MBS may result in weight loss independent of a person's ability to set long-term goals and achieve those goals.

Relationship of Communication, Negotiation and Leadership on the Employee Performance for Sustainable Growth in Hotels

Objective: This research aims to investigate what soft skills affect the performance of employees at Hotels for their sustainable growth in China. Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 8, promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all. Theoretical Framework: The study’s underpinning theory was derived from the Lippman, Ryberg, Carney and Moore (2015) model of key softskills. Method: This study adopts convenience sampling and analyzes the data from 158 questionnaires distributed through SPSS. The analysis results will find out the more important and useful skills in hotels. This study was conducted at the Guizhou Province, China using online survey. Three soft skills of communication, negotiation, and leadership were tested to be positively correlated with the performance of hotel employees. Results and Discussion: This research also allowed us to identify which soft skills are most important to a team to enable the overall team to succeed. This research can provide a reference for the human resource management of hotels to plan the soft skill development training of employees. More and more companies realize that employees are one of the important factors for the company’s further development. If you want to develop better in the information age, you must have a group of outstanding employees. Therefore, the training plan to improve employee performance is a relatively important work in human resource management. Hard skills are just our visible professional and technical indicators, while soft skills are invisible indicators, and they are also a scale to measure a person's ability to handle things. Research Implications: Academic implication sees the use of Lippman et al (2015) model in underpin the variables related in the study of employee performance and soft skills. Practical implication include to emphasize the role of negotiation skills foe the employee performance. Originality/Value: This study provide insight on the role of negotiation skill in increasing the employee performance in the hospitality industry in China.

Psychological stability of the individual in extreme situations

ObjectiveThe main purpose of this study is to consider the factors influencing the stability of the human mental system in extreme situations. MethodsThe study used structural and functional methods, dialectical methods, synthesis, logical analysis, and generalisation. A survey was also conducted with 70 participants divided into two age groups, using empirical methods such as the “Research of volitional self-regulation” test, the “Diagnostics of emotional barriers in interpersonal communication” methodology, and the “Self-assessment test of mental state”. ResultsIt was found that extreme events have a psychogenic impact, which includes both direct threats to human life and indirect threats. Psychological stability is a protective characteristic that enhances a person's ability to adapt to environmental conditions and mitigates the harmful effects of stress. Individuals with higher stress tolerance maintained mental health, social adaptation, and professional efficiency in difficult conditions. The study revealed that the second group (aged 30–40) demonstrated a higher level of psychological stress resistance compared to the first group (aged 18–25). ConclusionThis paper is practically important, since all theoretical provisions, conclusions, and recommendations can be used by psychologists or other specialists to increase knowledge about the impact of extreme situations on the psychological stress tolerance of a person, and to improve the system of methods of working with people who have fallen into such circumstances.

Investigation on Factors Affecting Cognitive Skills in Detection of Driving Fatigue

Road safety is a worldwide concern where a high number of fatalities and injuries are caused by traffic accidents. One major issue contributing to these incidents is driving while fatigued, which has been recognized as a contributing factor to accidents in many countries. Being tired while driving is a state that encompasses both physical and mental exhaustion and can greatly impair a person's ability to drive safely. Fatigue negatively affects a driver's cognitive abilities, resulting in decreased performance behind the wheel. The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of driving duration, body mass index (BMI), types of roads and gender factor in causing fatigue while driving. Cognitive skills of drivers while driving was measured through the electroencephalogram (EEG) signal gathered from Emotiv EPOC device to measure brain activity. Relationship between cognitive skills and fatigue signalling is then analysed using regression analysis in Design-Expert software. Results indicated that as mental fatigue increases, there is a noticeable decrease in the relative power of beta rhythm, supporting previous research findings. Results on correlation show that the longer the drivers drove, the wearier they become. Obese people experience more fatigue when driving than those with a normal or overweight BMI. Driving on straight roads resulted in greater fatigue compared to driving on winding ones, with female participants indicating higher levels of tiredness than male participants. These insights are crucial for road safety authorities to tailor their supervision methods based on individual characteristics and to design effective driver fatigue warnings.

Study on the Impact of Urban-Rural Education Resource Equitability and Student Endowment Differences on Promoting Educational Equity

Based on the empirical analysis of the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS), this paper explores the impact of the equitability of urban-rural education resources and student endowment differences on educational equity. The findings not only provide a new perspective and empirical support for the study of the theory of educational equity but also offer valuable references for policymaking and education reform to promote social equity and harmonious development. It is empirically found that cognitive abilities and parents' educational expectations have a positive impact on students' educational expectations, while the dropout situation of friends has a negative impact. Additionally, although health status has a positive influence on educational expectations, it does not significantly affect the choice of future residence. These factors together reveal the significant impact of the family environment, personal ability, and social relationships on students' education and life choices, emphasizing the necessity to optimize educational resources and family education support, holding significant theoretical and practical significance.

OPTIMIZATION OF HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) IN ECONOMIC LEARNING AT SMKN 2 BLITAR

With Higher Order Thinking Skills, a person can identify patterns, recognize underlying assumptions, and question the veracity of the information received. This allows individuals to develop a broader and deeper perspective, and produces more critical and reflective thinking. Higher Order Thinking Ability is not only related to intellectual intelligence, but also involves emotional and social aspects in exploring various points of view and understanding the complexity of human interactions. It enriches a person's ability to communicate effectively, resolve conflict, and collaborate in diverse environments. Individuals can formulate more critical, reflective, and holistic thinking, which can then assist them in communicating more effectively, better resolving conflict, and collaborating. Productively in diverse and complex environments. The aim of this research is to see the extent of the influence of cooperative group investigation, problem based learning and inquiry strategies on high level thinking abilities at SMKN 2 Blitar. This research was conducted by looking for respondents who had taken economics subjects. The research technique used is interview methods with students regarding group collaboration in teams and according to time, learning to ask questions, what work has been produced and teacher involvement in checking understanding, stimulating understanding, training abilities, and motivating students in interacting. In the aspect of high-level thinking abilities, see the extent to which ideas emerge from students, whether they can compare or make analogies in solving everyday problems. The research method uses statistical analysis and explanation using hypothesis testing. This research leads us to the conclusion that all variables have a partial and simultaneous influence on high-level thinking abilities. Students need to improve their thinking skills through several of the variables above

Understanding the drivers of innovative work behaviour among millennial employees in India’s IT sector: some exploratory research findings

Purpose The study aims to develop a hierarchical model for innovative work behaviour (IWB) that can capture the complex associations among the factors contributing to IWB within the information technology (IT) sector. To accomplish this, the authors rely on an abductive approach using a graph theoretic model, often called interpretive structural modelling (ISM). Design/methodology/approach After conducting an in-depth literature review and using the Delphi method, the authors identified 12 factors (11 enablers and IWB as an outcome). The authors collected data through the Delphi approach by sending the questionnaire to 11 experts from academia and the IT sector who have extensive experience and knowledge relevant to the study. The authors then used the ISM method to analyse the relationships among these factors and understand their driving forces. Findings Based on the ISM model and the Matrice d'Impacts Croisés Multiplication Appliquée à un Classement analysis, the authors have identified that inclusive leadership, proactive personality and knowledge creation ability are the variables with strong driving power but weak dependence. Conversely, IWB has strong dependence but weak driving power. These findings suggest that to foster IWB, the organisation should prioritise inclusive leadership, proactive personality and knowledge-creation ability to succeed in challenging times. The study’s findings contribute to the social exchange theory, which explains IWB in a dynamic setting. Additionally, the study helps address the significant concerns that most IT companies face during times of crisis. Practical implications The study provides valuable guidance for managers and policymakers who are grappling with the challenges of improving IWB in the IT sector. This study is particularly relevant as the industry is currently navigating an economic recession and facing intense competition from other tech companies launching new products and services. Originality/value This research holds great significance for top executives, line managers and policymakers in the IT industry. It sheds light on the relevance and importance of various factors facilitating millennials' IWB.

Health-Related Quality of Life among Elderly Patients in Urban Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Quality of life (QoL) focuses on a person's ability to live a fulfilling life. It helps in determining successful aging in the elderly population. Because of a scarcity of information regarding predictors of QoL in the elderly population in developing countries, this study was undertaken to assess the overall QoL and its predictors in the elderly population in an urban setting of Bangladesh. In this cross-sectional study, 275 participants were enrolled by systematic sampling at the outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data were collected by using a pretested semi-structured standard questionnaire for QoL (OPQOL-35). Pearson's correlation was used to assess the association between QoL and sociodemographic factors. Multivariate linear regression was conducted to identify predictors of QoL, after controlling for potential confounders. The median age of the participants (n = 275) was 65 years (range, 60 to 85; 25th and 75th percentile, 60 and 68, respectively). The majority (78%) of them were married, and 20% were widowed or divorced. The median score of QoL was 113 (25th and 75th percentile, 101 and 124, respectively). Most of the participants had very poor (bad as can be) or poor (bad) QoL. Only 7.3% were observed to have "good" QoL (scores 140 or more). Females had significantly poorer QoL scores compared to males (p < 0.001). Age, gender, educational status, smoking, and sleep duration significantly predicted QoL in a multiple regression analysis. In conclusion, the QoL of the elderly individuals in Bangladesh was very poor or poor. Future research should focus on service-oriented interventions, especially targeting women. Counseling elderly people to enhance their quality of life may include improving sleep patterns, healthy diets, regular exercise, and caring for their mental health.

The behavioral biases on investment decision behavior: Evidence from Indonesia

The purpose of this study to analyze the behavior of investors in making financial investments in Indonesia. Although the overall financial literacy level in Indonesia has increased, individuals with higher levels of financial literacy tend to make more rational investment decisions. Being well-literate can be interpreted as the personal ability to understand and create financial concepts. However, some individuals still need help understanding investment products and services in Indonesia. This is due to the fact that there are still individuals who invest in illegal products. This study focuses on four biases: overconfidence bias, optimism bias, herding effect, and flexing, using quantitative analysis. The decision to invest is influenced by the thoughts of each investor and their optimistic behavior in seeking the highest return on their investment. This study used primary data with descriptive quantitative analysis. The number of respondents used in the overall research was 400, with criteria for investment products. The result of this study shows that the variable of overconfidence, optimism, and flexing affects the behavior of financial investment decisions. However, the variable bias herding effect does not affect the behavior of financial investment decisions. In conclusion, investors should be more cautious in making investment decisions by paying attention to the variables of overconfidence, optimism, herding effect, and flexing social media in Indonesia.

Learning Scale in Virtual Reality: Experiences and Perception of Immersive Technology at a Public Middle School

Students have misconceptions of size and scale cognition as they confuse molecules and cells. The team deployed a virtual reality (VR) learning tool, namely Scale Worlds, for K-12 students to use at school. The present work aimed to examine the experience and perception of immersive technology, and logistical challenges of integrating Scale Worlds into a science class. Ten students and three teachers were included in this study with informed consent. Scale Worlds was introduced as part of a science class and then semi-structured interview was conducted. Students’ experience with VR technology included physiological discomfort, psychological nervousness and uncertainty of technology, personal abilities and unfamiliarity, and hardware latency. However, students perceived Scale Worlds to be a useful tool that helped them visualize entities of different sizes, and allowed them to work collaboratively. Teachers expressed desire for more exciting content in Scale Worlds and further usability enhancement, as well as need for additional material preparation time. The team planned to return to the same middle school for another round of in-field study after addressing some of the reported challenges.

Intercultural Communication in Adaptation Process to Minimize Culture Shock

Malang City has evolved into a prominent hub for students. Embracing this new role, it has become a sought-after destination for learners from outside Java who wish to pursue their education at local universities. The influx of international students brings a vibrant intercultural dynamic to the city, affecting both the local community and the students themselves. As these students undergo the adaptation process to integrate and thrive in their new environment, they often face challenges such as culture shock, which arises from insufficient preparation and knowledge about their new surroundings. Culture shock can be minimized in the process of student adaptation by the application of intercultural communication, which can bridge the constraints of understanding in society. This research aims to examine the impact of intercultural communication on the adaptation process of Hindu students in Malang City, focusing on how it can reduce the incidence of culture shock. Employing a qualitative-interpretative approach, the research gathers data through comprehensive and interactive interviews based on the informants' personal experiences. Informants are selected using purposive sampling, and data is analyzed using the Miles and Huberman framework, which involves data collection, reduction, and interpretation. The outcomes highlight that culture shock among Hindu students in Malang City is influenced by internal factors, including personal abilities, insufficient factual information, and experiences in intercultural social interactions. While external factors include language, food, customs, and climate. The phases of culture shock development in the adaptation process include the optimistic phase, cultural phase, recovery phase, and adjustment phase. The duration for students to transition from experiencing culture shock to achieving adaptation ranges from one month to a year. Effective intercultural communication plays a crucial role in this adaptation process, helping to reduce the impact of culture shock by facilitating stages of convergence, divergence, and maintenance.

Build a Better Personal Abilities for a Sustainable Motivation: a Community Services in Penang, Malaysia

The aim of this community service is to empower informal workers and learning sector facilitators by strengthening the individual potential of the Indonesian Community Association (PERMAI) Pulau Pinang with a differentiated learning approach that favors the informal sector workers themselves, as well as an effort to adapt the adjustment process to the work community which exists. With minimal levels of education and skills, these job seekers have to compete with each other. To alleviate poverty, the government implemented a program to place Indonesian Migrant Workers (TKI) abroad. The government's role in this program is focused on aspects of training, protection and providing various conveniences to related parties, especially TKI and Indonesian Migrant Worker Placement Services Companies (PJTKI). Stage 1: Map and collect data on initial partner conditions; Stage 2, Socialization through discussions with partners regarding implementation preparations, implementation time, members involved and service topics at Partners; Stage 3: Training and empowerment of differentiated learning and learning pattern approaches that focus on increasing productivity levels; Stage 4: Assistance in implementing learning approaches to learning patterns that favor increasing productivity levels; Stage 5: monitor and evaluate all partner activities; Stage 6: Follow-up on program implementation

Peculiarities of the influence of the level of motivation for cognitive activities on the development of future teachers’ intellectual abilities

Introduction. The article considers the problem of developing Education students’ intellectual abilities at different levels of their cognitive motivation. The purpose of the study is to reveal how low and high levels of motivation for cognitive activities influence the development of the psychological system of intellectual abilities in different periods of Education students’ learning and professional activities. Materials and Methods. The study follows the system-genetic variant of the activity-based approach, which enables the authors to explain the influence of personality abilities (motivation) on the development of the abilities of the subject of the activity (intellectual abilities). The main methods employed include a survey, testing, analysis of regulatory documents and scholarly literature on the research problems. The sample consisted in 156 undergraduate students majoring in Education. Results. The authors have revealed a nonlinear nature of the influence of cognitive motivation on the development of intellectual abilities of Education students. It was found that an increase in cognitive motivation does not lead to an increase in absolute indicators of intellectual abilities and the level of general intelligence; its influence is manifested in a change in the structural organization of intellectual abilities in different periods of learning and professional activities. A high level of cognitive motivation ensures successful restructuring of intellectual abilities at the beginning of teacher training, testing new methods of intellectual activities in the middle of the degree course, optimization of the structure of intelligence at the end of studying. Thus, the influence of cognitive motivation on intellectual development is mediated by the acquisition of experience in educational and professional activities, requiring testing different methods of arranging students’ intellectual activities. Conclusions. Managing the process of developing motivation and intellectual abilities in a future teacher should take into account the complex nature of relationships between these psychological phenomena. The effect of pedagogical influence on motivation and, as a consequence, intellectual development is of a delayed nature, mediated by the acquisition of experience in solving educational and professional problems by future teachers at different stages of pursuing the degree programme.

Influence Sophistication Technology Information, Support Management Peak and Ability Personal Techniques on Effectiveness System Information Accountancy

The aim of this research is to examine the influence of information technology sophistication, top management support and personal technical capabilities on the effectiveness of accounting information systems. This research was conducted at the Denpasar City Regional Apparatus Organization (OPD), the number of samples used was 40 respondents using a non-probability sampling method using a purposive sampling technique. The collected data was then analyzed using Partial Least Square (PLS). The research results show that the sophistication of information technology, top management support and personal technical abilities have a positive effect on the effectiveness of the accounting information system. The implications of this research include two things, theoretical implications and practical implications. The theoretical implications of this research relate to the development of theories regarding the variables of information technology sophistication, top management support and personal technical abilities that support the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) theory. The practical implications of this research relate to the contribution of research in Denpasar City Regional Apparatus Organizations (OPD) as material for consideration in improving the effectiveness of accounting information systems.

Personal Resilience in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Concept Analysis

Introduction: The most common kind of diabetes is type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which accounts for 95% of all DM cases. Microvascular and macrovascular complications burden patients physically, psychologically, socially, and economically. Patients must be resilient to live more affluent lives. Personal resilience in T2DM patients is essential in nursing practice and the development of nursing science. Understanding the concept of personal resilience is important to minimize bias and distortion in using the concept of resilience, especially in T2DM patients. Objectives: This study aimed to clarify the concept of personal resilience in T2DM patients. Methods: Walker and Avant's concept analysis approach was applied. A literature search was performed using Google Scholar, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, and PubMed databases. The articles used from the databases were published between 2013 and 2022. Results: The attributes determining the level of personal resilience of T2DM patients are survival, adaptation, and recoverability. The antecedents include self-esteem, spirituality, culture, self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and age. The consequences include adherence, quality of life, effective coping, equilibrium, and illness perception. Conclusions: The three attributes, antecedents, and consequences of good personal resilience identified from the concept analysis could improve the researchers' understanding of personal resilience and its implementation in the care of T2DM patients along with the complexity of the problems experienced by patients. The clarity of this concept lies in the reference for treatment that focuses on empowering the personal abilities of T2DM patients to carry out self-management to achieve prosperous quality of life.

Approximating the ZPD? Young children's judgements of appropriate task level for learning.

This research examined how 3-6-year-olds judge appropriate levels of counting games based on a person's ability, desire for learning and degree of difficulty. Study 1 found that 3-year-olds did not consider a character's ability or desire, whereas older children gave high ability characters large number games and low ability characters small number games when the characters wanted to play a manageable game. However, older children gave large number games to characters who wanted to learn counting, regardless of their ability. In Study 2, in addition to a similar developmental change of jointly considering a character's ability and desire, it was found that 5-and 6-year-olds were more sensitive to the degree of difficulty. They were more careful than younger children to choose exceedingly large number games given the character's ability and desire. Implications for children's understanding of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and goal orientation are discussed.