Personal Narratives Research Articles

Distributed Leadership: A Panacea or Epistemic Injustice

Distributed leadership has been a topic of discussion for more than two decades now. scholars define it as a new form of leadership that is inclusive and epistemically just, as it is based on social interactions of leaders and followers rather than on their roles (Spillane and Sherer, 2004). These social interactions, however, may be constrained due to the situations in which they take place. Distributed leadership if not exercised in controlled conditions with regulated and clearly specified guidelines, may lead to marginalization and epistemic injustice. In this paper, distributed leadership has been examined and investigated with a critical lens to highlight the ensuing epistemic injustice that prevents individuals, from certain disadvantaged backgrounds, to contribute to knowledge sharing and co-creation. They are marginalized and professionally bullied into accepting unsolicited roles and responsibilities without any acknowledgement of their true worth (Hargreaves, 2008). This paper uses a personal narrative to support the claims raised in contradiction of some existing distributed leadership theories. The author examines distributed leadership critically drawing comparisons from her narrative while emphasizing on the importance of further research to establish its significance and true worth. The author concludes with a note that distributed leadership is not a panacea for all leadership problems. It needs to be strengthened in a congenial environment and culture with collective responsibility from all.

Anti-stigmatizing: a collaborative autoethnography on recovery from depression.

Despite extensive research on clinical treatments for depression, there remains a significant gap in understanding of the lived experiences and recovery journeys of those with depression. This study sought to explore the recovery process through an "anti-stigmatizing" lens, emphasizing the cultural-psychological mechanisms at play and the importance of personal narratives in shaping the recovery trajectory. Using a collaborative autoethnographic approach, this report focuses on the first author's journey of depression recovery. This research methodology allows for an in-depth exploration of subjective experiences, with a specific emphasis on the interaction between societal stigma, personal identity, and mental-health challenges. It is found that the depression-recovery experience can be divided into four stages from an anti-stigma perspective: (1) encountering the public stigma of emotions; (2) internalizing the stigma to a self-stigma; (3) "decriminalizing" the expected stigma of a "depressed" identity through diagnosis; and (4) being able to cope with and understanding the public stigma relating to depression when facing it again. Key factors that were found to contribute to recovery were self-awareness, community empowerment, and recognition and acceptance by close friends and family. We propose a reconceptualization of depression that incorporates a societal perspective on internalized stigma. Recovery from depression is not merely a medical process; it also pertains to how the patient frees themselves from public stigma. The results strongly indicate the need for a paradigm shift toward a more inclusive and empathetic approach to mental-health care, and we emphasize the importance of personal narratives in depression recovery.

Authoring pandemic personal narratives: Middle level students’ representations of life during the 2020-21 school year

Authoring pandemic personal narratives: Middle level students’ representations of life during the 2020-21 school year

Long-term Changes in Personal Recovery and Quality of Life Among Patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Different Durations of Illness: A Meta-analysis.

In schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) personal recovery and subjective quality of life (S-QOL) are crucial and show conceptual overlap. There is limited knowledge about how these outcomes change over time. Therefore, we investigated changes in personal recovery or S-QOL for patients with SSD. We specifically focused on the influence of the patients' durations of illness (DOI) on changes in personal recovery and S-QOL. We included 46 studies investigating longitudinal changes in quantitative assessments of personal recovery or S-QOL for patients with SSD. Outcomes were categorized in overall personal recovery, overall S-QOL connectedness, hope and optimism, identity, meaning in life, and empowerment. We evaluated effect sizes of change between baseline and follow-up assessments. We also evaluated potential moderating effects, including DOI on these changes in outcomes. We found small improvements of overall personal recovery and S-QOL, but marginal or no improvement over time in the other more specific outcome domains. Patients without a schizophrenia diagnosis, a younger age, and more recent publications positively influenced these changes. We found no significant influence of DOI on the changes in any outcome domain. Improvement in personal recovery or S-QOL of people with SSD is modest at best. However, these studies did not fully capture the personal narratives or nonlinear process of recovery of an individual. Future research should focus on how to shift from a clinical to more person-oriented approach in clinical practice to support patients in improving their personal process of recovery. CRD42022377100.

Human Caring Perspectives of Care Meanings and Expressions in a Nigerian Cancer Care Setting.

Caring in Africa is often viewed from sociopolitical and humanity perspectives. The aim of this study was to investigate the meanings and expressions of caring from the narratives of persons living with cancer and their nurses. This study adopted a qualitative ethnonursing methodology. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the key participants, who were grouped into 7 nurses and 6 patients. General participants included 4 physicians, 3 ward assistants, and 6 patients' relatives. Interviews of participants were digitally audio-taped and then transcribed verbatim. Data analysis in this study followed the phases of ethnonursing data analysis enabler and was conducted using NVivo 14 software. Data categories were reviewed and sorted to discover recurrent patterns within the data. Caring was seen as a social practice that is both transactional and transformational. Six thematic patterns emerged: restoring hope, reaching out to the inner lifeworlds of the patients, mutual empathy, going the extra mile, compassionate presence, and being human/having a sense of human connection. The study revealed that there are discernible patterns in care needs and expectations, even though each cancer patient is unique in his or her specific care needs and expectations. Caring in this study constituted a variety of meanings, and human caring was demonstrated and practiced interpersonally. Hence, there is evidence of living caring in everyday life, in observable ways. Nurses should enhance both their own and the patient's sense of personal meaning in the caring partnership to enable them to be present in concrete unique nursing situations with the suffering human being.

Mental health and positive aging: a positive autoethnographic case study of Joyce Shaffer

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to meet Dr Joyce Shaffer, PhD, ABPP, Clinical Associate Professor at the University of Washington. Design/methodology/approach This case study is presented in two sections: a positive autoethnography written by Joyce Shaffer, followed by her answers to ten questions. Findings In this positive autoethnography, Shaffer shares her life story and reveals numerous mental health and positive aging recommendations and insights for us to reflect on. Research limitations/implications This is a personal narrative, albeit from someone who has been a clinical psychologist and active in the field of aging for many decades. Practical implications A pragmatic approach to aging is recommended. According to Shaffer, “those of us who can recognize the beat of the historical drummer can harvest the best of it and learn from the rest of it.” Social implications Positive aging has strong social implications. Shaffer considers that it is not only about maximizing our own physical, mental, emotional and social health but also about maximizing that of others, to make our world a better place for everyone. Originality/value Positive aging can be experienced despite adversity. As Shaffer says, “Adversity used for growth and healed by love is the answer.”

Negative Capability in Keats’s “Ode to Autumn”

This paper examines and analyzes the ideations of negative capability postulated by Keats in his “Ode to Autumn”. His negative capability embraces uncertainty, doubt, and ambiguity in poetry, without seeking to impose rational explanations or resolutions. He employs the third- person narration, depersonalized imagery, universal themes, and avoids using personal pronouns in writing the odes. These aspects expose his fundamental concept of negative capability because he desires to remain in doubt, uncertainty, and mysteries by the process of depersonalization of the authorship. He explicates the true nature of beauty in his “Ode to Autumn”. He embraces the mystery and complexity of the ripening of fruits like grapes, apples, gourd and hazelnuts. The bee-hives are filled with honey. The season embodies the contrasting qualities with their harmonious coexistence. Keats explores the occupations of autumn. The season performs various activities in the form of a reaper, a winnower, a gleaner and a cider –presser. Keats juxtaposes the activities of life as well as the passivity/ death in these occupations. He introduces the songs of autumn. The mournful sounds of the gnats, the bleating of the lambs, the singing of the crickets, the whistling of the redbreast and the twittering of the swallows offer the music of autumn. The ambiguities of the abundance and the decline in these songs reflect the cyclical nature of the autumn season. This paper applies the dynamics of the qualitative approach, with an interpretive research design to unveil the beauty of the autumn season.

“We followed their lead”: Exploring relational change and support among caregivers of transgender and gender diverse youth

Transgender and gender diverse youth and young adults (TGDY) experience higher mental health morbidity, including self-harm, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts, as compared to cisgender peers. Support from family members is associated with improved mental health outcomes for TGDY. However, little is known about the process that caregivers who consider themselves supportive undergo and how caregiver-youth relationships evolve through a TGDY's gender journey. Through a reflexive thematic analysis of 14 interviews conducted with caregivers of TGDY from April–July 2022, we sought to understand how caregivers who considered themselves supportive of TGDY navigated shifting relationships with themselves, their children, and their communities. Applying theories of Ambiguous Loss and Thriving Through Relationships, findings coalesced around several themes including reflecting on change, re-negotiating interpersonal relationships, and educating through relationships. The gender journeys of TGDY required caregivers to navigate relationships with self (feeling loss and wrestling with worry for their child), negotiate relationships with others (disclosing to extended family and social networks), and educate themselves and others through relationships (connecting through personal narratives from other families, parents supporting parents, learning to advocate for their child). The process of caregivers learning to support their children was facilitated through profound intrapersonal and interpersonal reflection, connection, and community. Understanding this process is important to inform educational interventions and programs that help caregivers learn to support and advocate effectively for TGDY.

Nothing Changed, Nothing Gained? Emotional Responses towards European Integration in the Memoirs of Polish Farmers

Accession to the European Union (EU) aroused diverse emotions in public debate among citizens, but the everyday experience of being an EU member is much more difficult to narrate than by relating to two contrasting views for and against European integration. The situation becomes more complicated if we analyse the emotional responses of Polish farmers, for whom joining the EU has been one more change in the last two centuries: the fall of feudalism, the agricultural reform after the Second World War, and the post-1989 political transformation. We aim to analyse personal narratives while observing how feelings about the EU have become embedded in everyday life experience narratives and how they are expressed and managed in a socio-cultural context. The presence of contradictory views was expected, as was the appearance of a combination of emotions and indifference, and, finally, the use of emotions as resistance. Based on the analysis of 55 memoirs from 1918 to 2018, we have determined the possible types of the integration experience; firstly, Poland’s accession to the EU meant change and was associated mainly with positive emotions, secondly, with negative emotions, thirdly, it meant change, and was associated with ambiguous emotions; and lastly, it did not mean a change. We noted not only the contrasting positions e.g. hope and fear but also the mixture of emotions and various paths of resistance that included demonstrating the inadequacy of the master narrative to personal experience or neutralising it but also filling the intermediary space between two opposite views and finding a way out from this opposition to the higher level of division and thus narrating non-change. It is the sense of personal dignity and permanence that negates the perception of accession as a change.

Digital storytelling online: a case report exploring virtual design, implementation opportunities and challenges

BackgroundDigital storytelling is an arts-informed approach that engages short, first-person videos, typically three to five minutes in length, to communicate a personal narrative. Prior to the pandemic, digital storytelling initiatives in health services research were often conducted during face-to-face workshops scheduled over multiple days. However, throughout the COVID-19 lockdowns where social distancing requirements needed to be maintained, many digital storytelling projects were adapted to online platforms.MethodsAs part of a research project aiming to explore the day surgery treatment and recovery experiences of women with breast cancer in Peel region, we decided to pivot our digital storytelling process to an online format. During the process, we observed that the online digital storytelling format had multiple opportunities and challenges to implementation.ResultsThis paper outlines our promising practices and lessons learned when designing and implementing an online digital storytelling project including pre-production, production and post-production considerations.ConclusionsWe provide lessons learned for future teams intending to conduct an online digital storytelling project.

Kurdish Insurgents and Postgeneration: „Big Village” as an Interactive Memory Work

The Kurdish people, lacking a sovereign state of their own, reside within the boundaries of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria, where they are subjected to the rules and identities of these nations, often facing restrictions on their cultural expression. This situation has disabled their entry into the filmmaking, with documentaries becoming their preferred medium due to its cost-effectiveness and simpler technical demands. These documentaries typically delve into the Kurds’ painful historical experiences. Big Village (2020), directed by Beri Shalmashi and Lyangelo Vazquez, stands out as the first Kurdish interactive web documentary (i-doc). It intricately weaves personal and social narratives, focusing on several families and a Kurdish insurgent group from Eastern Kurdistan. The i-doc explores the stories of the former residents of Gewredê, a village that has since vanished. It uniquely blends old photos and video clips to craft its narrative. This study aims to analyse Big Village through the lens of the insurgents’ memories, the inherited memories of their children, and the use of archival materials, examining how an interactive documentary can effectively communicate historical traumas to modern viewers.

Soldier Defection as a Revolutionary Strategy in Myanmar

The military coup in Myanmar on February 1, 2021 unleashed massive popular uprising against military rule, which was met with heavy handed military violence. Less than a month after the coup the first soldiers joined the civil disobedience movement (CDM) along with many civil servants who refused to work under the military. The resistance to the military was soon named the Spring Revolution, with calls for pervasive transformation of Myanmar’s political structures and security forces. Military defections gradually developed into a “revolutionary strategy.” This article explores how this development evolved and how defectors were transformed into “revolutionary actors” during the ongoing revolutionary situation. The analysis is based on the personal narratives and collective activities of those soldiers who became active in the CDM. Applying a conversion narrative approach, the article traces the processes of defection from individual disaffection with military violence to the formation of CDM soldier groups and the personal transformation of soldiers. Adding to existing literature on military defections during popular uprisings against authoritarian regimes, the article demonstrates that defection holds significance not only for the outcomes of revolutions, but also for the shaping of revolutionary ideas and practices during revolutionary situations.

Cultivating Community Health and Well-being in Open Source: Mitigating Burnout and Prioritizing Mental Health

Purpose: This whitepaper addresses the critical but often overlooked mental health challenges within open-source communities, including stress and burnout. The collaborative spirit of open-source communities has undoubtedly accelerated technological innovation, but the mental well-being of their contributors is frequently neglected. The objective is to uncover the root causes of these mental health issues and evaluate their impact, thereby underscoring the need for supportive and inclusive community practices.
 Methodology: This paper uses the ‘Mixed methods’ research approach, analyzing data from industry surveys and extracting insights from personal narratives and experiences documented by contributors in blogs and forums. This comprehensive strategy allows for a detailed exploration of mental health within the open-source environment, facilitating the identification of key stress factors and mental health challenges associated with community participation.
 Findings: The investigation reveals a direct link between the operational dynamics of open-source projects and the prevalence of mental health problems among participants. Key stressors include high expectations regarding workload, the predominantly volunteer nature of contributions, social isolation, and a lack of formal support structures. Additionally, the study highlights a significant lack of awareness of these issues and the availability of intervention strategies, further increasing the risk of burnout and stress among community members.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice, and Policy: This paper makes a novel contribution to understanding mental health in open-source communities by merging analytical data with qualitative insights from contributor narratives. It offers recommendations for a wide range of stakeholders, from contributors to leaders and policymakers, to cultivate a culture that supports mental well-being, diversity, and sustainability. This paper presents a comprehensive blueprint for nurturing healthier, more resilient open-source communities.

‘There is Beauty in the Way that I Think.’ Exploring Autistic Life Narrative in Cultural Texts of Hannah Gadsby

ABSTRACT Representations of autism in popular culture usually rely on stereotypes about autistic people rooted in clinical discourse of pathology, reproducing gendered, racialized and classed images of white, cis male exceptionalism. The dominant circulating narratives often ignore lived autistic experience and position autism either as a spectacle or as the unknowable other. Personal narrative allows autistic people to ‘story’ autism in its many different forms and create a space of critical interrogation. This article examines two cultural texts of Tasmanian comedian and author Hannah Gadsby, who addresses their late-life diagnosis of autism in their stand-up comedy show Douglas and their memoir Ten Steps to Nanette. By drawing on queer and feminist disability studies, critical autism studies and theories of life writing, this article analyses how Gadsby employs autistic life narrative as a form of ‘diversity work’ [Ahmed, Sara. 2017. Living a Feminist Life. Durham: Duke University Press] and tells their story in its tense relation to social and medical notions of normality as well as medical discourse of diagnosis. By doing so, this article argues that Gadsby’s use of life narrative contributes to a more diverse representation of autistic lives and offers a critical interrogation of what is considered social normality.

Voyeurism, Desire, and Narrative Subversion in Colette’s Claudine Novels

ABSTRACT This essay positions the French author Colette’s earliest works, the Claudine novels, at an inflection point in queer feminist discourses of the early 1900s. Combining recent critical explorations of the sexological and literary roots of the lesbian figure at the fin de siècle, queer theories addressing the power and limits of the heteronormative gaze, and an examination of Colette’s development of a queered authorial persona in the course of her career, I argue that the “fluffy”, “commercialized” Claudine novels in fact make use of stylistic innovation in order to subvert contemporary expectations of the lesbian narrative. Colette’s generative denial of the male gaze in her depiction of Claudine’s affair with her woman friend, Rézi, results in the adoption of a deliberately evasive, self-obliterating narrative perspective. In this, Colette anticipates later explorations of subjective desire and authorial persona in the canonically modernist works of Virginia Woolf, Radclyffe Hall, and Natalie Barney. In their exploration of the alternative modes through which an authentic desire experienced between two women might be narrativized in the twentieth century, the Claudine novels’ use of generic subversion, shifting narrative personae, and strategically fragmented prose mark them as key works in a developing sapphic modernist canon.

Enhancing Paragraph Writing Proficiency: A Study of Students' Performance Post Global English Textbooks Exposure

The article focuses on identification of students’ performance to write paragraphs and the topics needed by students to be developed post global English textbooks exposure. This study aimed to investigate description of current students’ performance to write paragraphs after studying a paragraph writing using Global English Textbooks and to find out the topics needed by students to be developed as teaching English textbook materials for Paragraph Writing Course. The research employed a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of students' paragraph writing performance with qualitative interpretation into their perceptions to the use of global English textbooks as writing paragraph teaching materials. The total samples were 44 students of English Study Program, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Muslim Indonesia. To obtain information from the informants, the researchers employed questionnaires of Paragraph Writing distributed to the students through the Learning Management System (LMS) Google form. The results showed that students exhibited a wide range of proficiency levels in paragraph writing, from advanced to fundamental deficiencies, necessitating targeted support across all skill levels. Moreover, a significant proportion of students lacked confidence in their writing abilities, emphasizing the importance of tailored instruction to address uncertainties effectively. Challenges with global English textbooks, including language complexity and cultural references, exacerbated these issues. Despite the inherent benefits of paragraph writing, such as language development and critical thinking skills, some students questioned its relevance in non-native English education settings. Additionally, doubts about fundamental language aspects like vocabulary and grammar underscored the need for focused instruction in these areas. Overall, addressing these challenges required comprehensive supports and resources to enhance students' paragraph writing skills and confidence levels effectively. Meanwhile, the exploration of sixty topics provided valuable insights into students' interests and knowledge. Among them, sixteen topics emerged as notably popular, indicating a strong resonance with students. These topics ranged from personal narratives to societal issues, reflecting students' diverse values and concerns. Furthermore, themes related to self-improvement and academic success garnered considerable interest, underscoring students' aspirations for growth. Even less chosen topics still demonstrated students' engagement with various aspects of interpersonal relationships and cultural identity. Moreover, the inclusion of less common topics reflected students' recognition of broader educational and patriotic ideals, albeit with less enthusiasm.

Terminally ill head and neck cancer patients and AI: Opportunities and prospects

Head and Neck Cancer (HNC) presents unique challenges due to its psychological impact, particularly regarding facial disfigurement and social acceptance issues, especially in advanced stages and among terminally ill patients. Despite the critical importance of advance care planning and end-of-life discussions, these aspects are often overlooked, further compounded by the stigma and negative quality of life issues associated with visible morbidity in HNC patients. This commentary explores the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in addressing the multifaceted needs of terminally ill HNC patients. These include pain management and symptom control through predictive modeling, psychosocial support via AI-powered chatbots, treatment decision support by synthesizing patient data, automated radiation planning, end-of-life planning with AI-driven decision support systems, facilitating family communication through structured guidance and emotional support, and legacy building using AI-enabled digital platforms for preserving personal narratives. We propose the AI's potential in reducing suicidal ideation among HNC patients, a significant concern in the HNC patient population. AI can enhance patient safety and promote psychological well-being during the end-of-life journey. This commentary underscores the transformative role of AI in improving the holistic care and quality of life of terminally ill HNC patients, offering practical and compassionate support throughout their challenging journey.

Tales of Indigenous Peoples (IP) of Sama-dilaut Tribe: A Squinny on the Community Outreach and Extension Services of RMC Graduate School, Davao City, Philippines

Aims: This study aimed to investigate the livelihood and economic activities of the Sama-Dilaut Tribe, also known as Badjao, residing in Matina Aplaya, Davao City. Specifically, it sought to understand their transition from street beggars to engaged business owners and the impact of their economic endeavors on their quality of life. Study Design: Utilizing a phenomenological approach, this study delved into the lived experiences of the Sama-Dilaut people through in-depth virtual interviews. This design facilitated the extraction of rich narratives and perspectives directly from the participants. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted within the well-established community of the Sama-Dilaut Tribe in Matina Aplaya, Davao City, Philippines. Data collection spanned over one (1) year. Methodology: Face-to-face and Virtual interviews were conducted to explore the personal narratives of the Sama-Dilaut individuals, capturing their journey from street begging to establish themselves as entrepreneurs. Thematic analysis was employed to identify key themes emerging from the interviews, focusing on their economic activities and resulting improvements in livelihood. Results: Thematic analysis revealed several significant findings regarding the daily activities and economic pursuits of the Sama-Dilaut Tribe. Key themes included the selling of seafood, maintenance of fishing traps, engagement in traditional fishing practices, and involvement in the "ukay-ukay" business to augment income. These activities facilitated an enhanced standard of living, enabling the fulfillment of basic needs, access to education, and adoption of modern amenities. Importantly, the reduction in street begging indicated a shift towards financial independence and self-sustainability among the tribe members. Conclusion: This study sheds light on the transformative journey of the Sama-Dilaut Tribe in Matina Aplaya, Davao City, from marginalized street beggars to empowered entrepreneurs. Their economic activities have not only uplifted their own livelihoods but also contributed to the overall well-being of the community. These findings underscore the importance of community outreach and extension services, such as those provided by the RMC Graduate School, in supporting indigenous peoples toward socio-economic empowerment and sustainable development of the tribe in Davao City, Philippines.

413 Perceptions and Concerns: Navigating Genetic Research Participation Among At-Risk Individuals for Inherited Conditions

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Motivations and hesitations about participating in genetic research among those at risk of inherited conditions are unclear. We aim to understand perceptions, perspectives, and concerns of these individuals regarding genetic research studies, especially for hard-to-diagnose diseases. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Mix method study of 150 Hispanics individuals in Puerto Rico (PR) at risk for in heriting a condition. These individuals, with limited diagnostic data, are attending genetics clinics or invited to a genetics study at the University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus. Structured surveys and interviews will be conducted. Surveys will gauge general perceptions and feelings toward genetic research, while interviews will provide a deeper understanding of participants’ personal narratives and experiences. All sessions will be recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using NVivo qualitative analysis software. Thematic analysis will be employed to identify recurring themes and sentiments. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Weanticipatevaried responses: some enthusiastic about genetic research benefits, others having reservations due to privacy, cultural beliefs, or past experiences. A significant portion may express concerns about genetic research’s impact on insurance and potential discrimination. We also expect to uncover systemic challenges that hinder participation among Hispanics living in PR, such as a lack of information or misconceptions about genetic research. This study will overview factors, both encouraging and inhibitory, influencing decisions to join genetic research. Quantitative genetic literacy survey data will undergo descriptive analysis and multivariate logistic regression. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Hispanics in PR exhibit a rich tapestry of genetic variations being a focal point for genetic research. Understanding perceptions is vital among those at risk for inherited conditions. Insights can shape outreach and education strategies, ensuring participants are informed, concerns met, and empowered to make decisions alignined their views.

Autobiographical memory functions as a stable property of narrative identity

The functionalist approach claims that autobiographical memory functions could be part of narrative identity. If so, the use of memory functions in personal narratives should be as stable as other properties of narrative identity. Testing this claim, the present study elicited repeated narratives and functional self-ratings for turning point and low point memories from 145 undergraduates (68.90 % female) in a two-wave eight-month longitudinal study. Stability of memory functions in specific memories was conceptualized in terms of mean-level and rank-order stability. Results showed little mean-level stability, yet substantial rank-order stability for memory functions regardless of assessment. The later use of the same memory functions in repeated narratives was predicted by baseline of functions at T1, age of event, valence, and frequency of rehearsal. Combining these results with theories on autobiographical memory and narrative identity suggests that memory functions might be a stable property of narrative identity hitherto overlooked.