Personal Identity Research Articles

THE FRAGMENTATION OF IDENTITY: COMMUNAL VIOLENCE AND PERSONAL TRAUMA IN CHAMAN NAHAL’S AZADI

This paper analyzes the fragmentation of personal and collective identities in Chaman Nahal’s Azadi, focusing on the emotional and psychological impacts of the Partition of India in 1947. Set against the backdrop of communal violence, the novel examines the trauma experienced by its protagonist, Lala Kanshi Ram, a prosperous Hindu merchant forced to flee his home in Sialkot due to religious tensions. The paper explores how Kanshi Ram’s displacement erodes his identity, transforming him from a respected figure into a displaced refugee struggling to adapt to post-Partition India. The novel emphasizes how communalism fractures identities, forcing characters to redefine themselves within new religious and national contexts. The analysis further highlights the theme of emotional rebirth as the characters, now refugees, grapple with their losses and strive to rebuild their lives in a fragmented society. By focusing on themes of identity, trauma, and resilience, this paper asserts that this novel is not just a recounting of historical events but a profound exploration of the emotional and psychological impact of Partition on both individuals and the wider society.

Edukasi Bullying dan Bahaya Penggunaan Gadget Melalui Program Smart pada Remaja

Cyberbullying is an action intended to embarrass, intimidate, spread ugliness and hatred in cyber media. One of the cyber media is social media ask.fm. Cyberbullying often occurs in teenagers, this can affect the emotions of teenagers who are still quite unstable in controlling their emotions. In this research, the problem formulated is whether there is an influence of cyberbullying on social media ask.fm on the emotional development of teenagers. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of cyberbullying on ask.fm social media on adolescent emotional disorders. The research method used is a survey research method using a questionnaire as a data collection instrument. The catharsis theory used in this research states that catharsis is a clearing of emotional conflict within oneself through talking about it and the deindividuation theory states that there is a feeling of loss of personal identity and the emergence of anonymity in the group. The anonymous feature on ask.fm social media provides opportunities for perpetrators to carry out cyberbullying on ask.fm. The sample in this study was 30 students, who had been victims and perpetrators of cyberbullying. Hypothesis testing shows Tcount ≥ Ttable (3.049 ≥ 1.660) so that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted, so this means that these two variables have a significant influence. This research showed that teenagers dared to carry out attacks only through the social media ask.fm, with anonymous facilities that made it easy for the perpetrators to express all their frustration without their identities being known. And as victims, teenagers generally reject it by responding emotionally.

The right to be forgotten in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war

Foreign and domestic legislation and legal doctrine regarding the right to be forgotten, establishing its features, in particular in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war, are analyzed. It is noted that recently in the international legal field there is a mention of the existence of a new category for legal scholars - the right to be forgotten. The definition of the right to be forgotten is disclosed and it is established that, in a broad sense, the right means that a certain person after a certain period of time can turn to the media to remove previously disseminated information about him, which is not currently of a certain public interest, but at the request of the person should not to exist in public space. In a narrow sense, the right to be forgotten preserves the personal identity of the relevant person in its subjective aspect, which is related to honor, objectivity and reputation, that is, it prevents the person from being reminded of certain information related to him and causing him certain negative consequences in society. The importance of ensuring a balance between freedom of speech, expression of views, freedom of the press and the right to be forgotten is established. The need to maintain a balance of private and public interests in the context of the right to be forgotten is considered. It is noted that the Court of the European Union recognized the possibility of a person acquiring the right to be forgotten only when there is no interest in information about a specific person in the public space, and also when such a person does not play a special, significant and important social role. It is emphasized that the right to be forgotten is different from the protection of the right to privacy and its realization does not entail the manifestation of measures of civil liability. The impossibility of applying the right to be forgotten in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war is analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the fact that persons who are somehow involved in armed aggression cannot expect that their name will be “whitened” in the future. It is noted that international companies have set a new standard of business behavior regarding geopolitical events in the future with their decisions. It has been established that companies must cease cooperation with the russia or persons related to it. It was emphasized that transnational corporations, by exiting the russian market, exert a significant influence on the lack of financing of the military machine, preserving their good name. It was concluded that there is another side of the medal of the right to be forgotten, when certain information, despite its resonance, must be forgotten so that the victim can live on and count on an objective attitude towards himself. It is proposed to develop relevant provisions on the regulation of the unimpeded exercise of the right to be forgotten by persons who suffered from the war, despite the fact that their cases were high-profile and of great public interest, because a person has the right not to be associated with such situations.

Memory in Philosophy of Religion

This article analyzes the notion of memory in the philosophy of religion. The area of this problematic is defined by Descartes, who, in a thought experiment, postulates an all-powerful, evil demon capable of falsifying human perception. The problem of solipsism raised here also implies doubt about claims based on memory. Descartes’ assumptions are taken up constructively by Alvin Plantinga in his attempt to solve problems in the epistemology of religion by raising the following new question: is belief in God rational, and, if so, is it justified? Peter van Inwagen, for his part, uses memory analysis to construct arguments in support of theodicy. In considering these issues, other key topics within the philosophy of religion, such as the afterlife and the existence of the soul, which are closely related to the analysis of personal identity, inevitably arise.

Who am I? Professional Identity Formation in Pharmacy Education Among Learners Underrepresented in Pharmacy

Professional identity formation (PIF) throughout the pharmacy curriculum is important for learners to transform from layperson to pharmacist. To be effective, PIF activities need intentional development and support. Professional identity is often seen as the core component of PIF; however, there must be an emphasis on integrating and aligning an individual’s personal identity through this process. Moreover, there has been an emphasis on upholding diversity, equity, inclusion, and antiracism efforts in pharmacy practice and education. There is a need to explore experiences of PIF among diverse populations, including learners underrepresented in pharmacy. This commentary explores the differences in PIF among underrepresented learners in health care disciplines and is a call to action to explore evidence-based interventions that are inclusive and tailored to individual learners. This commentary sets a foundation for additional scholarly work and recommendations regarding PIF among underrepresented learners.

The Effect of Stress on a Personal Identification System Based on Electroencephalographic Signals.

Personal identification systems based on electroencephalographic (EEG) signals have their own strengths and limitations. The stability of EEG signals strongly affects such systems. The human emotional state is one of the important factors that affects EEG signals' stability. Stress is a major emotional state that affects individuals' capability to perform day-to-day tasks. The main objective of this work is to study the effect of mental and emotional stress on such systems. Two experiments have been performed. In the first, we used hand-crafted features (time domain, frequency domain, and non-linear features), followed by a machine learning classifier. In the second, raw EEG signals were used as an input for the deep learning approaches. Different types of mental and emotional stress have been examined using two datasets, SAM 40 and DEAP. The proposed experiments proved that performing enrollment in a relaxed or calm state and identification in a stressed state have a negative effect on the identification system's performance. The best achieved accuracy for the DEAP dataset was 99.67% in the calm state and 96.67% in the stressed state. For the SAM 40 dataset, the best accuracy was 99.67%, 93.33%, 92.5%, and 91.67% for the relaxed state and stress caused by identifying mirror images, the Stroop color-word test, and solving arithmetic operations, respectively.

Application of a newly constructed NGS panel with 45 X-linked microhaplotypes demonstrates the unique value of X-MH for kinship testing and mixture analysis

X-linked microhaplotypes (X-MHs) have the potential to be a valuable supplementary tool in complex kinship identification or the resolution of DNA mixtures, because they bring together the distinctive genetic pattern of X chromosomal markers and the benefits of microhaplotypes (MHs). In this study, we used the 1000 Genome database to screen and select 63 X-MHs; 18 MHs were filtered out though a batch sequencing assessment of the DNA samples collected from 112 unrelated Chinese Han individuals. The resulting 45-plex panel performed well in comprehensive assessments including repeatability, sensitivity, species specificity, resistance to PCR inhibitors or degradation, mutation rate, and accuracy in detecting DNA mixture samples. The minimum amount of DNA template that can be tested with this panel is 0.5 ng. Additionally, the alleles of the minor contributor can be accurately detected when the mixture rate is larger than 1:9 in female-male mixture or 1:19 in male-male mixture. Then, we calculated population parameters on each MH based on the allele frequency data obtained from the sequence results of the aforementioned 112 unrelated samples. Combining these parameters on each MH, it can be calculated that TDPm, TDPf, CPET, CPEDFM, CPEDFF and CNCEP3 of the 45-plex system were 1–8.99×10−13, 1–1.62×10−19, 0.9999999995, 0.9999981, 0.9955, 0.9999971 and 0.99940, respectively, indicating that the panel is capable in personal identification and parentage testing. To reveal the unique advantage of X-MHs in the analyses of complex kinship and male DNA mixture, further assessments were made. For complex kinship identification, 22 types of individual pairs with different second-degree kinship were simulated and different types of likelihood ratios (LR) were calculated for each. The results revealed that the panel can achieve accuracy of approximately 70 %∼80 % when dividing each of the three types of second-degree kinships into three or four groups. Theoretically, such sub-division cannot be done by using independent autosomal markers. For male DNA mixture analysis without suspects, the maximum likelihood ratio strategy was derived and employed in the estimation of the number of male contributors (NOMC). Simulations were conducted to verify the efficacy of the 45-plex panel in the field and to compare it with autosomal markers by assuming the 45 MHs as autosomal ones. The results showed that X-MHs can achieve higher accuracy in the estimation of NOMC than autosomal ones when the mixed males were unrelated. The results highlighted the unique value of X-linked MHs in complex kinship and male mixture analyses.

Children’s voices on their values and moral dilemmas when being cared and treated for cancer– a qualitative interview study

BackgroundChildhood cancers affect about 350 children every year in Sweden and are life-threatening diseases. During the treatment period, situations arise that can become morally challenging for the child. When knowing children’s values and morally challenging situations in childhood cancer care, targeted ethics support could be developed and used in care.AimTo explore children’s values and moral dilemmas ​​when undergoing cancer treatment.MethodsThis is a qualitative study based on empirical data. The data collection was conducted through three focus group interviews and six individual interviews with children between 10 and 18 years (n = 16). A content analysis methodology was used to generate themes. Children who were/have been treated for cancer at three childhood cancer centres in Sweden were invited to participate. The study was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority. The children’s participation was based on voluntariness and consent/assent.FindingsDuring the analysis, five themes of values emerged: Personal relationships, Bodily ease and identity, Feeling in control and being involved, Positive distractions and Right care that is needed. Their moral dilemmas were thematized into: Should I consider others or not? Should I rest or not? and Should I refuse treatment or not?ConclusionChildren undergoing cancer treatment want to have personal relationships with healthcare professionals. Their moral dilemmas were about questioning their own physical and psychological well-being against their expectations, the values of others and the treatment required. Further research is needed to understand how to deal with moral dilemmas in children undergoing cancer treatment.

On the effects of Erasmus+ KA 1 mobilities for continuing professional development in teachers’ biographies: A qualitative research approach with teachers in Portugal

For several years, the European Commission has been investing in transnational mobility projects, namely Erasmus+, for the continuing professional development of teaching and non-teaching staff of schools for the sole purpose of improving the quality of education, as well as to establish networks of communications where teachers and schools can share their best practices and experiences. Although necessarily nestled in a proactive and positive school culture, these projects also have an impact on teachers professionally, but also on a personal level. This article therefore aims at studying how these international teacher professional development experiences change teachers’ biographies and their narrative expressions and possibly transform how they identify themselves personally, as European citizens, and professionally as European teachers. Empirical data collected through a multiple case study in Portugal appears to confirm that a considerable shift in professional and personal identity occurs through the participation of Erasmus+ KA1 projects for teacher professional development.

A Vehicle Passive Entry Passive Start System with the Intelligent Internet of Things

With the development of sensor and communication technologies, the Internet of Things (IoT) subsystem is gradually becoming a crucial part in vehicles. It can effectively enhance functionalities of vehicles. However, new attack types are also emerging. For example, a driver with the smart key in their pocket can push the start button to start a car. At the same time, security issues in the push-to-start scenario are pervasive, such as smart key forgery. In this study, we propose a vehicle Passive Entry Passive Start (PEPS) system that adopts deep learning algorithms to recognize the driver using the electrocardiogram (ECG) signals measured on the driver’s smart watch. ECG signals are used for personal identification. Smart watches, serving as new smart keys of the PEPS system, can improve convenience and security. In the experiment, we consider commercial smart watches capable of sensing ECG signals. The sample rate and precision are typically lower than those of a 12-lead ECG used in hospitals. The experimental results show that Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models achieve the best accuracy score for identity recognition (91%) when a single ECG cycle is used. However, it takes at least 30 min for training. The training of a personalized Auto Encoder model takes only 5 min for each subject. When 15 continuous ECG cycles are sensed and used, this can achieve 100% identity accuracy. As the personalized Auto Encoder model is an unsupervised learning one-class recognizer, it can be trained using only the driver’s ECG signal. This will simplify the management of ECG recordings extremely, as well as the integration of the proposed technology into PEPS vehicles. A FIDO (Fast Identify Online)-like environment for the proposed PEPS system is discussed. Public key cryptography is adopted for communication between the smart watch and the PEPS car. The driver is first verified on the smart watch via local ECG biometric authentication, and then identified by the PEPS car. Phishing attacks, MITM (man in the middle) attacks, and replay attacks can be effectively prevented.

Is Any Job Better Than No Job? Utilising Jahoda’s Latent Deprivation Theory to Reconceptualise Underemployment

Underemployment is a widely discussed but complex concept. This article progresses discussions and provides a new sociological conceptualisation. It builds on a classic theory of unemployment, Jahoda et al.’s ‘latent deprivation theory’ (LDT), that identified five ‘latent functions’ provided by jobs, besides a wage: time structure, social relations, sense of purpose/achievement, personal identity and regular activity. LDT was ground-breaking in illuminating previously hidden injuries of joblessness. This article proposes that LDT can be similarly ground-breaking for reconceptualising underemployment: it demonstrates conceptually the multiple ways in which the mere existence of a job is insufficient in protecting individuals from socially and psychologically negative impacts associated with unemployment. A sociology of underemployment can help better understand complex, shifting and precarious work and expose inherent forms of suffering and injustice.

Language Choices and Digital Identity of High School Student Text Messages in the New Capital City of Indonesia: Implication for Language Education

This research investigates the language choices and digital identities represented in text messages exchanged by high school students in the New Capital City of Indonesia (Ibu Kota Nusantara/IKN) and the implications of these linguistic practices for language teaching. Using a corpus of messages transmitted via WhatsApp collected from 100 high school students, this study produced 2.1 million tokens of 83,414 word types. This study uses corpus linguistic analysis to investigate the distinctive features of language usage, lexical changes, and communication trends in the digital discourse of IKN high school students. Data analysis utilizes features from AntConc corpus tools, including word lists, collocations, concordances, and N-grams. Concerning the features uncovered the subtle nuances that contribute to the unique linguistic identity of the student authors. This research highlights how digital language patterns attribute individual identity within the context of IKN high school students. The data analysis discovers three linguistic patterns in the electronic texts produced by IKN High School students, reflecting their general digital identity as language users in IKN, namely (1) lexical choice, (2) orthographic selection, and (3) lexical bundles. Furthermore, the study reveals the complex construction of digital identity through language, with students negotiating social positions, connections, and personal identities via their linguistic choices in electronic texts. The research findings contribute to the implications of language teaching in the IKN area and a deeper understanding of how students within the IKN area express themselves through language in the virtual realm, thus shaping their digital identities.

The role of health mediation in investigation of Hantavirus cases among informal settlements inhabitants of Cayenne area, French Guiana, 2022-2023.

In 2022, four severe cases of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) were reported in patients from informal settlements around Cayenne, the main city in French Guiana. Regional Health Agency (RHA) was commissioned by the French Public Health Agency to estimate the seroprevalence of Hantavirus infections in the neighborhoods of confirmed cases of HPS. RHA then commissioned the French Red Cross (FRC) mobile public health team, providing support in environmental health issues to the population living in informal settlements by health mediators, to facilitate the investigation. The objective of this study was to describe the health mediators' activities set up to improve the efficiency of the investigation. The health mediators' team was specifically trained by virologist and infectiologist specialized in HPS. They helped the investigating team and health workers at various steps of the investigation. These interventions are then described in the results section. The investigation took place between Nov. 2022 and March 2023 in three neighborhoods. During the pre-investigation activities, the mediators raised awareness about HPS of 343 people, among whom 319 (93%) planned to participate in the investigation. Altogether, 274 people finally participated in the investigation, including, i.e., 30.8% of the estimated population living in the three concerned settlements. The global proportion of patients with positive IgG anti-Hantavirus was 5.1%. The health mediators team supported the following steps: preliminary meetings and training modules, identification of resource persons, field visits and awareness and information campaigns (pre-investigation); on field data collection in informal settlements (per-investigation) and communication of individual results, public feedback meeting (post-investigation). The involvement of mediators was probably a factor in the success of the public health response to socially vulnerable people living in the investigated neighborhoods. The preliminary prevention activities helped to raise awareness of the health risk and to enroll participants. Health mediation and outreach activities seem relevant tools of epidemiological field investigations in diseases affecting inhabitants of informal settlements.

DNA recognition using Novel Deep Learning Model

DNA, a significant physiological biometric, is present in all human cells like hair, blood, and skin. This research introduces a new approach called the Deep DNA Learning Network (DDLN) for person identification based on their DNA. This novel Machine Learning model is designed to gather DNA chromosomes from an individual’s parents. The model’s flexibility allows it to expand or contract and has the capability to determine one or both parents of an individual using the provided chromosomes. Notably, the DDLN model offers quick training in comparison to traditional deep learning methods. The study employs two real datasets from Iraq: the Real Iraqi Dataset for Kurds (RIDK) and the Real Iraqi Dataset for Arabs (RIDA). The outcomes demonstrate that the proposed DDLN model achieves an Equal Error Rate (EER) of 0 for both datasets, indicating highly accurate performance.

In Their Own Words: LGBTQIA+ Stigma in Secondary School

LGBTQIA+ youth often face stigma from society as they develop their personal identities. In the United States, legislation has recently been focusing on reducing protections in schools for queer youth and limiting access to resources like gender affirming healthcare. Youth have increasingly been targeted for identifying as queer and have experienced verbal and physical violence for expressing their gender identities. Research links stigmatization with increased mental health and substance use problems. However, there is limited information on how stigma experienced during adolescence may continue to impact young adults over time. Using a qualitative retrospective framework, LGBTQIA+-identified undergraduates (N = 8) at a 4-year university participated in one-hour virtual focus groups. Data were recorded and anonymized using individual participant codes with names of people or places removed from transcripts. Students were asked to reflect on their experiences as queer youth in secondary school including access to resources; interactions with teachers, staff, and peers; recommendations for supporting LGBTQIA+ students; and personal coping skills. The researchers used a thematic analysis to examine key issues students raised. Results provide insight into the challenges LGBTQIA+ youth face and highlight the strengths of these college-age young adults.

Image Fusion of Multi-Temporal Images of Eyes Feature using Hybrid Approach of PCA and SWT

A wide variety of information is represented by an image feature, which may be applied in various applications such as mage fusion, video processing, medical diagnosis, traffic safety monitoring, visual surveillance, feature matching, image segmentation, pattern matching, person identification, sentiment analysis, human computer interaction and many more fields. This paper focused on multi-temporal feature extraction of eyes feature from human face images captured in two different time slots to reduce the semantic gap from images and to improve the image quality by image fusion using PCA, SWT and hybrid approach of PCA and SWT algorithm. In this paper, comparative study of multi-temporal image fusion using Principle Component Analysis (PCA), Stationary Wavelet Transform (SWT) algorithms and hybrid approach of PCA and SWT are employed and its experimental results are evaluated with its performance analysis. Image fusion performance is compared based on eight quantitative quality measures as SSIM, MSE, NAE, CC , SC , AD, SD and MI.The outcomes of comparison show that employing the hybrid approach of PCA+SWT transform can improve image fusion performance. The applicability of this work approach may have several uses when the utilization of human facial features is feasible.

Promoting Purpose Among Underrepresented Undergraduate Students

Universities often champion an agenda focused on helping students find their direction and purpose in life. Although these efforts are supported by research consistently showing the benefits of purpose, several students may feel implicitly or explicitly left out of these university efforts, because they are in minority with respect to one or more personal identifications. This viewpoint discusses the potential obstacles and opportunities for underrepresented students in their pursuit of a purpose, and how university administrators can assist these students with purpose development. Recommendations focus on how to provide underrepresented students with purposeful role models, a greater sense of belongingness, and exercises to help them reflect upon their past to find their direction for the future.

Malleability of the sense of bodily self in early childhood: 5- and 6-year-old children show the enfacement illusion

The mechanisms underlying the developing sense of bodily self are debated. Whereas some scholars stress the role of sensory factors, others propose the importance of contextual factors. By manipulating multisensory stimulation and social familiarity with the other person, we explored two factors that are proposed to relate to young children’s developing sense of bodily self. Including an adult sample allowed us to investigate age-related differences of the malleability of the bodily self. To this end, the study implemented an enfacement illusion with children (N = 64) and adults (N = 33). Participants were exposed to one trial with synchronous interpersonal multisensory stimulation and one trial with asynchronous interpersonal multisensory stimulation—either with a stranger or with the mother as the other person. A self-recognition task using morph videos of self and other and an enfacement questionnaire were implemented as dependent measures. Results revealed evidence for the presence of the enfacement effect in children in both measures. The identity of the other person had a significant effect on the self-recognition task. Contrary to our hypothesis, the effect was significantly smaller in the caregiver condition. No significant differences between children and adults emerged. Our results demonstrate the role of both multisensory stimulation and contextual—here social familiarity—factors for the construction and development of a bodily self. The study provides developmental science with a novel approach to the bodily self by showing the validity of the self-recognition task in a child sample. Overall, the study supports proposals that the sense of bodily self is malleable early in development.

Model-aware privacy-preserving with start trigger method for person re-identification

Person Re-identification (ReID) could search for the same pedestrian from non-overlapping cameras, which completes the pedestrian location and search purpose. However, the process contains much sensitive pedestrian information and raises serious privacy problems. Conventional methods mainly remove identity-related features from pedestrian images to alleviate the privacy issue. Unfortunately, these strategies cause pedestrian information loss and poor data utility. In the paper, we propose a novel Model-Aware Privacy-Preserving with Start Trigger (MPST) method, which not only prevents personal identity for third parties but also achieves accurate pedestrian location for authorized organizations. The core idea is that authorized organizations obtain the start trigger to activate the ReID model that has the ability to search for target pedestrians, while third parties (i.e., hackers) cannot employ the ReID model to complete the pedestrian matching task without the start trigger. To this end, we develop a universal adversarial algorithm to learn an ingenious start trigger for the person ReID system. Afterwards, we further design a model-aware training strategy to facilitate our deep model to perceive issued instructions by synthetically utilizing the start trigger and original pedestrian samples. As a result, we successfully install an activate button to change the ReID model state for deciding whether the deep model has the ability to search for pedestrians or not. Abundant experiments demonstrate that the proposed MPST is effective for pedestrian identity anonymization. Our study achieves superior performance for authorized organizations and completes the privacy protection goal.

Socioeconomic status and risk of cardiovascular diseases in patients with retinal vein occlusion: A Danish nationwide cohort study

PurposeThis study examines the association between socioeconomic status and the occurrence of both cardiovascular diseases and mortality following retinal vein occlusion (RVO), a condition known to elevate the risk of cardiovascular health issues. Despite recognition of the impact socioeconomic factors might have on a patient's course through the healthcare system, its association with cardiovascular outcomes post-RVO has not previously been thoroughly explored. DesignNationwide cohort study. MethodsWe included all subjects with RVO from the Danish nationwide registries diagnosed between 2000 and 2018. Information was combined using a personal identification number each Danish resident is given at birth or upon immigration. We categorized participants by their socioeconomic levels to evaluate the five-year incidence rate of cardiovascular conditions and overall mortality. The analysis was further refined by sex and age groups to elucidate any differential impacts. Furthermore, the cumulative incidence was estimated using the Aalen-Johansen estimator and the differences between the socioeconomic groups were quantified using a cox proportional hazard model. Key quantitative results were summarized, including hazard rate ratios (HR), confidence intervals (CI), and p-values ResultsThe cohort was comprised of 14,041 individuals with RVO. Our analysis revealed a relationship between educational attainment and cardiovascular health outcomes. Lower education levels were consistently linked with heightened risks of mortality, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and peripheral artery disease following RVO. Individuals with a middle educational level also exhibited a higher prevalence of peripheral artery disease when compared to those with the highest education levels. In terms of income, the lowest earners faced increased risks across several categories, including mortality, diabetes, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and peripheral artery disease, when compared to the highest-income earners. The middle-income group also showed elevated risks for mortality, heart failure, and peripheral artery disease. Being unmarried was additionally associated with higher risks of mortality and heart failure compared to being married. ConclusionSocioeconomic status was significantly associated with clinically relevant differences in post-RVO risk of cardiovascular diseases and death. Our data suggests that socioeconomic factors should be considered in the attempt to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and death in patients with RVO.