Personal Standpoint Research Articles

Bénéfices de la réduction de la consommation d’alcool : comment le faire avec nalméfène

Alcohol consumption represents a significant factor for mortality in the world: 6.3% in men and 1.1% in women. Alcohol use disorder is also very common: 5.4% in men, 1.5% in women. Despite its high frequency and the seriousness of this disorder, only 8% of all alcohol-dependents are ever treated. Recent meta-analyses have shown that if we can increase current figures by 40%, we could decrease alcohol-related morality rates by 13% in men and 9% in women. Thus, it is important to motivate both physicians and patients to participate in treatment in alcohol use disorder. Recent epidemiological data from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) are currently challenging the notion of alcohol use disorder as a fixed entity. Among a cohort of 4422 subjects initially diagnosed as having alcohol dependency, only 25% of these could still be diagnosed as alcohol-dependent one year later. Among the others, 27% were in partial remission, 12% had risk use, 18% low risk use and 18% were abstinent. Stable remission rates were observed in 30% of these subjects at 5 years. This study also argues in favour of the newer dimensional approach elaborated in the DSM 5. One potentially interesting treatment option is oriented toward reducing alcohol intake. In a study by Rehm and Roerecke (2013), they modelled the impact of reduced consumption in a typical alcoholic patient who drinks 8 glasses of alcohol per day (92 g of pure alcohol). If he decreases his alcohol intake by just one glass per day (12 g of alcohol per day), his one-year mortality risk falls from 180/100,000 to 120/100,000; if he decreases his intake by two glasses per day (24 g), this risk falls to 95/100,000, roughly half his baseline risk. These observations have resulted in integrating reduced consumption as an option into the treatment guidelines of several national institutions such as the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE, UK), European Medicines Agency, as well as the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Decreasing stigmatisation of alcohol use disorder through public service announcements, in addition to more flexible physician attitudes concerning personal alcohol intake objectives may be key in getting increased numbers of patients into treatment programmes. In one study in Great Britain, 50% of patients in treatment for alcohol use disorder would prefer an initial objective of reduced consumption. A recent addition to the pharmacotherapy arsenal is nalmefene, which has been recently released as a medication to aid in reducing alcohol consumption. It is a strong μ and δ opioid receptor antagonist and a partial κ opioid receptor agonist. Opioid receptor antagonism is associated with reduced reward in relation to alcohol use, thus helping patients in reducing their consumption. Patients are instructed to take one nalmefene tablet two hours prior to each drinking occasion. Nalmefene therapy is to be accompanied by a specific psychosocial programme called BRENDA. BRENDA consists of a biopsychosocial evaluation, restitution of the evaluation to the patient, an empathetic approach that responds to patient needs, offering direct advice and adjusting goals and treatment programmes as the patient makes progress. Nalmefene has been associated with decreased heavy drinking days in two clinical trials. Overall, the treatment is well tolerated; adverse effects are fairly mild and short-lived. In conclusion, an approach that integrates reduced alcohol consumption makes sense from both a public and personal standpoint. Medications such as nalmefene have shown efficacy in association with a biopsychosocial approach to help patients attain their personal objectives with respect to alcohol use.

Naturalism and the social model of disability: allied or antithetical?

The question of how disability should be defined is fraught with political, ethical and philosophical complexities. The social model of disability, which posits that disability is socially and politically constructed...

Avaliação da Gestão da Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, Belterra-Pa, na Percepção dos Moradores da Comunidade Maguari

A presente pesquisa propôs avaliar a gestão adotada na Floresta Nacional - Flona Tapajós, na Comunidade Maguari, no município de Belterra-PA, de acordo com a percepção dos moradores. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa explorativa constituída, inicialmente, por uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema, seguida de uma pesquisa de campo tendo pesquisa de campo tendo como instrumento de coleta de dados a aplicação de 146 questionários/entrevistas aos moradores da Comunidade Maguari. Dentre os moradores entrevistados da Comunidade Maguari, 85% afirmam, do ponto de vista pessoal, que a gestão da Flona Tapajós é eficiente e 76% acreditam que a população local está de acordo com a gestão. Quanto ao grau de aprovação da eficácia da gestão na Flona do Tapajós, 51% disseram ser bom. Grande parte dos entrevistados (92%) reconhece que há limites a respeito do uso dos recursos naturais dentro da Comunidade Maguari. Estes afirmaram que cursos, treinamentos e reuniões são atividades que faltam para a Comunidade Maguari. Os moradores sentem a necessidade de cursos de qualificação profissional, de estarem mais informados com o que acontece em relação à Flona e, principalmente, o que envolve a Comunidade Maguari. As intervenções realizadas na Flona do Tapajós ocorrem por meio de inúmeros projetos e programas direcionados à mudança de comportamento dos moradores de Maguari quanto à preservação e conservação do meio ambiente, mas o modelo de gestão adotada pela Floresta Nacional do Tapajós ainda deixa a desejar, segundo a percepção dos moradores da Comunidade, mesmo com um plano de manejo existente.

Clinical Challenges of Bariatric Surgery for Patients with Psychiatric Disorders. Commentary on: "Lithium Toxicity Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass"1.

Clinical Challenges of Bariatric Surgery for Patients with Psychiatric Disorders. Commentary on: "Lithium Toxicity Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass"1.

Pioneers of Adsorption Science 1. Stephen Brunauer

Aspects of the life and work of the eminent scientist Stephen Brunauer (1903-1986) are described from a personal standpoint. Particular attention is given to Brunauer's collaboration with Emmett and Teller, his service to the U.S. Navy and his post-war research on the surface properties of cements, silica gels and other materials. In addition to his well-known status as the ‘B’ in the BET theory, Brunauer should be remembered for his many contributions to adsorption science and pore-size analysis.

Web-based Project Management Influence on Project Portfolio Managers’ Technical Competencies

This paper investigates the impact of the project management modules usage in web based environment and technical competencies of project portfolio managers. Recent studies indicate a large number of project managers’ competencies. This study has aim to introduce project portfolio managers’ competencies in terms of web based project management tools. A key contribution of this analysis refers to the correlation of project portfolio managers’ technical competencies and critical success factors from organizational and project perspective. Standard modules in a web-based project management tools are: resource and project center module, financial management module, time and task management module, collaboration module, risk and issue module, business intelligence and reporting module, portfolio selection and analytics module (strategy module). According to IPMA Competence Baseline, each module has a set of characteristics that represents specific technical competences for project portfolio managers. The research was conducted among 51 project portfolio managers in 51 different organizations from profit, nonprofit and public sector. Data collection instrument was online questionnaire that would provide findings on 4 major segments: 1.technical competencies from an organizational standpoint of view; 2.technical competencies from project standpoint of view, 3.success factors from organizational, project and personal standpoint of view; 4.web based project management modules application. This paper has both theoretical and practical influence on contemporary project management field of knowledge.

Special Issue Celebrating 40 Years of the Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction: Introductory Remarks

The year 2013 marked the 40th anniversary of the Mukaiyama aldol reaction. In 1973, Mukaiyama, Narasaka, and Banno discovered a conceptually new C–C bond-forming reaction mediated by a Lewis acid, and published the groundbreaking report in the second volume of Chemistry Letters,1 the society journal for communications published by The Chemical Society of Japan. The reaction is an aldol reaction using silyl enol ethers as the nucleophile and titanium tetrachloride as the mediator. Now it has become one of the most useful C–C bond-forming methods, being known as the Mukaiyama aldol reaction. An aldol reaction is the vital C–C bond-forming reaction occurring in vivo. Aldolases synthesize poly-oxygenated compounds of complex structures with strict control of a variety of selectivities. On the other hand, it was not easy to carry out a directed cross aldol reaction in a flask until Mukaiyama disclosed the new aldol reaction using silyl enol ethers in 1973. Interestingly enough, it was also 1973 when House et al. reported a directed cross aldol reaction using lithium enolates.2 The two directed cross aldol reactions, which appeared in the same year of 1973, were contrasting in the reaction conditions, one under acidic and the other under basic conditions. Nonetheless, their impact was so immense that the augmented utility of the aldol reactions became widely recognized across the community of organic chemistry. These directed cross aldol reactions found a number of successful applications to natural product synthesis. In addition, the Mukaiyama aldol reaction provided a leading example of utilization of electron-rich but weak carbon nucleophiles in combination with Lewis acids, and the development of Danishefsky's diene chemistry3 and the Hosomi/Sakurai reaction4 immediately followed. The Mukaiyama aldol reaction also induced the rise of chemistry of stereoselective C–C bond formation and Lewis acid catalysis for asymmetric synthesis, which were the major issues in organic synthesis in the 1980s and 1990s. With these illuminating backgrounds, the Mukaiyama aldol reaction was celebrated in various ways on the occasion of its 40th anniversary. This special issue is one of them. Angewandte Chemie placed three review articles back-to-back, which overviewed the chemistry as well as the history related to the Mukaiyama aldol reaction.5-7 On August 31, 2013, a symposium celebrating the 40th anniversary was held in Tokyo, collecting 500 participants.8 It was organized by the academic progeny of Mukaiyama in order to honor his outstanding contribution to the field of organic synthesis. Those in academia that Mukaiyama has directly supervised amount to well over 50, including Mitsunobu from his time at Gakushuin University. They all learned a lot from his mentorship in scientific, professional, and personal standpoints. Their gratefulness to Mukaiyama's mentorship manifests itself in this special issue, which is authored by several of his progeny. I wish to describe another admirable contribution of Mukaiyama to end up my introductory remarks. Japan hosted the first Tokyo Olympic games in 1964 (and will host again in 2020). It greatly encouraged Japan nationwide to recover from the devastation caused by World War II. The chemistry community also tried to re-establish itself on its own by launching a new society journal for communications. That was Chemistry Letters, which was launched in 1972. However, the situation at the time could be described as helpless and dire. The first editor-in-chief of Chemistry Letters, Goto, mentioned at the launch that it would require much efforts and endurance of the members, as well as a long time, to nurture this journal. Mukaiyama immediately started publishing his new research results in Chemistry Letters on an exclusive basis. His publications in Chemistry Letters amounted to over 600 when he retired from research in 2008, and as a result, greatly promoted its subscription at overseas libraries. Now Chemistry Letters has become globally recognized as an international journal from Japan. Mukaiyama became instrumental again later in his career in launching another society journal from Japan. He took the inaugural editorship of a unique review journal, The Chemical Record, on his shoulders in 2001 and set it on an excellent path to international prominence. It is thus very fitting that we can celebrate the 40th anniversary of the Mukaiyama aldol reaction with this special issue. There have recently been so many arguments protesting against bibliometrics and sky-rocketing costs for libraries.9 “We should liberate our minds again to enable true creativity in view of long-term social benefits.” A Nobel Prize laureate, Richard Ernst, warned us with such strong words.10 I believe we can find the simplest, plainest, but most straightforward, most clear-cut, and perhaps most effective solution in Mukaiyama's determined life-long faithful consecration to our society journals. Masahiro Murakami Kyoto University This preface is dedicated to Mrs. Hiroko Mukaiyama, Prof. Mukaiyama's beloved wife who devoted her life to him.

Asserting Moral Sentences

AbstractDuring the last century of meta-ethical debates, moral realism was much criticized for its ontological assumptions. These assumptions arise from the semantic intuition that lies at the heart of realist theories – namely, the intuition that language represents states of affairs. This makes moral realism hardly compatible with a naturalist world view and gives rise to consider ontologically more economic approaches. Moral constructivists can explain objectivity in ethics without inheriting the realist’s ontological burden. Nevertheless, constructivists tend to ignore the semantic task of giving an account of what moral sentences mean. The semantics of moral discourse, however, cannot be considered representational because, then, constructivism would lapse back into realism. I argue that semantic pragmatism is an appropriate partner for moral constructivism. Thereby, we can see the personal standpoint as an engagement in asserting moral sentences.

Selman A. Waksman, Winner of the 1952 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine

The history of the discovery and development of streptomycin is reviewed here from the personal standpoint of a member of Dr. Selman Waksman's antibiotic screening research team. The team approach of eight individuals illustrates how the gradual enhancement of the screening methodology was developed. I illustrate three study periods with key aspects in the development of streptomycin which led to a Nobel Prize being granted to Professor Waksman. One item not previously emphasized is the employment of a submerged culture technique for large-scale production of streptomycin, thus enabling rapid animal testing and human clinical trials with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Another is that purified streptomycin was shown by Dr. Waksman to be distinctly different from the substances called natural products, which are no longer patentable in the United States; therefore, streptomycin was found to be patentable. A third item not previously emphasized is his emphasis on the screening of actinomycetes, including the newly named Streptomyces genus. All of these factors contributed to the success of streptomycin in the treatment of tuberculosis. In combination, their successes led to Dr. Waksman's department becoming a new pharmacological research area, specializing in drug discovery. These unique accomplishments all burnish the prior rationales used by the Karolinska Institute in granting Dr. Waksman alone the 1952 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.

Will Decision Management Systems Revolutionize Marketing?

Abstract The ever-increasing volume of available business data and the wide range of rising intelligent software solutions that capitalize on up-to-the-minute information technology have proven to be, from a knowledge worker's perspective, a curse and a blessing all at once. The biggest challenge created by the increasing complexity of the business environment is the intricacy of decision-making and exception handling. The fact that more and more data sources and technologies have become accessible often leads to analysis paralysis. Enterprise decision management belongs to a novel philosophy aiming to transform a company's information systems from an obstacle in the way of change to a real aid in implementing business adjustments. This approach promotes flexible information-driven processes and the conversion of data into intelligence able to guide, if not automatically make, decisions. A decision management system brings a set of major advantages: the possibility to test a decision's compliance with existing regulation and its compatibility with previous decisions; a method to forecast the effects of a proposed decision before adopting it; predictive analytics and optimization technology. The current paper aims to analyze emerging trends in the area of organizational decision management, with the purpose of providing an outlook on possible implications for the field of marketing. The research was performed exploring the offers of major providers of decision management software and analyzing case studies and scientific literature regarding decision management systems. The result of the research is a personal standpoint on the most significant applications of decision management systems in marketing, accompanied by a set of conclusions and recommendations addressed to marketing professionals interested in taking advantage of an enormous potential that, so far, has been only faintly recognized.

The standpoint of persons with hearing loss on work disparities and workplace accommodations

The perspectives of persons who live and work with hearing loss were sought to examine workplace accommodation challenges and strategies. A convenience sample of seven older adults with hearing loss participated in in-depth interviews. A systematic grounded theory approach informed the study design and analysis. Categories of facilitators and challenges in the data were identified through axial coding and clustering. Core categories of social processes emerged through constant comparison and theoretical sampling of the data to reveal the actions and interactions used to negotiate or implement adaptations or workplace accommodations. Persons with hearing loss use a realm of strategies to live and work with a hearing loss. Social processes used to navigate the challenges to working with hearing loss and to manage optimal work performance included: self-accommodation, self-advocacy, self-management of hearing loss, and lobbying. Success in overcoming work disparities for persons with hearing loss requires individuals to take control of identifying their needs within the workplace and at home, and to negotiate for specific accommodations. These strategies and processes draw attention to the need for a repository on contextualized workplace accommodation strategies for improving communication and hearing in the workplace. Further to this a best practice guide for use by workers, employers, and work rehabilitation and health care workers is indicated.

Engelhardt on the Family

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in EnglishTristram Engelhardt, Jr. offers erudite and compelling arguments for the view that all families should try to realize the traditional family. Although I tend to agree with him from a personal standpoint, I doubt that this view can be justified to those with whom we are in reasonable disagreement about the family. I make three critical points. First, although Engelhardt stops short of saying that the state should encourage people to form traditional families, or discourage those who do not, some state perfectionists might do so. From the perspective of public reason, it is unjust for the state to favor some conceptions of what is good over others, if these conceptions are all reasonable. Moreover, those whose conceptions of the good are not favored will feel that they are disrespected. Second, insofar as Engelhardt thinks that all families should try to realize traditional families, the traditional family would not be perceived as good by those who do not like children. Moreover, it would be difficult to persuade those who have decided not to have children for reasons of career, burden, or more altruistic concerns. Third, against Engelhardt’s stance against the “egalitarian aspirations” of liberalism, I argue that women too often sacrifice their possible careers for the sake of the family, even when they hold advanced degrees from prestigious universities, or professional qualifications. This kind of injustice is too uncomfortable to ignore.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 29 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

Exploring the Impact of Suicide on Clinicians

We developed an every other year, scheduled retreat model for clinicians and trainees to explore emotional and professional reactions that they may face after a patient's suicide. Psychiatry ambulatory clinical staff, residents, and faculty participated in a halfday retreat, which consisted of an opening panel discussion, in which panel members related their experiences of patient suicide, break out groups, and a final panel discussion. Unlinked preand post-retreat surveys were electronically sent to all potential participants. The pre-retreat survey was completed by 103 clinicians; 20% of the respondents were trainees or fellows, and 47% reported that they had experienced a patient suicide. Text responses to the pre-retreat survey reflected the wish to obtain a better understanding of the impact of patient suicide on caregivers, to cope with the event from a personal and professional standpoint, and to get a clearer understanding of what supports are available within the department. The post-retreat survey was completed by 45 clinicians. Comments after the retreat reflected an increased awareness of both shortand long-term effects on clinicians after a patient suicide and the extensive impact that a patient suicide can have on providers within their ambulatory care department. An alldepartment ambulatory retreat model has value in providing clinicians with support and information in a structured, educational setting to help reduce the sense of stigma and provide an increased awareness of the magnitude of the impact on clinicians who experience the death of a patient by suicide.

We Need to Talk About Epistemology: Orientations, Meaning, and Interpretation within Music Therapy Research

Epistemology is a term used explicitly in social science research to refer to theory of knowledge, or ways of knowing. Describing the epistemological stance underpinning research studies in music therapy that use social science methods such as grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography will increase understanding of the outcomes presented. To promote an understanding of epistemology and its applications for music therapy research. The researcher describes her own views and experiences in developing knowledge of epistemology with reference to the social sciences and music therapy research literature published in English. She first focuses on terminology, then presents a discussion of epistemology. Further clarification is needed to improve understanding of the role of epistemology in advancing understanding of the foundations of the methods from the social sciences used in research in music therapy. In order to improve some aspects of research studies the following recommendations are made to authors. At minimum, a research report should, (a) define and describe the specific methodology such as grounded theory, phenomenology, ethnography, or other, (b) present the epistemological foundations of the method chosen, (c) include a statement on the personal standpoint of the researcher including motivations to undertake the study, (d) include the process of data analysis with justification from the epistemological stance as to why the process is credible, (e) provide outcomes of the analysis of the research in detail and in summary, and (f) refer to processes of reflexivity.

Wasauksing Women Sharing Strength

Wasauksing Women Sharing Strength explores the subject of Aboriginal birth knowledge from Wasauksing First Nation in Ontario. The intent is to document and generate positive representations of traditional birth knowledge in response to processes of colonization, which in the past have worked to silence them. Three Wasauksing mothers share their understandings of traditional birth knowledge and where the origins of their knowledges lie. A short video documentary accompanies the article. The author approaches the work from her own personal standpoint: that of a Native woman from Wasauksing First Nation seeking information about her identity as a new mother.

Spirituality and Aging (review)

Reviewed by: Spirituality and Aging Mary Beth Werdel (bio) Spirituality and Aging. By Robert C. Atchley. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 2009 199 pp. Hardcover. $45.00. This text is the outgrowth of Robert C. Atchley’s forty years of academic experience as a gerontologist, thirty of which focused specifically on the relationship of aging and spirituality as terms and phenomena. With a broad audience in mind, he offers clarity and authority for “spirituality . . . to be a major topic in gerontology in its own right” (149). In these 199 pages, Atchley describes a framework he considers to be a “useful starting point” for people in various aspects of the field: educators, researchers, and those working with the aging, thereby presenting one “example of how the jumble of concepts and empirical evidence in the field can be put together into a meaningful mosaic” (147). The text is suitable not only for gerontolgically-focused classes on both the undergraduate and graduate level, but also for graduate classes in fields such as pastoral care and counseling, mental health counseling, and social work. The book is presented in three parts, followed by a conclusion and two appendices. The first section presents Atchley’s basic frame for understanding spirituality, spiritual development, spiritual experience and the spiritual self. The second section presents two dimensions of spirituality that Atchley sees as having key relationships with aging. First is the idea of sage-hood and being a spiritual elder. A sage is understood as a way of being; it is “not a destination at which we arrive but, rather, a capacity that we can bring into being in any moment” (73). Secondly he presents the model of “serving from the spirit,” a way of being based on transpersonal sociology and communities. Finally in section three the author examines the interactive relationships between spirituality and spiritual development as they pertain to three different areas: coping, the experience of time, and the experience of death and dying. Both appendices are rich additions to the text. [End Page 307] Appendix A is an 85-question (22-page) spiritual inventory in which respondents answer questions on a lickert-type scale. Appendix B is 3-page spiritual self-assessment structured with open-ended reflection questions. Both could be useful from academic, clinical, and personal standpoints. Throughout the book, readers will find mention, and noted influences, of the works of William James, Robert Withnow, Erick Erikson, Lars Thornstam, Adlous Huxley, Harry Moody and David Carroll, Ram Dass, Ken Wilber, and Parker Palmer. Though the book expresses a specific disconnect from theology, readers will also find specific references to the Buddhist teachings of the Eight-fold path and the Wheel of Dharma. Atchley’s definition of spirituality is key to understanding not only what to study in regard to spirituality and aging, but also how to study the relationship. He explains spirituality as that which “sensitizes us to a region of human experience” (5). Unlike “denotative” concepts that refer to an observable part of life, spirituality is a sensitizing concept that “deals with qualities to be sensitive to if we want to communication about a general field or region (5). Spirituality is a balance between being and doing (7). It is Atchley’s observation that individuals often lose sight of being and as such need help to bring this into consciousness. A main premise of his work is that spirituality is subjective but not individualistic; it is an “open-system” which necessitates discussion and feedback. The open-feedback system definition of spirituality supports Atchley’s Continuity Theory, which is presented in the book as a useful way of understanding the relationship between spirituality, development, and aging. Continuity Theory suggests that self-development is a continuous process; a person’s mental frame work is based on life experience; a person makes decisions based on their framework; they witness the results of their decision; modify their framework based on the observed results; and then make new decisions (53). With the above concepts in mind, research on spirituality then necessitates understanding not broad standardized relationships of spirituality and aging but rather how a person’s individual self-system evolves en route to becoming (or not becoming) spiritual...

Obituary: Cleber Antônio Jansen Paccola 1948-2011

Life sometimes brings surprises which we would prefer not to experience. For me, one such surprise was the severe disease which afflicted Professor Cleber Paccola some four years ago. This appeared tantamount to a death sentence, one to be executed not too far from then. However, after a delicate neurosurgical procedure, from which he recovered with no evident sequelae, he resumed his professional activities barely a month later. His determination not to let himself collapse was clear. In the remaining four years of his life, Cleber, as I knew him, fought courageously and submitted himself to a number of treatments. Despite these, there was an unfortunate decline in his condition. However, at no stage did I witness a loss of character or hope. Cleber always showed great courage, perhaps because he believed that he was cured. Relatively religious, he did not fight God, but occasionally would ask Him the reason for such suffering. Cleber’s disease returned in October 2010, taking his life prematurely eight months later. He still submitted himself to heavy chemotherapy but then suffered a stroke, leading to his hospitalisation. Even so he believed he would recover and be back at work …

Ten Years Later: No Longer A Student, But Still Learning

Ten Years Later: No Longer A Student, But Still Learning

How to Overcome Strawson’s Point: Defending a Value-Oriented Foundation for Contractualism

In The Second Person Standpoint, Darwall charges that all value-oriented foundations for ethics make a category mistake. Calling it Strawson’s point, he argues these foundations explain moral authority, which concerns whether someone has standing to hold another accountable, in terms of a value, which essentially concerns what makes the world go best. However, whether it would be good for me to blame you simply asks a different question than whether I have standing to blame you. I defend a valueoriented foundation for contractualism by identifying one way to overcome Strawson’s point. At bottom, Darwall’s objection relies on the assumption that all values are worldregarding. I argue that another class of values exists: second-personal values. Grounding morality in one of these values does not make the category mistake at the heart of Strawson’s point. In particular, I argue that grounding morality on one secondpersonal value, the ideal of acting justifiably towards others, better captures traditional contractualist ideals than Darwall’s formal foundation.

Home, children and moral standpoints

Contemporary adult discussions often set up strong, even unchallenged norms of what things in the home promote children’s well-being and what constitutes a threat to it. This article examines children’s own descriptions of their homes and their standpoints on what is a good and proper life at home. The analysis focuses on the interview talk of child clients of Finnish child welfare. Children’s talk of home is characterized by positiveness, the presence of mother and scarcity of words. Home talk was not tinged with worry and problems. The study shows that children also have personal moral standpoints related to their homes. The children regard their homes as places of reciprocal obligations and responsibilities. Just as the adults have a moral obligation to look after the daily life at home, the children and the livelihood, the children also must look after the adults in situations where the adults have not enough energy, time or capability. The results argue for the need to rethink ‘adultist’ and professional norms of homes as a platform to promote the good life of children.